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    • #54930 Répondre
      Eden Lazaridis
      Invité

      Au vu de la pollution sur la dixième page, je me permets, en toute humilité, de proposer une onzième page !

    • #54932 Répondre
      Nox
      Invité

      Je ferai de même pour le forum principal quand la situation se tassera.

    • #54955 Répondre
      deleatur
      Invité

      Ce serait mieux de prendre exemple sur Nox car là c’est un peu vain ce que tu fais.

      • #54976 Répondre
        Eden Lazaridis
        Invité

        Effectivement, puisque tu comptes pourrir cette page également je suppose.

        • #54978 Répondre
          deleatur
          Invité

          T’as tout compris.

          • #55009 Répondre
            SHB
            Invité

            C’est quoi l’embrouille a la base

            • #55013 Répondre
              deleatur
              Invité

              « Voici un jugement que je me fais à chaque instant. Mais mise à part pour JÔrage, qu’il est toujours drôle de titiller sur le sujet (qui est « son » sujet et qui le rend très humain jusque dans ses insultes où il perd les pédales, c’est le cas de le dire) »
              .
              C’est le vrai déléatur qui trouve ça rigolo de pousser un schizophrène à bout sur Internet et qui s’imagine que quand je me donne la peine de l’inviter à méditer ce que cache ma schizophrénie ça a valeur d’invitation à me harceler.

              • #55015 Répondre
                SHB
                Invité

                Mon père est infirmier psychiatrique et le frère de ma copine est schizophrène + délires paranos. Ta plus l’air d’un rageux en manque d’attention que d’un schizophrène spammer tous les topics n’a rien a voir avec une réaction pathologique t juste un casse couille la 90% des gens ici ne disent rien et vous êtes toujours 5-10 a monopoliser la parole en permanence fermer la un peu et peut être que vous pourrez apprendre des choses en lisant ceux qui écrivent pas a cause de vous.

                • #55017 Répondre
                  deleatur
                  Invité

                  SHB: Ok le fils d’infirmier.

                  • #55022 Répondre
                    SHB
                    Invité

                    Oui oui n’empêche t’a aucun argument donc baise ta mère et arrête de te comporter comme un enfant en faisant chier tout le monde on dirait un mome en voiture qui miaule parce que il veut arriver a destination.

                    • #55026 Répondre
                      deleatur
                      Invité

                      SHB: Et bah, t’es drôlement susceptible comme garçon.

                      • #55031 Répondre
                        SHB
                        Invité

                        Et toi drôlement schizophrène

                      • #55035 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        SHB: T’as un papa infirmier en psychiatrie mais ça ne te rend pas légitime à la ramener.

                      • #55065 Répondre
                        JÔrage (aka deleatur)
                        Invité

                        FuckingFreeStyle est un pauvre con !!
                        Ugh !

                      • #55068 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        deleatur: A croire qu’en fin de compte c’est toi qui perd les pédales.

                      • #55098 Répondre
                        SHB
                        Invité

                        Ça me rend légitime pour dire quayant des connaissance sur le sujet, ton comportement casse couille n’a rien a voir avec ta supposée pathologie

                      • #55099 Répondre
                        SHB
                        Invité

                        Donc pas la peine de venir faire la victime pour dire on m’a harcèlé du coup je fais chier tt le monde pask je suis schizo

                      • #55100 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        SHB: T’es complètement con comme garçon, c’est fascinant.

                      • #55101 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        SHB: Au fait t’as quel âge? Parce que si t’as 5 ans je peux comprendre que tu t’imagines qualifié au prétexte que ton père est infirmier mais en psychiatrie mais si t’es majeur…

                      • #55102 Répondre
                        JÔrage (aka deleatur)
                        Invité

                        FuckingFreeStyle est un salopard de pédophile !
                        Ugh !

                      • #55103 Répondre
                        JÔrage (aka deleatur)
                        Invité

                        FuckingFreeStyle : t’as pas honte, vieux porc ?
                        Ugh !

                      • #55105 Répondre
                        JÔrage (aka deleatur)
                        Invité

                        FuckingFreeStyle, tu es un port et sur ce port je construirai une église !
                        Ugh !

                      • #55106 Répondre
                        SHB
                        Invité

                        Rien a voir espèce de connard quand tu parles avec ton père de psychiatrie pendant 10 ans min. Au repas de famille tu finis par avoir certaines connaissances effectivement de plus je t’ai dis que la fille avec qui je suis son frère est schizophrene. Par ailleurs comme je l’ai déjà dis jouer les casses couilles sur le forum n’a aucun rapport avec ta pathologie t juste une merde

                      • #55173 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        SHB: Et du coup moi je vais me faire foutre avec mes 20 ans de psychiatrie parce que t’as un papa infirmier en psychiatrie et un beau frère schizophrène.
                        .
                        Je crois qu’on a un nouveau champion dans le coin \o/

                      • #55200 Répondre
                        SHB
                        Invité

                        Toi t’a pas de connaissances en psychiatrie ta une pathologie psychiatrique pas sur que ta appris grand chose entre les 4 murs de ton UMD pour être aussi abruti et jouer aux enfants gâtés

                      • #55202 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        SHB: J’ai fait de la psychanalyse une science qui se tient en collant une fessée à la folie. Et c’est pas toi qui t’imagines qu’avoir un papa infirmier en psychiatrie lui donne une légitimité sur ce terrain qui va venir me faire la leçon donc évite de perdre ton temps et contente toi de fermer un peu ta gueule.

                      • #55215 Répondre
                        Hehe
                        Invité

                        ahahaha comment t’es tendu ! Tu pètes le seum de t’être fait moucher sur la psychiatrie par un morveux ahahahah

                      • #55216 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        Hehe: T’es qui le noname?

                      • #55222 Répondre
                        Ton psychanalyste
                        Invité

                        Je suis le psy qui t’a tout fait perdre une seconde fois et je suis là pour t’aider avec tes capacités inexploitées

                      • #55225 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        Ton psychanalyste: T’es le psy qui a fini en PLS la dernière fois que je l’ai vu à chouiner que c’était le premier à soutenir ma démarche et qui était à la limite de la supplique quand il demandait comment aider.

                      • #55226 Répondre
                        Ton psychanalyste
                        Invité

                        Vous êtes manifestement en plein délire Monsieur D.D.
                        Fumez-donc un gros joint et roulez vous en boule dans un coin pour chialer toutes les larmes de votre corps comme vous le faites si bien

                      • #55227 Répondre
                        Lacan
                        Invité

                        Deleatur : cesse de me citer sans me comprendre, cas con.

                      • #55232 Répondre
                        deleatur
                        Invité

                        Tu veux pas hausser le niveau un petit peu?

              • #55802 Répondre
                deleatur
                Invité

                Tout tout tout vous saurez tout sur le zizi !!

    • #55339 Répondre
      ..Graindorge
      Invité

      Heu…quelqu’un.e recommanderait Lost country de Vladimir Perisic?
      Il passe ce week-end Santa Cruz à Tea

      • #55341 Répondre
        deleatur
        Invité

        List of Tables
        1 The fermionic content of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
        2 The NNLO total Higgs production cross sections in the gg → H process
        at the Tevatron together with the detailed theoretical uncertainties as
        well as the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
        3 The NNLO total cross section for Higgs–strahlung processes at the Tevatron together with the detailed theoretical uncertainties and the total
        uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
        4 The total Higgs production cross sections in the four main production
        channels at the lHC with √
        s = 7 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
        5 The NNLO total Higgs production cross sections in the gg → H process
        at the lHC with √
        s = 7 TeV together with the associated theoretical
        uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
        6 The NNLO total production cross section in the gg → H channel at the
        LHC with √
        s = 8, 9, 10 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
        7 The NNLO total Higgs production cross section in the gg → H process
        at the LHC with √
        s = 14 TeV together with the associated theoretical
        uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
        8 The SM Higgs decay branching ratios in the b
        ¯b and WW modes for representatives Higgs masses together with the different sources of uncertainties as well as the total uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
        9 The SM Higgs decay branching ratios together with the total uncertainty
        for the most important decay channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
        10 The superparticles and Higgs content of the MSSM before EWSB . . . . 157
        11 The neutralinos, charginos and Higgs content of the MSSM after EWSB . 158
        12 The main MSSM CP–odd like Higgs bosons decay branching fractions
        together with their uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
        13 The central predictions in the MSSM gg → Φ channel at the Tevatron
        together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


        branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
        14 The central predictions in the MSSM b
        ¯b → Φ channel at the Tevatron
        together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


        branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
        15 The central predictions in the MSSM gg → Φ channel at the lHC together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


        branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
        16 The central predictions in the MSSM b
        ¯b → Φ channel at the lHC together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


        branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
        17 CMS cuts used in the SM exclusive study gg → H → WW → νν at
        the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
        18 Results for the gg → H+jet cross sections with MH = 160 GeV at the
        lHC with HNNLO and MCFM programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
        19 Uncertainties on the exclusive production gg → H → WW → νν with
        MH = 160 GeV at the lHC with HNNLO program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
        20 Uncertainties on the exclusive production gg → H → WW → νν with
        MH = 160 GeV at the lHC with MCFM program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
        21 Central values and uncertainties for the H → WW SM backgrounds
        exclusive cross sections at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
        22 Contenu fermionique du Mod`ele Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
        23 Les superparticules et champs de Higgs du MSSM avant brisure ´electrofaible254
        Liste des publications
        Cette page donne la liste de tous mes articles concernant le travail r´ealis´e depuis 3 ans.
        This page lists all the papers that I have written for 3 years in the context of my PhD
        work.
        Articles publi´es (published papers) :
        Predictions for Higgs production at the Tevatron and the associated uncertainties,
        J. B. et A. Djouadi, JHEP 10 (2010) 064;
        Higgs production at the lHC, J. B. et A. Djouadi, JHEP 03 (2011) 055;
        The Tevatron Higgs exclusion limits and theoretical uncertainties: A Critical appraisal, J. B., A. Djouadi, S. Ferrag et R. M. Godbole, Phys.Lett.B699 (2011) 368-371;
        erratum Phys.Lett.B702 (2011) 105-106;
        Revisiting the constraints on the Supersymmetric Higgs sector at the Tevatron, J. B.
        et A. Djouadi, Phys.Lett.B699 (2011) 372-376;
        The left-right asymmetry of the top quarks in associated top–charged Higgs bosons at
        the LHC as a probe of the parameter tan β, J.B et al., Phys.Lett.B705 (2011) 212-216.
        Articles non–publi´es (unpublished papers) :
        Implications of the ATLAS and CMS searches in the channel pp → Higgs → τ


        for the MSSM and SM Higgs bosons, J. B. et A. Djouadi, arXiv:1103.6247 [hep-ph]
        (soumis `a Phys.Lett.B);
        Clarifications on the impact of theoretical uncertainties on the Tevatron Higgs exclusion limits, J. B., A. Djouadi et R. M. Godbole, arXiv:1107.0281 [hep-ph].
        Rapport de collaboration (review collaboration report) :
        Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables, LHC Higgs Cross
        Section Working Group, S. Dittmaier et al., arXiv:1101:0593 [hep-ph].
        Comptes–rendus de conf´erences (proceedings) :
        Higgs production at the Tevatron: Predictions and uncertainties, J. B., ICHEP 2010,
        Paris (France), PoS ICHEP2010 (2010) 048;
        The Supersymmetric Higgs bounds at the Tevatron and the LHC, J.B., XLVIe
        Rencontres de Moriond, EW interactions and unified theory, La Thuile (Italie),
        arXiv:1105.1085 [hep-ph].

        Cette these est d´edi´eea mon pere eta mes deux grand-p`eres, disparus bien
        trop tˆot.

        (From http://abstrusegoose.com/118)
        Et maintenant, apprends les v´erit´es qui me restent `a te d´ecouvrir,
        Tu vas entendre de plus claires r´ev´elations.
        Je n’ignore pas l’obscurit´e de mon sujet ;
        Lucr`ece, dans De rerum natura, v. 902-943 livre I
        Les amoureux fervents et les savants aust`eres
        Aiment ´egalement, dans leur mˆure saison,
        Les chats puissants et doux, orgueil de la maison,
        Qui comme eux sont frileux et comme eux s´edentaires.
        Charles Baudelaire, dans Les Fleurs du Mal

        Introduction 1
        Introduction
        In this thesis, we wish to present some predictions for the Higgs boson(s) study at the
        two largest hadron colliders currently in activity: the Fermilab Tevatron collider and
        the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Our focus will be on the inclusive production
        cross sections and the decay branching fractions, first in the Standard Model which in
        itself is the topic of part I and then in its minimal supersymmetric extension which is
        the topic of part III.
        The study of the fundamental mechanisms of Nature at the elementary level has a
        long story and has known many milestones in the past sixty years. Physicists have built
        a theory, nowadays known as the Standard Model, to describe the elementary particles
        and their interactions, that are those of the strong, weak and electromagnetic, the two
        last being unified in a single electroweak interaction. It relies on the elegant concept
        of gauge symmetry within a quantum field theory framework and has known many
        experimental successes: despite decades of effort to surpass this model it is still the one
        that describes accurately nearly all the known phenomena1
        . One of its key concepts
        is the spontaneous breakdown of electroweak symmetry: indeed in order to give mass
        to the weak bosons that mediate the weak interaction, a scalar field is introduced in
        the theory whose vacuum breaks the electroweak symmetry and gives mass to the weak
        bosons. In fact it also gives masses to the fermions and one piece of this mechanism
        remains to be discovered: the Higgs boson, the “Holy Grail” of the Standard Model. Its
        discovery is one of the main goal of current high energy colliders.
        It is then of utmost importance to give theoretical predictions for the production
        cross sections and decay branching fractions of the Higgs boson at current colliders to
        serve as a guideline for experiments. However, the hadronic colliders are known to be
        very difficult experimental environments because of the huge hadronic, that is Quantum
        ChromoDynamics (QCD), activity. This is also true on a theoretical side, which means
        that an accurate description of all possible sources of theoretical uncertainties is needed:
        this is precisely the main output of this thesis. We shall mention that in the very final
        stage of this thesis new results have been presented in the HEP–EPS 2011 conference;
        our work is to be read in the light of the results that were available before these newest
        experimental output which will be briefly commented in the conclusion.
        Part I is entirely devoted to a review of the Standard Model. In section 1 we will draw
        a short history of the Standard Model and list its main milestones of the past sixty years,
        followed by a description of its main concepts. We will go into more details about the
        Higgs mechanism, which spontaneously breaks electroweak symmetry, in section 2: we
        will review some reasons to believe that either the Higgs mechanism itself or something
        which looks like the Higgs mechanism is needed, and then how the Higgs boson emerges
        1We leave aside the neutrino mass issue.
        2 Introduction
        from the electroweak symmetry breaking and what are its couplings to fermions and
        bosons of the Standard Model.
        Part II is the core of the Standard Model study of this thesis. Indeed the Higgs
        boson remains to be discovered and is one of the major research programs at current
        high energy colliders. The old CERN Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider has put
        some bounds on the possible value of the Higgs boson mass, which is above 114.4 GeV in
        the Standard Model at 95%CL. We will review in section 3 the current experimental and
        theoretical bounds on the Higgs mass. We then give our predictions for the Standard
        Model Higgs boson inclusive production cross section at the Tevatron in the two main
        production channels that are the gluon–gluon fusion and the Higgs–strahlung processes,
        giving all the possible sources of theoretical uncertainties: the scale uncertainty viewed
        as an estimation of the unknown higher–order terms in the perturbative calculation;
        the parton distribution functions (PDFs) uncertainties related to the non–perturbative
        QCD processes within the proton, and its related strong coupling constant issue; the
        uncertainty coming from the use of an effective theory approach to simplify the hard
        calculation in the gluon–gluon fusion process. We will specifically address the issue of
        the combination of all the uncertainties in section 4.5. We will then move on to the
        same study at the LHC, concentrating on its current run at a 7 TeV center–of–mass
        energy that we will name as the lHC for littler Hadron Collider; we will still give some
        predictions for the designed LHC at 14 TeV. We will finish this part II by the Higgs
        boson decay branching fractions predictions in section 6, together with a detailed study
        of the uncertainties that affect these predictions. It will be followed by the combination
        of the production cross sections and decay branching fractions into a single prediction,
        first at the Tevatron in section 6.3 and then at the lHC in section 6.4. We will then
        study the impact of our uncertainties on the Tevatron Higgs searches in section 6.5 and
        in particular put into question the Tevatron exclusion limits that are debated within the
        community.
        Even if the Standard Model is a nice theory with great experimental successes, it
        suffers from some problems, both on the theoretical and experimental sides. It is known
        for example that the Higgs boson mass is not predicted by the Standard Model, and
        even not protected: higher order corrections in the perturbative calculation of the Higgs
        boson mass have the tendency to drive the mass up to the highest acceptable scale of the
        theory which means that we need a highly fine–tuning of the parameters to cancel such
        driving. It is known as the naturalness problem of the Standard Model. They are several
        ways to solve such a problem, and one of them is particularly elegant and relies on a new
        symmetry between bosons and fermions: supersymmetry. This theoretical concept, born
        in the 1970s, has many consequences when applied to the Standard Model of particle
        physics and is actively searched at current high energy colliders. This will be the topic
        of part III in which we will review some of the reasons that drive the theorists to go
        Introduction 3
        beyond the Standard Model and in particular what makes supersymmetry interesting
        in this view in section 7, then move on to the description of the mathematical aspects
        of supersymmetry in section 8. We will finish this part III by a very short review of
        the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model, called the MSSM, in
        section 9. We will in particular focus on the Higgs sector of the theory and show that
        the MSSM needs two Higgs doublets to break the electroweak symmetry breaking and
        has thus a rich Higgs sector as five Higgs boson instead of a single one are present in
        the spectrum: two neutral CP–even, one CP–odd and two charged Higgs bosons.
        After this review of supersymmetry and the MSSM we will reproduce in part IV the
        same outlines that have been developed in part II in the Standard Model case. We will
        first review the neutral Higgs sector at hadron colliders in section 10 and show that we
        can have a quite model–independent description for our predictions in the sense that
        they will hardly depend on most of the (huge) parameters of the MSSM but two of
        them, the mass of the CP–odd Higgs boson A and the ratio tan β between the vacuum
        expectation values of the two Higgs doublets. We will then give in section 11 our
        theoretical predictions for the neutral Higgs bosons inclusive production cross section at
        the Tevatron in the two main production channels that are the gluon–gluon fusion and
        the bottom quark fusions, the bottom quark playing a very important role in the MSSM
        at hadron colliders. We will reproduce the same study at the lHC in section 12 before
        giving the implications of our study on the [MA,tan β] parameter space in section 13.
        We will first give in this last section our predictions for the main MSSM decay branching
        fractions and in particular the di–tau branching fraction that is of utmost importance
        for experimental searches. We we will then compare our predictions together with their
        uncertainties to the experimental results obtained at the Tevatron and at the lHC that
        has now been running for more than a year at 7 TeV and given impressive results. We
        will see that the theoretical uncertainties have a significant impact on the Tevatron
        results, less severe at the lHC. We will finish section 13 by a very important outcome of
        our work: the possibility of using the MSSM neutral Higgs bosons searches in the di–
        tau channel for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the gluon–gluon fusion production
        channel followed by the di–tau decay channel in the low Higgs boson mass range 115–140
        GeV.
        Finally, we will give an outlook and draw some conclusions in part V together with
        some perspectives for future work. These rest on the next step on the road of the
        experiments, that is an exclusive study of the Higgs bosons production channels. We
        shall give some early results in section 14 on the Standard Model Higgs boson at the
        lHC in the gg → H → WW → νν search channel together with an exclusive study of
        the main Standard Model backgrounds. This is also the current roadmap of the Higgs
        bosons theoretical community and this work is done in the framework of a collaboration
        on this topic.

        5
        Part I
        A brief review of the Standard
        Model of particle physics
        Summary
        1 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model 6
        1.1 A brief history of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
        1.2 Gauge symmetries, quarks and leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
        2 The Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism 16
        2.1 Why do we need the electroweak symmetry breaking? . . . . . . . . 16
        2.1.1 The unitarity puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
        2.1.2 Masses and gauge invariance . . . . . . . . . . . .

    • #55473 Répondre
      phasmes
      Invité

      UP

    • #55576 Répondre
      deleatur
      Invité

      upinou

    • #55577 Répondre
      deleatur
      Invité

      upinou

    • #55801 Répondre
      deleatur
      Invité

      UP C’est là que j’avoue tout, tout tout tout !!

      • #55803 Répondre
        deleatur
        Invité

        Message #55013
        Je dis que je suis malade, mais c’est même pas vrai, heu !!

        • #55805 Répondre
          deleatur
          Invité

          Merci le clebs.

        • #55809 Répondre
          deleatur
          Invité

          Merci le clebs.

    • #55804 Répondre
      deleatur
      Invité

      Je suis une pauvre merde, il fallait bien qu’on finisse par le découvrir.
      Merci à JeanMonnaie pour la levée de la supercherie.

      • #55807 Répondre
        Jeanmonnaie
        Invité

        Personne ne le découvre mais tu le confirmes.
        Si ce n’était pas le cas tu aurais encore des amis.

        • #55810 Répondre
          Viscontigre
          Invité

          Attention JeanMonnaie, là c’est vraiment deleatur, je viens de remonter pour toi.

        • #55811 Répondre
          deleatur
          Invité

          JeanMonnaie: Tu parles au vrai deleatur là.
          Suis un peu bordel.

    • #55813 Répondre
      deleatur
      Invité

      JeanMonnaie: Tu parles au vrai deleatur là.
      Suis un peu bordel.

      • #55814 Répondre
        Jeanmonnaie
        Invité

        Il t’imite à la perfection donc c’est pareil.

        • #55816 Répondre
          deleatur
          Invité

          C’est trop mignon de vous voir main dans la main.

        • #55840 Répondre
          deleatur
          Invité

          C’est trop mignon de vous voir main dans la main.

          • #55841 Répondre
            deleatur
            Invité

            Ouais bah tu vas faire un effort pour suivre le rythme, sinon ça sert à rien de faire le malin.

    • #56103 Répondre
      aka deleatur
      Invité

      Je remonte pour les besoins de la cause…

    • #56177 Répondre
      Eden Lazaridis
      Invité

      • #56181 Répondre
        Eden Lazaridis
        Invité

        Donald Trump, qu’on le veuille ou non, qu’on l’aime ou pas, nous aura donné de grands moments de comédie ! Merci pour ça !

    • #56365 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Arte diffuse à compter du 1er août les quatre premiers films de Haneke pour la télévision autrichienne : trois chemins vers le lac, Lemmings 1 – L’Arcadie, Lemmings 2 – Blessures et La Rébellion. Quelqu’un les a déjà vus?

      • #56367 Répondre
        PeggySlam
        Invité

        Juste parfait pour ma part pour commencer à le découvrir car j’en entends parler mais je crois que j’en ai aucun. Merci pour l’info !

        • #56372 Répondre
          Ostros
          Invité

          Super nouvelle merci !

          • #56405 Répondre
            Demi Habile
            Invité

            C*-Algèbres des systèmes canoniques. II
            G. LOUPIAS et S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            (Physique Théorique, Université d’Aix-Marseille).
            Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré,
            Vol. VI, n° 1, 1967,
            Section A :
            Physique théorique.
            ABSTRACT. – The « twisted convolution » of measures on the phase
            space @ of a system with n degrees of freedom (an algebraic version of phasespace quantum mechanics) is extended to distributions on @ using the standard notion of convolution of distributions on a locally compact group
            applied to a central extension of (B by the circle. We study the algebra
            6) of functions on @ which are mapped into trace class operators
            by the Schrôdinger representation and show that 13(0152, a) contains the
            set ~(0152) of infinitely differentiable functions decreasing rapidly at infinity,
            this inclusion being continuous. This allows to interpret the bounded
            operators on the Hilbert space of the Schrôdinger representation as tempered
            distributions on (S, the twisted convolution of distributions corresponding to the product of operators.
            INTRODUCTION
            La construction de C*-algèbres associées aux relations de commutation
            canoniques conduit à définir le « produit de convolution gauche » des
            fonctions sur l’espace de phase [2]. Dans le cas d’un nombre fini de degrés
            de liberté, ce formalisme constitue une version algébrique de la première
            quantification décrite à l’aide de fonctions sur l’espace de phase du système.
            Dans un article précédent [1], nous avons décrit ce formalisme en utilisant
            la notion standard de convolution sur un groupe localement compact ([21],
            § 28) appliquée à une extension centrale 9D du groupe additif de l’espace
            40 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            de phase @ par le tore 2 à une dimension (groupe de Weyl). Nous nous
            proposons ici, en adoptant toujours le même point de vue, de poursuivre
            notre étude de ce formalisme.
            Dans la section I, nous étendons à l’espace ~’(0152) des distributions sur
            l’espace symplectique a) la notion de produit de convolution gauche, et
            en donnons les principales propriétés.
            Dans la section II, nous considérons l’espace noté b(0152, (1) dans [1],
            anti-image des opérateurs à trace par la représentation de Schrôdinger 7r~.
            Nous montrons en particulier que ‘~(~, a) contient l’espace des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables à décroissance rapide, l’inclusion étant
            continue.
            Dans la section III, nous étudions l’algèbre de Von Neumann des opérateurs bornés et interprétons ses éléments comme des distributions tempérées,
            le produit des opérateurs correspondant au produit de convolution gauche
            des distributions. Ce résultat fournit le cadre naturel d’une exposition rigou- reuse du formalisme de WIGNER-MOYAL tel que nous l’avons présenté
            dans ([1], Section III).
            Dans une première lecture, on pourra se contenter de lire les définitions
            de la section I, cette dernière étant indépendante des suivantes.
            Les principaux résultats de cet article ont été annoncés, sous des formes
            parfois différentes, dans [3] [4] [5] Les définitions et les notations adoptées sont celles de [1] et [2].
            SECTION 1
            PRODUIT DE CONVOLUTION GAUCHE
            DES DISTRIBUTIONS
            Nous travaillerons, comme dans [1], par transport de structure à partir
            de la notion de produit de convolution usuel des distributions sur le groupe
            de Lie nilpotent, connexe (unimodulaire) 8B, telle qu’on la trouve définie
            dans ([7], p. 107).
            Nous désignerons par Do, Di, …, D2n une base de l’espace des champs
            de vecteurs invariants à droite sur 3B, et par (resp. S(3B))
            l’espace des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables sur 3B à support dans le
            compact Q de 3B (resp. indéfiniment différentiables à support compact,
            indéfiniment différentiables) muni de sa topologie usuelle. Nous rappelons
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 41
            simplement que est un espace de Fréchet si l’on définit sa topologie
            par la famille de semi-normes :
            Les sont alors munis de la topologie induite par celle de 8(9D), et
            2)(3B) est la limite inductive des espaces de Fréchet
            Il est également possible de définir l’espace comme celui des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables f sur m telles que, pour tout polynôme P
            sur (S considéré comme une fonction sur 3B, et tout opérateur différentiel D
            invariant à droite sur 993, la fonction
            reste bornée sur SB. est alors un espace de Fréchet si l’on définit sa
            topologie par la famille de semi-normes :
            LEMME 1. – L’application 03A6 : f- ~ f (n entier > 0 ou 0) est un
            isomorphisme vectoriel topologique de (resp. ~(0152), 8(0152)) dans
            (resp. ~(~)~, où K désigne un compact de 0152.
            Cette application est évidemment linéaire et injective. D’autre part,
            W étant nilpotent, tout opérateur différentiel invariant à droite est de la
            forme ( [8], lemme 1 ).
            où les P; sont des polynômes sur (S, comme on peut également s’en convaincre
            par un calcul direct ([6], ch. VI, lemme 1). Il ressort alors de l’expression des
            semi-normes (1) et (3) que C est continue de (resp. 8(@)) dans
            (resp. 8(3B)). En outre, (resp. C(8(@))) est fermé dans (resp.
            8(3B)). En effet, si (resp. désigne le sous-espace de
            (resp. des fonctions dont le coefficient de Fourier d’ordre m selon 1:
            est nul, ces images sont identiques à (resp. et il
            42 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            suffit de montrer que chaque (resp. est fermé, ce qui provient
            du fait qu’il est image réciproque de 0 pour l’application continue de
            (resp. 8(9B)) dans
            En vertu du théorème du graphe fermé, il en résulte que C est bicontinue.
            Elle l’est encore si on la restreint à et et par conséquent
            elle est continue de dans 3)(9B) : elle est encore continue de
            dans 2)(3B) ([9], § 3, n° 15). Comme précédemment, est fermé
            dans ~0(3B) car est fermé dans ~D(3B) en tant qu’image réciproque de 0
            par l’application «
            dont il sumt de savoir qu’elle est continue de ~Q(~) dans eo(@, où Q est
            un compact de W. On en déduit alors la bicontinuité de 0 grâce au théorème
            du paragraphe fermé généralisé à des limites inductives d’espaces de Fréchet ([20], Intr. IV, Th. B).
            COROLLAIRE. – On a les àécompositions 1
            en somme directe de deux sous-espaces fermés.
            Muni de la topologie induite, I>(:D(0152)) (resp. I>(8(0152))) est isomorphe à (resp. ~(ae), 6(0152)).
            LEMME 2. La correspondance 1>’ :S – einex @ S est un isomorphisme
            vectoriel topologique de (resp. 8’(0152)) dans :I)’(W) (resp. J’(m),
            6’tB».
            Puisque
            dualité du précédent et de son corollaire.
            COROLLAIRE. – On a les décompositions 1
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 43
            en somme directe de deux sous-espaces fermés, ~n(~) (resp. ~n(~)~
            désignant le sous-espace des éléments de (resp. ~’(~)~ de coefficient de Fourier d’ordre n selon ~ égal à zéro ([11 J, ch. 1). Muni de la
            topologie induite, I>’(:O’(0152) (resp. I>’(&’(0152)) est isomorphe à
            (resp. &’(0152).
            Nous sommes maintenant en mesure de poser la
            DÉFINITION 1. – Soient SI et S 2 deux éléments de :O’(0152), l’un au moins
            étant à support compact. Alors
            avec
            Plus généralement, soient Al et A 2 les supports respectifs de SI et S 2, et
            supposons que l’application { 03C8, 03C6 } ~ 03C8 + cp de Al > A2 dans Al + Az
            est régulière à l’infini. Alors (4) et (5) ont encore un sens. La distribution S
            est dite produit de convolution gauche des distributions SI et S 2, et notée
            SI x S 2.
            En effet, d’après le lemme 2, ~ SI et ~ S 2 appartiennent à
            l’une d’elles étant à support compact. Alors ([7], (1 , 10)), si
            Plus généralement, si l’application { ~ 9 } 2014~ + CF est régulière à l’infini,
            il en est de même de l’application
            COROLLAIRE. – a) Si SI X S2 existe, il en est de même de S2 X SI mais en
            général SI X S 2 ~ S 2 X SI.
            b) Le produit de convolution gauche de plusieurs distributions, qui sont
            toutes, sauf au plus une, à support compact, est associatif
            c) Le produit de convolution gauche de plusieurs distributions de supports
            44 G. LOUP1AS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            respectifs Sw., i E I fini, sera associat f si les Al sont tels que l’application
            soit régulière à l’infini.
            On démontrera alors par transport de structure ([7], p. 108), ([IO], § 6), ou directement comme en ([11], ch. VI, Th. II, III, IV, ils les résultats
            suivants :
            THÉORÈME 1 . – Si SI et S ont pour support respectif Al et A2, le support
            de SI X S2 est contenu dans Al + A2. Donc si Sb S2 E B’(0152), SI X S2 E ~’(~,
            La valeur de SI X S 2 dans l’ouvert Q c OE ne dépend que de celle de S2
            (resp. SI) dans l’ouvert Q – Al (resp..Q – A 2).
            THÉORÈME 2. – a) L’application { S1, S2 } – SI X S2 de ~’(F) X 6’(OE)
            dans B’(0152) est bilinéaire continue.
            b) Cette même application est bilinéaire hypocontinue de ~’(~ >
            dans B’ (0152).
            Le produit de convolution gauche des distributions se différencie toutefois essentiellement du produit de convolution usuel par le théorème qui
            suit. Nous poserons d’abord la
            DÉFINITION 2. Pour tout Ç E a) et S E D’(0152), on notera la nouvelle
            distribution sur ~ définie par
            THÉORÈME 3. – Soit (e;), i = 1, 2, … 2n une base quelconque de a).
            En effet,
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. U 45
            tandis que
            On voit donc, en particulier, que pour dériver un produit de convolution
            gauche il ne suffit plus de dériver l’un des facteurs.
            Notre méthode de transport de structure nous conduit alors naturellement
            à associer à la régularisation des distributions sur iB une opération analogue sur (0152, a) relativement à la convolution gauche.
            DÉFINITION 3. Le produit de convolution gauche de la distribution S et
            de la fonction indéfiniment différentiable f (S~D’(0152) etfE D(0152), ou S E 6’(OE)
            et f E est une fonction indéfiniment différentiable au sens usuel dite
            03C3-régularisée à droite de S par f et donnée par la formule
            On définirait de même la 03C3-régularisée à gauche de S par f comme
            En effet ([7] (1, 11) et (1, 12))
            Cette opération jouit alors des mêmes propriétés que la régularisation
            usuelle ([7], proposition 1, 2) :
            Si est une suite de fonctions indéfiniment différentiables tendant
            vers 80 dans 8’(@), le théorème 2 assure que les 03C3-régularisées S X f tendent
            vers S ce qui fournit un procédé d’approximation d’une distribution par des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables, elles-mêmes approchables par des fonctions de (par exemple par troncature). v
            En outre, si l’on désigne par S la distribution définie par
            46 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            il résulte de (9) et (10) que
            On en déduit que, dans un produit scalaire de fonctions et de distributions
            où interviennent des produits de convolution gauche, on peut faire passer
            un élément d’un côté à l’autre après lui avoir fait subir l’opération v, à
            condition de conserver à l’ensemble des facteurs le même ordre à une
            permutation circulaire près. Par exemple,
            COROLLAIRE. – Si S X /== 0 pour tout f E 2)(0152), alors S = 0.
            Il suffit d’appliquer la formule (12).
            On trouvera dans [6] la démonstration d’une série de théorèmes fins
            sur les distributions faisant intervenir le produit de convolution gauche.
            Nous les omettons ici car ils ne sont pas indispensables pour la suite.
            SECTION II
            L’*-ALGÈBRE DE BANACH a).
            EN TANT QU’ESPACE D’OPÉRATEURS A TRACE
            a) est le sous-espace de £2(0152, a) ([1], Th. 3) des fonctions h telles
            que soit un opérateur à trace sur l’espace de Hilbert de la représentation de Schrôdinger. Puisque tout opérateur à trace se décompose en
            produit de deux opérateurs de Hilbert-Schmidt, il vient
            soit ([2], Th. 14),
            presque partout.
            Les fonctions h E l5(0152, cr) sont caractérisées dans le
            THÉORÈME 5. – Soit h une fonction sur (0152, a), h est un élément de b(0152, a)
            si et seulement si l’une quelconque des éventualités suivantes est réalisée :
            a) h est presque partout égale à une combinaison linéaire complexe de
            fonctions continues de type positif sur a), au sens de ([2], p. 26, Définition).
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 47
            b) Il existe une représentation 1t des relations de commutation dans l’espace
            de Hilbert et W, ~’’ E tels que
            presque partout.
            c) h est bornée et
            où X(0152) désigne l’espace des fonctions continues à support compact et . la
            norme de Schrôdinger ([2], (69)).
            Puisque X(0152) est dense dans a), anti-image des opérateurs compacts
            par la représentation de Schrödinger ([2], Th. 19), il résulte des formules
            que c) exprime le fait bien connu que l’espace des opérateurs à trace s’identifie au dual de l’espace des opérateurs compacts.
            b) est évident si l’on remarque que ?T est, d’après le théorème d’unicité
            ([2], Th. 15), équivalente à une sous-représentation de la représentation
            régulière gauche 1t2 des relations de commutation, et que
            Nous aurons terminé en montrant que a) entraîne b). C’est évident si h
            est presque partout égale à une fonction continue de type positif d’après
            ([1], Th. 4). Sinon supposons h presque partout égale à 03BB103A61 + où Ci
            et sont continues de type positif. Soient , ’Y 1 E H1tl; 7~2, ’Y 2 E H1t2 les
            représentations et vecteurs cycliques définis par Ci et ~2 respectivement ([2],
            Th. 7 a). 1t1 @ 1t2 est une représentation sur H1tl @ et on a
            COROLLAIRE. ‘~(~, 0″) est une *-algèbre de Banach pour le produit x ,
            l’opération * et la norme :
            ANN. INST. POINCARÉ, A-VI-1
            48 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            Cette norme jouit d’un certain nombre de propriétés que nous avons
            réunies dans le
            THÉORÈME 6. – Soit h E b(0152, r).
            ces dernières inégalités étant des égalités sur le sous-espace ~~ de b(0152, a)
            ([2], Th. 18)
            Inversement, il existe, parmi tous les couples fi, gi E L2(0152, cr) tels que
            h = f X g;* p. p., un couple fo, go tel que
            Les inégalités (17) (19) (20) sont bien connues si on les écrit en termes
            d’opérateurs : A désignant un opérateur à trace, B et C deux opérateurs de
            Hilbert-Schmidt tels que A = BC, on a
            d’où les inégalités voulues grâce à ([1], (29)) et ([1], Th. 3). Si en particulier
            h E Jo (donc appartient à b(0152, a) car Jo c ~2(~, a) et h = h X 11 ([1],
            p. 35, lemme)),
            ce qui complète ([1], p. 35, lemme).
            Enfin soit
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. 0 49
            la décomposition polaire de ?c~(~) j est un opérateur à trace positif,
            donc
            où go E ~2(@. a). V étant partiellement isométrique, est un opéra- teur de Hilbert-Schmidt, donc de la forme e a), d’où h = ~o X go
            presque partout. En outre
            de sorte que
            d’où l’égalité (21) en comparant avec (20).
            Il serait intéressant de caractériser analytiquement (et non point seulement
            algébriquement) les éléments de lJ(0152, a). Nous ne sommes, pour l’instant, en mesure de le faire que pour certains sous-espaces denses de a), en
            particulier ~(0152).
            Nous commencerons par prouver le
            LEMME 3. – Soit y E Mi(@, a), h E a) et posons g = ~ ~’$~. } ~ h où
            ~2 est la transformation de Fourier symplectique d’échelle 2 ([1], p. 40,
            Définition). Alors g E lJ(0152, a) et Il g Il (L ~1 Il h
            L’identité :
            permet d’écrire
            Dç x h x 8_~ est une fonction sur @ à valeurs dans a) et l’intégrale
            existe au sens de Bochner ([14], V, 5, Th. 1 et Corollaire 1), définissant un
            élément de 13(OE, a). En effet, pour tout opérateur borné B,
            et
            50 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            Pour la simplicité des notations, nous donnerons la démonstration du
            théorème en supposant que (0152, a) est de dimension 2, avec, pour tout
            03C8 E .
            (ei, e2) base symplectique de (0152, a).
            Nous désignerons par
            le polynôme de Hermite d’ordre n à une dimension, et par
            la fonction de Hermite correspondante.
            Ils jouissent des propriétés connues ci-dessous
            d’où
            Enfin nous aurons besoin des intégrales classiques suivantes, où Y désigne
            la fonction d’Heaviside à une dimension ([17] (V, 1 ; 45)) :
            Nous pouvons alors prouver le
            THÉORÈME 7. – b(0152, a) contient en tant que sous-espace, l’inclusion
            étant continue.
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 51
            Les formules (28) et (26) nous permettent d’écrire, en posant ~ _
            En sachant que
            et
            il vient alors, d’après la formule (20) et le lemme 3,
            Mais les formules (27) et (24) donnent immédiatement
            Par conséquent
            52 G. LOUP1AS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE

            Mais d’autre part, la formule (27) s’écrit encore
            ou bien
            et l’on en déduit que
            avec
            Or on sait que tout A e ~(@) est limite dans ~(@) d’une série de la forme
            où est une suite à décroissance rapide (c’est-à-dire qui décroît plus
            rapidement que 1 quel que soit l’entier p) ([11], ch. VII, § 7, n° 7). La
            correspondance
            est alors un isomorphisme vectoriel topologique entre et l’espace des
            suites à décroissance rapide lorsqu’on munit ce dernier de la topologie
            définie par la famille de normes
            Par conséquent, si h E
            d’où l’affumation du théorème.
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 53
            La démonstration ci-dessus ne fait appel qu’à des notions élémentaires.
            L’inclusion ensembliste a) aurait pu, grâce à l’égalité
            ci-dessous ([1] (16)) :
            être déduite des résultats de DIXMIER ([18], Th. 1) et KIRILLOV ([19], Th. 7.3) sur les représentations des groupes de Lie nilpotents, l’inclusion topologique découlant alors, grâce au théorème du graphe fermé, du fait que
            et T;(0152, a) sont tous deux topologiquement inclus dans E2(~, a) (1).
            COROLLAIRE 1. 2014 ~(@) est dense dans b(0152, a).
            Il suffit de prouver la densité de X D(@). Soit h E 1J(0152, c),
            f, c) tels que h = lx g* p. p., et (fi), deux suites telles que
            Alors, d’après (20),
            COROLLAIRE 2. – Pour tout h E W(0152), il existe f et g E L2 (0152, a) telles
            que h == f X g*.
            En effet, h == f X g* p. p., et donc partout puisque les deux membres
            sont continus.
            COROLLAIRE 3. – Pour que h E L2(0152, c) appartienne à 1J(0152, c), il suffit
            z8fi
            qUe E C2(0152, 0″) et
            >x4zy4 E C2(0152, 0″) ainsi qUe toutes ’eS dérivées d’ordre
            inférieur.
            Posons
            Les formules (22), (23) et (27) permettent d’établir que
            (1) Nous avions également annoncé le résultat du théorème 7 dans [4] et [6].
            La démonstration qui l’accompagnait ne prouvait que l’inclusion ensembliste,
            mais il aurait suffi, pour la compléter, d’invoquer le même type d’argument que
            ci-dessus, en se fondant sur le théorème du graphe fermé étendu à des limites
            inductives de Fréchet ([2C], Intr. IV, Th. B).
            54 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            soit
            On sait que tout h E ~2(~, a) est limite dans L2(0152, a) d’une série de la forme
            et que la correspondance
            est un isomorphisme vectoriel topologique entre L2(0152, a) et l’espace des
            suites de carré sommable avec
            L’inégalité (31) montre alors que h E 13(OE, a) dès que
            ce qui sera le cas si
            d’où l’énoncé du corollaire.
            Nous mentionnons, pour terminer, que les formules (8) incitent à penser
            que ~(0152) pourrait être un idéal pour la convolution gauche. En fait, il n’en
            est rien car on aurait alors, avec les notations de [2],
            soit 3n = 3~, ce qui est absurde ([2], Th. 17).
            SECTION III
            a) COMME ALGÈBRE
            DE DISTRIBUTIONS TEMPÉRÉES
            Dans [1], nous avions considéré les deux algèbres de Von Neumann
            c)) et ’UJ(0152, adhérence faible a)) et cr) respectivement. étant irréductible, a) est l’algèbre des opérateurs bornés
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. II 55
            sur l’espace de la représentation de Schrôdinger, et 1t2 étant un multiple
            de 03C003C9, U(L2(0152, 03C3)) lui est isomorphe : on passe de l’une à l’autre par induction
            et ampliation :
            Désignant par TC l’*-algèbre de Banach des opérateurs à trace, il résulte
            du théorème 7 et de ses corollaires que l’application
            est une injection continue de dans un sous-espace dense de rc.
            THÉORÈME 8. existe une injection continue
            associant à tout opérateur borné B une distribution tempérée iB = SB, vérifiant
            les formules
            a) (munie de la topologie de la norme) et ~’(0152) étant le dual fort de ~c
            et respectivement, il résulte de la théorie de la transposition ([9], § 6, n~~ 16, 17, 18) que t1tCJ) = i est une injection continue de a) dans
            ~’(0152) telle que, pour tout h E ~(0152),
            Définissant la dualité entre c) et TC par
            il vient, si h = f X g* (Section II, Corollaire 2),
            où nous avons utilisé le fait que les éléments de c)) commutent
            avec les convolutions à droite ([1], Section II, Appendice).
            56 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            Il vient alors, grâce à (9),
            pour tout f E 2)(@). Comme
            l’égalité ci-dessus peut se prolonger par continuité à L2(0152, a), donnant un
            sens (en tant que fonction) au produit SB X g, g E L2(0152, a), d’où (34).
            De même,
            pour tout h. f E D(@. Comme
            l’égalité ci-dessus se prolonge à tout h E 13(OE, a), d’où (35). On remarquera,
            pour terminer, que l’on peut poser i = 7te,) B cette notation étant
            cohérente sur a) avec les précédentes.
            COROLLAIRE 1. – Soit y E a) et fe a) ou ~~(~, a). Alors
            En effet, grâce à (34),
            d’où la conclusion grâce à (Section I, p. I l , Corollaire).
            COROLLAIRE 2. L’application i identifie ‘1.U(~, a) à l’ensemble 13’(0152, a)
            des distributions qui, par convolution gauche, appliquent continûment ~.2(~, (J)
            dans lui-même. Ces dernières sont alors des distributions tempérées.
            D’après (37), on sait déjà que SH applique continûment L2(0152, a) dans
            lui-même. Inversement, soit S E telle que
            et (Section II, Corollaire 2 et (21))
            avec
            Alors
            C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. 11 57
            et (Section II (17), (20), (21))
            S définit donc une forme linéaire continue sur 13(OE, a). Par conséquent S
            est une distribution tempérée; d’autre part on saura lui associer un élément B de o) défini de manière unique par
            et donc tel que la distribution SB associée soit précisément S.
            Notons enfin que c) est strictement contenu dans ~’(0152). Il suffit
            en effet de comparer (8) avec ([1], (70), (72), (75)) pour voir que la distribution tempérée ;2014 est l’homologue de l’opérateur non borné – iA
            défini par
            THÉORÈME 9. – b’(0152, 0″) est une *-algèbre pour le produit de convolution
            gauche et l’opération S – S* des distributions. – — … — _. –~ …
            tandis que, si Bi, B 2 E 0) et f E D(@),
            ce qui donne un sens au produit S~, X S~,.
            Dans ( [1], Section III), nous avions décrit le formalisme de WIGNER-MOYAL
            en termes de transformation de Fourier symplectique des éléments de
            c). Dans l’isomorphisme
            cette dernière coïncide avec la notion de transformation de Fourier symplectique des distributions tempérées, obtenue par transposition à partir de la
            transformation de Fourier symplectique sur ~(0152) définie dans ([1], Section III). Ceci rend d’autant plus naturelle l’exposition rigoureuse que
            nous avons donnée du formalisme de WIGNER-MOYAL.
            58 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
            REMERCIEMENTS
            Les auteurs tiennent à exprimer leur reconnaissance au Professeur
            D. KASTLER qui les a conseillés tout au long de ce travail. Ils expriment leurs
            remerciements au Professeur A. GUICHARDET qui s’est livré à une lecture
            critique de [6] et leur a signalé l’existence de la référence [19], au Professeur J. DIXMIER qui leur a communiqué une traduction de cette dernière,
            au Professeur M. ZERNER auquel ils sont redevables d’utiles discussions.
            Ce travail a été accompli grâce au soutien du Centre National de la
            Recherche Scientifique.
            BIBLIOGRAPHIE
            [1] LOUPIAS, G. et MIRACLE-SOLE, S., Commun. math. Phys., t. 2, 1966, p. 31.
            [2] KASTLER, D., Commun. math. Phys., t. 1, 1965, p. 14.
            [3] LOUPIAS, G., Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences, t. 262, 1966, p. 469.
            [4] LOUPIAS, G., Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences, t. 262, 1966, p. 799.
            [5] MIRACLE-SOLE, S., Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences (à paraître).
            [6] LOUPIAS, G., Thèse de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences de Marseille, 1966.
            [7] BRUHAT, F., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 84, 1956, p. 97.
            [8] DIXMIER, J., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 87, 1959, p. 65.
            [9] BOURBAKI, N., Espaces vectoriels topologiques. Fascicule des résultats.
            Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles. Paris, Hermann, 1955.
            [10] BRUHAT, F., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 89, 1961, p. 43.
            [11] SCHWARTZ, L., Théorie des distributions. Tome II. Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles. Paris, Hermann, 1959.
            [12] RICKART, C. E., General theory of Banach algebras. Princeton-LondonToronto, Van Nostrand, 1960.
            [13] SCHATTEN, R., Norm ideal of completely continuous operators. Berlin-Gôttingen-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 1965.
            [14] YOSIDA, K., Functional analysis. Berlin-Gôttingen-Heidelberg, SpringerVerlag, 1965.
            [15] ERDELYI-MAGNUS-OBERHETTINGER-TRICOMI, High transcendental functions.
            Vol. II, New-York-Toronto-London, MacGraw-Hill, 1953.
            [16] TITCHMARSH, E. C., Introduction to the theory of Fourier integrals. Oxford,
            University Press, 1948.
            [17] SCHWARTZ, L., Méthodes mathématiques pour les sciences physiques. Paris,
            Hermann, 1961.
            [18] DIXMIER, J., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 87, 1959, p. 65.
            [19] KIRILLOV, A. A., Uspehki Mat. Nauk., t. 17, 1962, p. 57 (en russe).
            [20] GROTHENDIECK, A., Memoirs of the Amer. Math. Soc., n° 16, 1955.
            [21] NEUMARK, M. A., Normierte ringe. Berlin; VEB Deutscher Verlag der
            Wissenschaften, 1959.
            (Manuscrit reçu le 22 juillet 1966) .je

    • #56387 Répondre
      Malice
      Invité

      Les débats critique de Transfuge époque FB ont été mises en lignes sur youtube :
      https://www.youtube.com/@Sakthi_T

      • #56389 Répondre
        Malice
        Invité

        pardon ce sont seulement les interventions de François, pas les débats complets ( pour les versions uncut c’est toujours sur dailymotion)

        • #56406 Répondre
          Demi Habile
          Invité

          C*-Algèbres des systèmes canoniques. II
          G. LOUPIAS et S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          (Physique Théorique, Université d’Aix-Marseille).
          Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré,
          Vol. VI, n° 1, 1967,
          Section A :
          Physique théorique.
          ABSTRACT. – The « twisted convolution » of measures on the phase
          space @ of a system with n degrees of freedom (an algebraic version of phasespace quantum mechanics) is extended to distributions on @ using the standard notion of convolution of distributions on a locally compact group
          applied to a central extension of (B by the circle. We study the algebra
          6) of functions on @ which are mapped into trace class operators
          by the Schrôdinger representation and show that 13(0152, a) contains the
          set ~(0152) of infinitely differentiable functions decreasing rapidly at infinity,
          this inclusion being continuous. This allows to interpret the bounded
          operators on the Hilbert space of the Schrôdinger representation as tempered
          distributions on (S, the twisted convolution of distributions corresponding to the product of operators.
          INTRODUCTION
          La construction de C*-algèbres associées aux relations de commutation
          canoniques conduit à définir le « produit de convolution gauche » des
          fonctions sur l’espace de phase [2]. Dans le cas d’un nombre fini de degrés
          de liberté, ce formalisme constitue une version algébrique de la première
          quantification décrite à l’aide de fonctions sur l’espace de phase du système.
          Dans un article précédent [1], nous avons décrit ce formalisme en utilisant
          la notion standard de convolution sur un groupe localement compact ([21],
          § 28) appliquée à une extension centrale 9D du groupe additif de l’espace
          40 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          de phase @ par le tore 2 à une dimension (groupe de Weyl). Nous nous
          proposons ici, en adoptant toujours le même point de vue, de poursuivre
          notre étude de ce formalisme.
          Dans la section I, nous étendons à l’espace ~’(0152) des distributions sur
          l’espace symplectique a) la notion de produit de convolution gauche, et
          en donnons les principales propriétés.
          Dans la section II, nous considérons l’espace noté b(0152, (1) dans [1],
          anti-image des opérateurs à trace par la représentation de Schrôdinger 7r~.
          Nous montrons en particulier que ‘~(~, a) contient l’espace des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables à décroissance rapide, l’inclusion étant
          continue.
          Dans la section III, nous étudions l’algèbre de Von Neumann des opérateurs bornés et interprétons ses éléments comme des distributions tempérées,
          le produit des opérateurs correspondant au produit de convolution gauche
          des distributions. Ce résultat fournit le cadre naturel d’une exposition rigou- reuse du formalisme de WIGNER-MOYAL tel que nous l’avons présenté
          dans ([1], Section III).
          Dans une première lecture, on pourra se contenter de lire les définitions
          de la section I, cette dernière étant indépendante des suivantes.
          Les principaux résultats de cet article ont été annoncés, sous des formes
          parfois différentes, dans [3] [4] [5] Les définitions et les notations adoptées sont celles de [1] et [2].
          SECTION 1
          PRODUIT DE CONVOLUTION GAUCHE
          DES DISTRIBUTIONS
          Nous travaillerons, comme dans [1], par transport de structure à partir
          de la notion de produit de convolution usuel des distributions sur le groupe
          de Lie nilpotent, connexe (unimodulaire) 8B, telle qu’on la trouve définie
          dans ([7], p. 107).
          Nous désignerons par Do, Di, …, D2n une base de l’espace des champs
          de vecteurs invariants à droite sur 3B, et par (resp. S(3B))
          l’espace des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables sur 3B à support dans le
          compact Q de 3B (resp. indéfiniment différentiables à support compact,
          indéfiniment différentiables) muni de sa topologie usuelle. Nous rappelons
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 41
          simplement que est un espace de Fréchet si l’on définit sa topologie
          par la famille de semi-normes :
          Les sont alors munis de la topologie induite par celle de 8(9D), et
          2)(3B) est la limite inductive des espaces de Fréchet
          Il est également possible de définir l’espace comme celui des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables f sur m telles que, pour tout polynôme P
          sur (S considéré comme une fonction sur 3B, et tout opérateur différentiel D
          invariant à droite sur 993, la fonction
          reste bornée sur SB. est alors un espace de Fréchet si l’on définit sa
          topologie par la famille de semi-normes :
          LEMME 1. – L’application 03A6 : f- ~ f (n entier > 0 ou 0) est un
          isomorphisme vectoriel topologique de (resp. ~(0152), 8(0152)) dans
          (resp. ~(~)~, où K désigne un compact de 0152.
          Cette application est évidemment linéaire et injective. D’autre part,
          W étant nilpotent, tout opérateur différentiel invariant à droite est de la
          forme ( [8], lemme 1 ).
          où les P; sont des polynômes sur (S, comme on peut également s’en convaincre
          par un calcul direct ([6], ch. VI, lemme 1). Il ressort alors de l’expression des
          semi-normes (1) et (3) que C est continue de (resp. 8(@)) dans
          (resp. 8(3B)). En outre, (resp. C(8(@))) est fermé dans (resp.
          8(3B)). En effet, si (resp. désigne le sous-espace de
          (resp. des fonctions dont le coefficient de Fourier d’ordre m selon 1:
          est nul, ces images sont identiques à (resp. et il
          42 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          suffit de montrer que chaque (resp. est fermé, ce qui provient
          du fait qu’il est image réciproque de 0 pour l’application continue de
          (resp. 8(9B)) dans
          En vertu du théorème du graphe fermé, il en résulte que C est bicontinue.
          Elle l’est encore si on la restreint à et et par conséquent
          elle est continue de dans 3)(9B) : elle est encore continue de
          dans 2)(3B) ([9], § 3, n° 15). Comme précédemment, est fermé
          dans ~0(3B) car est fermé dans ~D(3B) en tant qu’image réciproque de 0
          par l’application «
          dont il sumt de savoir qu’elle est continue de ~Q(~) dans eo(@, où Q est
          un compact de W. On en déduit alors la bicontinuité de 0 grâce au théorème
          du paragraphe fermé généralisé à des limites inductives d’espaces de Fréchet ([20], Intr. IV, Th. B).
          COROLLAIRE. – On a les àécompositions 1
          en somme directe de deux sous-espaces fermés.
          Muni de la topologie induite, I>(:D(0152)) (resp. I>(8(0152))) est isomorphe à (resp. ~(ae), 6(0152)).
          LEMME 2. La correspondance 1>’ :S – einex @ S est un isomorphisme
          vectoriel topologique de (resp. 8’(0152)) dans :I)’(W) (resp. J’(m),
          6’tB».
          Puisque
          dualité du précédent et de son corollaire.
          COROLLAIRE. – On a les décompositions 1
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 43
          en somme directe de deux sous-espaces fermés, ~n(~) (resp. ~n(~)~
          désignant le sous-espace des éléments de (resp. ~’(~)~ de coefficient de Fourier d’ordre n selon ~ égal à zéro ([11 J, ch. 1). Muni de la
          topologie induite, I>’(:O’(0152) (resp. I>’(&’(0152)) est isomorphe à
          (resp. &’(0152).
          Nous sommes maintenant en mesure de poser la
          DÉFINITION 1. – Soient SI et S 2 deux éléments de :O’(0152), l’un au moins
          étant à support compact. Alors
          avec
          Plus généralement, soient Al et A 2 les supports respectifs de SI et S 2, et
          supposons que l’application { 03C8, 03C6 } ~ 03C8 + cp de Al > A2 dans Al + Az
          est régulière à l’infini. Alors (4) et (5) ont encore un sens. La distribution S
          est dite produit de convolution gauche des distributions SI et S 2, et notée
          SI x S 2.
          En effet, d’après le lemme 2, ~ SI et ~ S 2 appartiennent à
          l’une d’elles étant à support compact. Alors ([7], (1 , 10)), si
          Plus généralement, si l’application { ~ 9 } 2014~ + CF est régulière à l’infini,
          il en est de même de l’application
          COROLLAIRE. – a) Si SI X S2 existe, il en est de même de S2 X SI mais en
          général SI X S 2 ~ S 2 X SI.
          b) Le produit de convolution gauche de plusieurs distributions, qui sont
          toutes, sauf au plus une, à support compact, est associatif
          c) Le produit de convolution gauche de plusieurs distributions de supports
          44 G. LOUP1AS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          respectifs Sw., i E I fini, sera associat f si les Al sont tels que l’application
          soit régulière à l’infini.
          On démontrera alors par transport de structure ([7], p. 108), ([IO], § 6), ou directement comme en ([11], ch. VI, Th. II, III, IV, ils les résultats
          suivants :
          THÉORÈME 1 . – Si SI et S ont pour support respectif Al et A2, le support
          de SI X S2 est contenu dans Al + A2. Donc si Sb S2 E B’(0152), SI X S2 E ~’(~,
          La valeur de SI X S 2 dans l’ouvert Q c OE ne dépend que de celle de S2
          (resp. SI) dans l’ouvert Q – Al (resp..Q – A 2).
          THÉORÈME 2. – a) L’application { S1, S2 } – SI X S2 de ~’(F) X 6’(OE)
          dans B’(0152) est bilinéaire continue.
          b) Cette même application est bilinéaire hypocontinue de ~’(~ >
          dans B’ (0152).
          Le produit de convolution gauche des distributions se différencie toutefois essentiellement du produit de convolution usuel par le théorème qui
          suit. Nous poserons d’abord la
          DÉFINITION 2. Pour tout Ç E a) et S E D’(0152), on notera la nouvelle
          distribution sur ~ définie par
          THÉORÈME 3. – Soit (e;), i = 1, 2, … 2n une base quelconque de a).
          En effet,
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. U 45
          tandis que
          On voit donc, en particulier, que pour dériver un produit de convolution
          gauche il ne suffit plus de dériver l’un des facteurs.
          Notre méthode de transport de structure nous conduit alors naturellement
          à associer à la régularisation des distributions sur iB une opération analogue sur (0152, a) relativement à la convolution gauche.
          DÉFINITION 3. Le produit de convolution gauche de la distribution S et
          de la fonction indéfiniment différentiable f (S~D’(0152) etfE D(0152), ou S E 6’(OE)
          et f E est une fonction indéfiniment différentiable au sens usuel dite
          03C3-régularisée à droite de S par f et donnée par la formule
          On définirait de même la 03C3-régularisée à gauche de S par f comme
          En effet ([7] (1, 11) et (1, 12))
          Cette opération jouit alors des mêmes propriétés que la régularisation
          usuelle ([7], proposition 1, 2) :
          Si est une suite de fonctions indéfiniment différentiables tendant
          vers 80 dans 8’(@), le théorème 2 assure que les 03C3-régularisées S X f tendent
          vers S ce qui fournit un procédé d’approximation d’une distribution par des fonctions indéfiniment différentiables, elles-mêmes approchables par des fonctions de (par exemple par troncature). v
          En outre, si l’on désigne par S la distribution définie par
          46 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          il résulte de (9) et (10) que
          On en déduit que, dans un produit scalaire de fonctions et de distributions
          où interviennent des produits de convolution gauche, on peut faire passer
          un élément d’un côté à l’autre après lui avoir fait subir l’opération v, à
          condition de conserver à l’ensemble des facteurs le même ordre à une
          permutation circulaire près. Par exemple,
          COROLLAIRE. – Si S X /== 0 pour tout f E 2)(0152), alors S = 0.
          Il suffit d’appliquer la formule (12).
          On trouvera dans [6] la démonstration d’une série de théorèmes fins
          sur les distributions faisant intervenir le produit de convolution gauche.
          Nous les omettons ici car ils ne sont pas indispensables pour la suite.
          SECTION II
          L’*-ALGÈBRE DE BANACH a).
          EN TANT QU’ESPACE D’OPÉRATEURS A TRACE
          a) est le sous-espace de £2(0152, a) ([1], Th. 3) des fonctions h telles
          que soit un opérateur à trace sur l’espace de Hilbert de la représentation de Schrôdinger. Puisque tout opérateur à trace se décompose en
          produit de deux opérateurs de Hilbert-Schmidt, il vient
          soit ([2], Th. 14),
          presque partout.
          Les fonctions h E l5(0152, cr) sont caractérisées dans le
          THÉORÈME 5. – Soit h une fonction sur (0152, a), h est un élément de b(0152, a)
          si et seulement si l’une quelconque des éventualités suivantes est réalisée :
          a) h est presque partout égale à une combinaison linéaire complexe de
          fonctions continues de type positif sur a), au sens de ([2], p. 26, Définition).
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 47
          b) Il existe une représentation 1t des relations de commutation dans l’espace
          de Hilbert et W, ~’’ E tels que
          presque partout.
          c) h est bornée et
          où X(0152) désigne l’espace des fonctions continues à support compact et . la
          norme de Schrôdinger ([2], (69)).
          Puisque X(0152) est dense dans a), anti-image des opérateurs compacts
          par la représentation de Schrödinger ([2], Th. 19), il résulte des formules
          que c) exprime le fait bien connu que l’espace des opérateurs à trace s’identifie au dual de l’espace des opérateurs compacts.
          b) est évident si l’on remarque que ?T est, d’après le théorème d’unicité
          ([2], Th. 15), équivalente à une sous-représentation de la représentation
          régulière gauche 1t2 des relations de commutation, et que
          Nous aurons terminé en montrant que a) entraîne b). C’est évident si h
          est presque partout égale à une fonction continue de type positif d’après
          ([1], Th. 4). Sinon supposons h presque partout égale à 03BB103A61 + où Ci
          et sont continues de type positif. Soient , ’Y 1 E H1tl; 7~2, ’Y 2 E H1t2 les
          représentations et vecteurs cycliques définis par Ci et ~2 respectivement ([2],
          Th. 7 a). 1t1 @ 1t2 est une représentation sur H1tl @ et on a
          COROLLAIRE. ‘~(~, 0″) est une *-algèbre de Banach pour le produit x ,
          l’opération * et la norme :
          ANN. INST. POINCARÉ, A-VI-1
          48 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          Cette norme jouit d’un certain nombre de propriétés que nous avons
          réunies dans le
          THÉORÈME 6. – Soit h E b(0152, r).
          ces dernières inégalités étant des égalités sur le sous-espace ~~ de b(0152, a)
          ([2], Th. 18)
          Inversement, il existe, parmi tous les couples fi, gi E L2(0152, cr) tels que
          h = f X g;* p. p., un couple fo, go tel que
          Les inégalités (17) (19) (20) sont bien connues si on les écrit en termes
          d’opérateurs : A désignant un opérateur à trace, B et C deux opérateurs de
          Hilbert-Schmidt tels que A = BC, on a
          d’où les inégalités voulues grâce à ([1], (29)) et ([1], Th. 3). Si en particulier
          h E Jo (donc appartient à b(0152, a) car Jo c ~2(~, a) et h = h X 11 ([1],
          p. 35, lemme)),
          ce qui complète ([1], p. 35, lemme).
          Enfin soit
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. 0 49
          la décomposition polaire de ?c~(~) j est un opérateur à trace positif,
          donc
          où go E ~2(@. a). V étant partiellement isométrique, est un opéra- teur de Hilbert-Schmidt, donc de la forme e a), d’où h = ~o X go
          presque partout. En outre
          de sorte que
          d’où l’égalité (21) en comparant avec (20).
          Il serait intéressant de caractériser analytiquement (et non point seulement
          algébriquement) les éléments de lJ(0152, a). Nous ne sommes, pour l’instant, en mesure de le faire que pour certains sous-espaces denses de a), en
          particulier ~(0152).
          Nous commencerons par prouver le
          LEMME 3. – Soit y E Mi(@, a), h E a) et posons g = ~ ~’$~. } ~ h où
          ~2 est la transformation de Fourier symplectique d’échelle 2 ([1], p. 40,
          Définition). Alors g E lJ(0152, a) et Il g Il (L ~1 Il h
          L’identité :
          permet d’écrire
          Dç x h x 8_~ est une fonction sur @ à valeurs dans a) et l’intégrale
          existe au sens de Bochner ([14], V, 5, Th. 1 et Corollaire 1), définissant un
          élément de 13(OE, a). En effet, pour tout opérateur borné B,
          et
          50 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          Pour la simplicité des notations, nous donnerons la démonstration du
          théorème en supposant que (0152, a) est de dimension 2, avec, pour tout
          03C8 E .
          (ei, e2) base symplectique de (0152, a).
          Nous désignerons par
          le polynôme de Hermite d’ordre n à une dimension, et par
          la fonction de Hermite correspondante.
          Ils jouissent des propriétés connues ci-dessous
          d’où
          Enfin nous aurons besoin des intégrales classiques suivantes, où Y désigne
          la fonction d’Heaviside à une dimension ([17] (V, 1 ; 45)) :
          Nous pouvons alors prouver le
          THÉORÈME 7. – b(0152, a) contient en tant que sous-espace, l’inclusion
          étant continue.
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 51
          Les formules (28) et (26) nous permettent d’écrire, en posant ~ _
          En sachant que
          et
          il vient alors, d’après la formule (20) et le lemme 3,
          Mais les formules (27) et (24) donnent immédiatement
          Par conséquent
          52 G. LOUP1AS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE

          Mais d’autre part, la formule (27) s’écrit encore
          ou bien
          et l’on en déduit que
          avec
          Or on sait que tout A e ~(@) est limite dans ~(@) d’une série de la forme
          où est une suite à décroissance rapide (c’est-à-dire qui décroît plus
          rapidement que 1 quel que soit l’entier p) ([11], ch. VII, § 7, n° 7). La
          correspondance
          est alors un isomorphisme vectoriel topologique entre et l’espace des
          suites à décroissance rapide lorsqu’on munit ce dernier de la topologie
          définie par la famille de normes
          Par conséquent, si h E
          d’où l’affumation du théorème.
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. Il 53
          La démonstration ci-dessus ne fait appel qu’à des notions élémentaires.
          L’inclusion ensembliste a) aurait pu, grâce à l’égalité
          ci-dessous ([1] (16)) :
          être déduite des résultats de DIXMIER ([18], Th. 1) et KIRILLOV ([19], Th. 7.3) sur les représentations des groupes de Lie nilpotents, l’inclusion topologique découlant alors, grâce au théorème du graphe fermé, du fait que
          et T;(0152, a) sont tous deux topologiquement inclus dans E2(~, a) (1).
          COROLLAIRE 1. 2014 ~(@) est dense dans b(0152, a).
          Il suffit de prouver la densité de X D(@). Soit h E 1J(0152, c),
          f, c) tels que h = lx g* p. p., et (fi), deux suites telles que
          Alors, d’après (20),
          COROLLAIRE 2. – Pour tout h E W(0152), il existe f et g E L2 (0152, a) telles
          que h == f X g*.
          En effet, h == f X g* p. p., et donc partout puisque les deux membres
          sont continus.
          COROLLAIRE 3. – Pour que h E L2(0152, c) appartienne à 1J(0152, c), il suffit
          z8fi
          qUe E C2(0152, 0″) et
          >x4zy4 E C2(0152, 0″) ainsi qUe toutes ’eS dérivées d’ordre
          inférieur.
          Posons
          Les formules (22), (23) et (27) permettent d’établir que
          (1) Nous avions également annoncé le résultat du théorème 7 dans [4] et [6].
          La démonstration qui l’accompagnait ne prouvait que l’inclusion ensembliste,
          mais il aurait suffi, pour la compléter, d’invoquer le même type d’argument que
          ci-dessus, en se fondant sur le théorème du graphe fermé étendu à des limites
          inductives de Fréchet ([2C], Intr. IV, Th. B).
          54 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          soit
          On sait que tout h E ~2(~, a) est limite dans L2(0152, a) d’une série de la forme
          et que la correspondance
          est un isomorphisme vectoriel topologique entre L2(0152, a) et l’espace des
          suites de carré sommable avec
          L’inégalité (31) montre alors que h E 13(OE, a) dès que
          ce qui sera le cas si
          d’où l’énoncé du corollaire.
          Nous mentionnons, pour terminer, que les formules (8) incitent à penser
          que ~(0152) pourrait être un idéal pour la convolution gauche. En fait, il n’en
          est rien car on aurait alors, avec les notations de [2],
          soit 3n = 3~, ce qui est absurde ([2], Th. 17).
          SECTION III
          a) COMME ALGÈBRE
          DE DISTRIBUTIONS TEMPÉRÉES
          Dans [1], nous avions considéré les deux algèbres de Von Neumann
          c)) et ’UJ(0152, adhérence faible a)) et cr) respectivement. étant irréductible, a) est l’algèbre des opérateurs bornés
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. II 55
          sur l’espace de la représentation de Schrôdinger, et 1t2 étant un multiple
          de 03C003C9, U(L2(0152, 03C3)) lui est isomorphe : on passe de l’une à l’autre par induction
          et ampliation :
          Désignant par TC l’*-algèbre de Banach des opérateurs à trace, il résulte
          du théorème 7 et de ses corollaires que l’application
          est une injection continue de dans un sous-espace dense de rc.
          THÉORÈME 8. existe une injection continue
          associant à tout opérateur borné B une distribution tempérée iB = SB, vérifiant
          les formules
          a) (munie de la topologie de la norme) et ~’(0152) étant le dual fort de ~c
          et respectivement, il résulte de la théorie de la transposition ([9], § 6, n~~ 16, 17, 18) que t1tCJ) = i est une injection continue de a) dans
          ~’(0152) telle que, pour tout h E ~(0152),
          Définissant la dualité entre c) et TC par
          il vient, si h = f X g* (Section II, Corollaire 2),
          où nous avons utilisé le fait que les éléments de c)) commutent
          avec les convolutions à droite ([1], Section II, Appendice).
          56 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          Il vient alors, grâce à (9),
          pour tout f E 2)(@). Comme
          l’égalité ci-dessus peut se prolonger par continuité à L2(0152, a), donnant un
          sens (en tant que fonction) au produit SB X g, g E L2(0152, a), d’où (34).
          De même,
          pour tout h. f E D(@. Comme
          l’égalité ci-dessus se prolonge à tout h E 13(OE, a), d’où (35). On remarquera,
          pour terminer, que l’on peut poser i = 7te,) B cette notation étant
          cohérente sur a) avec les précédentes.
          COROLLAIRE 1. – Soit y E a) et fe a) ou ~~(~, a). Alors
          En effet, grâce à (34),
          d’où la conclusion grâce à (Section I, p. I l , Corollaire).
          COROLLAIRE 2. L’application i identifie ‘1.U(~, a) à l’ensemble 13’(0152, a)
          des distributions qui, par convolution gauche, appliquent continûment ~.2(~, (J)
          dans lui-même. Ces dernières sont alors des distributions tempérées.
          D’après (37), on sait déjà que SH applique continûment L2(0152, a) dans
          lui-même. Inversement, soit S E telle que
          et (Section II, Corollaire 2 et (21))
          avec
          Alors
          C*-ALGÈBRES DES SYSTÈMES CANONIQUES. 11 57
          et (Section II (17), (20), (21))
          S définit donc une forme linéaire continue sur 13(OE, a). Par conséquent S
          est une distribution tempérée; d’autre part on saura lui associer un élément B de o) défini de manière unique par
          et donc tel que la distribution SB associée soit précisément S.
          Notons enfin que c) est strictement contenu dans ~’(0152). Il suffit
          en effet de comparer (8) avec ([1], (70), (72), (75)) pour voir que la distribution tempérée ;2014 est l’homologue de l’opérateur non borné – iA
          défini par
          THÉORÈME 9. – b’(0152, 0″) est une *-algèbre pour le produit de convolution
          gauche et l’opération S – S* des distributions. – — … — _. –~ …
          tandis que, si Bi, B 2 E 0) et f E D(@),
          ce qui donne un sens au produit S~, X S~,.
          Dans ( [1], Section III), nous avions décrit le formalisme de WIGNER-MOYAL
          en termes de transformation de Fourier symplectique des éléments de
          c). Dans l’isomorphisme
          cette dernière coïncide avec la notion de transformation de Fourier symplectique des distributions tempérées, obtenue par transposition à partir de la
          transformation de Fourier symplectique sur ~(0152) définie dans ([1], Section III). Ceci rend d’autant plus naturelle l’exposition rigoureuse que
          nous avons donnée du formalisme de WIGNER-MOYAL.
          58 G. LOUPIAS ET S. MIRACLE-SOLE
          REMERCIEMENTS
          Les auteurs tiennent à exprimer leur reconnaissance au Professeur
          D. KASTLER qui les a conseillés tout au long de ce travail. Ils expriment leurs
          remerciements au Professeur A. GUICHARDET qui s’est livré à une lecture
          critique de [6] et leur a signalé l’existence de la référence [19], au Professeur J. DIXMIER qui leur a communiqué une traduction de cette dernière,
          au Professeur M. ZERNER auquel ils sont redevables d’utiles discussions.
          Ce travail a été accompli grâce au soutien du Centre National de la
          Recherche Scientifique.
          BIBLIOGRAPHIE
          [1] LOUPIAS, G. et MIRACLE-SOLE, S., Commun. math. Phys., t. 2, 1966, p. 31.
          [2] KASTLER, D., Commun. math. Phys., t. 1, 1965, p. 14.
          [3] LOUPIAS, G., Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences, t. 262, 1966, p. 469.
          [4] LOUPIAS, G., Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences, t. 262, 1966, p. 799.
          [5] MIRACLE-SOLE, S., Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences (à paraître).
          [6] LOUPIAS, G., Thèse de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences de Marseille, 1966.
          [7] BRUHAT, F., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 84, 1956, p. 97.
          [8] DIXMIER, J., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 87, 1959, p. 65.
          [9] BOURBAKI, N., Espaces vectoriels topologiques. Fascicule des résultats.
          Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles. Paris, Hermann, 1955.
          [10] BRUHAT, F., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 89, 1961, p. 43.
          [11] SCHWARTZ, L., Théorie des distributions. Tome II. Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles. Paris, Hermann, 1959.
          [12] RICKART, C. E., General theory of Banach algebras. Princeton-LondonToronto, Van Nostrand, 1960.
          [13] SCHATTEN, R., Norm ideal of completely continuous operators. Berlin-Gôttingen-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 1965.
          [14] YOSIDA, K., Functional analysis. Berlin-Gôttingen-Heidelberg, SpringerVerlag, 1965.
          [15] ERDELYI-MAGNUS-OBERHETTINGER-TRICOMI, Highh transcendental functions.
          Vol. II, New-York-Toronto-London, MacGraw-Hill, 1953.
          [16] TITCHMARSH, E. C., Introduction to the theory of Fourier integrals. Oxford,
          University Press, 1948.
          [17] SCHWARTZ, L., Méthodes mathématiques pour les sciences physiques. Paris,
          Hermann, 1961.
          [18] DIXMIER, J., Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 87, 1959, p. 65.
          [19] KIRILLOV, A. A., Uspehki Mat. Nauk., t. 17, 1962, p. 57 (en russe).
          [20] GROTHENDIECK, A., Memoirs of the Amer. Math. Soc., n° 16, 1955.
          [21] NEUMARK, M. A., Normierte ringe. Berlin; VEB Deutscher Verlag der
          Wissenschaften, 1959.
          (Manuscrit reçu le 22 juillet 1966) .

    • #56478 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Le saviez-tu :
      « Le târ est un instrument à cordes pincées trouvé en Perse (Iran), en Azerbaïdjan, au Kurdistan, en Géorgie, en Arménie, en Turquie, en Ouzbékistan et au Tadjikistan. C’est un luth à long manche avec un corps en forme de double cœur. Le mot تار târ signifie « corde » en persan. » Nous dit Wikipedia.
      Je trouvais ce nom trop particulier pour ne pas signifier quelque chose.
      .
      Je recherche le morceau que Tar fait interpréter à sa contrebassiste favorite… si jamais ça vous revient.

      • #56479 Répondre
        Ostros
        Invité

        Je n’ai pas écrit contrebassiste, j’ai écrit violoncelliste. Je n’aurais jamais fait une telle erreur.

    • #56481 Répondre
      Carpentier
      Invité

      En attendant que la fournaise s’apaise en Bourbonnais, je checke mes mails de fin de semaine:

      Le directeur du forum des images, Patrice Le Marchand, a choisi, ce mardi 23, le Lost Highway de D. Lynch
      pour ’ faire son cinéma ’ (il en parle, quoi).
      – Ça vaut le déplacement ce film ou bien?
      Car le soir, en ce moment, je suis rincée et, à 19h45, même pour la clim, faut une bonne carotte pour pas que j’aille me poser.

      • #56482 Répondre
        Eliot
        Invité

        Oui pour moi ça vaut largement le coup. J’ai vu ça il y a des années et si on me proposait ça en salle je pense que j’irai volontiers pour un deuxième tour dans cette machine ésotérique. J’ai des proches pour qui Lynch est un repoussoir et je peux comprendre et si tu as des doutes j’ai envie de te dire qu’au moins tu pourras écouter de super musiques avec les sonos du ciné vu que Lynch lésine jamais sur la bande son

        • #56494 Répondre
          Demi Habile
          Invité

          Tensorial methods and renormalization
          in
          Group Field Theories
          Doctoral thesis inn physics, presented by
          Sylvain Carrozza
          Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
          Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
          Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
          Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
          Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
          Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
          Pr. Vincent Rivasseau Supervisor

          Abstract:
          In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
          Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
          model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
          understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
          crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
          in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
          large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
          regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
          rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
          condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
          the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
          gravity.
          Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
          Résumé :
          Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
          en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
          travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
          de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
          génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
          la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
          définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
          renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
          récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
          asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
          régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
          général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
          point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
          être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
          Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
          tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
          Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
          Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
          Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
          Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
          (IMPRS).
          i
          ii
          Acknowledgments
          First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
          Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
          implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
          mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
          were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
          and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
          had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
          and freedom.
          I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
          Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
          and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
          I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
          making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
          uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
          Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
          It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
          to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
          people who triggered these long forgotten events.
          First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
          ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
          roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
          Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
          Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
          I want to acknowledge here.
          The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
          influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
          corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
          My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
          scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
          Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
          theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
          years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
          the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
          Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
          me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
          thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
          iii
          iv
          Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
          An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
          Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
          Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
          Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
          v
          vi
          Contents
          1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
          1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
          1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
          1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
          2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
          2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
          2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
          2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
          2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
          2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
          2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
          2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
          2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
          2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
          2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
          3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
          3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
          3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
          3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
          3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
          3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
          3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
          3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
          3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
          3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
          3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
          4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
          4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
          4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
          vii
          viii CONTENTS
          4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
          4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
          4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
          4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
          4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
          4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
          4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
          4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
          5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
          5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
          5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
          5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
          5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
          5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
          5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
          5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
          5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
          5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
          5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
          5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
          5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
          5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
          5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
          5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
          5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
          5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
          6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
          6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
          6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
          6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
          6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
          6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
          6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
          6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
          6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
          6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
          6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
          6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
          6
          interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
          CONTENTS ix
          7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
          7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
          7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
          7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
          7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
          7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
          7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
          7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
          7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
          7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
          7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
          7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
          7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
          7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
          7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
          7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
          7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
          8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
          8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
          8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
          8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
          8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
          8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
          8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
          A Technical appendix 201
          A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
          A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
          Bibliography 217
          x CONTENTS
          Chapter 1
          Motivations and scope of the present
          work
          Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
          occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
          d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
          Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
          et Petibonum. . .
          René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
          1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
          A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
          two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
          by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
          Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
          principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
          as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
          metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
          of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
          of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
          as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
          Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
          a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
          is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
          of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
          of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
          of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
          1
          2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
          outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
          [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
          physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
          space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
          states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
          Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
          to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
          proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
          (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
          theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
          proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
          the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
          in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
          determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
          randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
          a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
          equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
          quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
          and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
          conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
          shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
          puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
          But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
          with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
          classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
          the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
          the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
          one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
          entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
          position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
          In order to have the Einstein equations
          Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
          as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
          µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
          two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
          value of Tˆ
          µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
          version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
          average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
          1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
          by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
          make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
          quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
          8πGTˆ
          µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
          The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
          µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
          of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
          Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
          gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
          quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
          though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
          necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
          the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
          degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
          help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
          instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
          of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
          but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
          of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
          background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
          would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
          does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
          if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
          and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
          background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
          perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
          can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
          but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
          its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
          quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
          (classical) limit.
          A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
          gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
          phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
          of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
          between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
          the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
          4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
          elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
          proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
          cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
          is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
          While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
          might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
          if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
          phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
          Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
          this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
          quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
          GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
          Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
          was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
          At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
          for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
          independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
          background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
          gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
          of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
          investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
          presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
          quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
          divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
          be considered complete [19].
          The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
          of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
          theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
          reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
          time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
          general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
          this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
          geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
          some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
          us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
          1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
          1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
          Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
          which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
          general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
          The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
          Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
          or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
          canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
          models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
          with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
          the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
          constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
          therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
          in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
          or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
          metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
          subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
          completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
          second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
          A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
          discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
          freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
          moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
          Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
          quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
          scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
          instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
          the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
          theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
          mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
          necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
          classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
          Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
          the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
          look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
          6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
          GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
          instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
          states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
          in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
          to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
          also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
          the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
          the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
          underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
          which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
          of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
          fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
          that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
          emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
          After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
          gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
          role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
          discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
          kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
          be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
          geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
          with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
          in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
          LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
          canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
          an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
          (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
          geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
          excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
          of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
          only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
          of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
          indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
          despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
          classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
          supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
          are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
          2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
          between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
          lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
          interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
          for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
          discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
          stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
          models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
          continuum limit is of primary importance.
          Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
          definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
          of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
          covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
          motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
          is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
          spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
          the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
          same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
          concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
          small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
          The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
          stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
          any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
          it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
          continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
          continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
          This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
          warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
          hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
          general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
          The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
          the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
          develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
          allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
          to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
          The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
          at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
          physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
          few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
          in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
          throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
          8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
          particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
          The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
          which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
          particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
          combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
          on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
          into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
          is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
          arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
          the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
          which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
          all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
          special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
          accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
          large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
          of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
          transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
          a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
          contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
          we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
          simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
          a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
          efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
          it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
          We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
          notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
          Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
          notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
          . The two situations in which
          special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
          Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
          translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
          µν is divergence free into both local
          and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
          µ ≡ T
          µνKν, where Kν
          1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
          This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
          no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
          is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
          integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
          already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
          since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
          asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
          solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
          formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
          associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
          defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
          cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
          This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
          of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
          principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
          be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
          be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
          these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
          that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
          launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
          more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
          of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
          for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
          soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
          asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
          in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
          However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
          space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
          us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
          mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
          degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
          energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
          not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
          as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
          manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
          and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
          space-time notions become available,
          and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
          only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
          the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
          diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
          scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
          1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
          to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
          10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
          This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
          should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
          related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
          be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
          of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
          will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
          scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
          abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
          of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
          the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
          be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
          which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
          with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
          in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
          quantum gravity seems to require.
          1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
          We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
          They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
          should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
          the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
          and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
          that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
          The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
          the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
          in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
          spin foam models. In this lines of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
          amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
          amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the definition of spin foam models by assigning
          canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
          states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
          easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
          equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
          phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
          models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
          hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
          condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
          to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

        • #56501 Répondre
          Carpentier
          Invité

          ok Elioth 👌
          …. Chère Carpentier,

          Nous avons le plaisir de vous confirmer notre invitation pour le 23/07/2024 à UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles.

          Nous vous donnons rendez-vous à 19 h 45 précisément afin de signaler votre présence et celle de votre invite(e) sur simple présentation de votre carte UGC ILLIMITE, auprès du personnel d’accueil.

          Nous vous souhaitons un agréable moment.

          Cordialement,

          L’équipe UGC/ …

          Es-tu parisien, Eliot?
          Ma fille passe quelques jours à l’appart.
          Si elle a une soirée ou autre mardi, je te fais signe?

          • #56505 Répondre
            Demi Habile
            Invité

            Tensorial methods and renormalization
            in
            Group Field Theories
            Doctoral thesis in physics, presented by
            Sylvain Carrozza
            Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
            Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
            Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
            Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
            Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
            Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
            Pr. Vincent Rivaseau Supervisor

            Abstract:
            In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
            Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
            model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
            understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
            crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
            in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
            large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
            regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
            rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
            condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
            the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
            gravity.
            Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
            Résumé :
            Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
            en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
            travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
            de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
            génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
            la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
            définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
            renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
            récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
            asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
            régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
            général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
            point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
            être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
            Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
            tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
            Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
            Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
            Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
            Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
            (IMPRS).
            i
            ii
            Acknowledgments
            First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
            Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
            implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
            mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
            were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
            and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
            had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
            and freedom.
            I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
            Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
            and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
            I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
            making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
            uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
            Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
            It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
            to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
            people who triggered these long forgotten events.
            First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
            ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
            roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
            Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
            Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
            I want to acknowledge here.
            The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
            influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
            corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
            My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
            scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
            Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
            theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
            years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
            the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
            Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
            me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
            thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
            iii
            iv
            Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
            An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
            Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
            Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
            Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
            v
            vi
            Contents
            1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
            1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
            1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
            1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
            1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
            2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
            2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
            2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
            2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
            2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
            2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
            2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
            2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
            2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
            2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
            2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
            3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
            3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
            3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
            3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
            3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
            3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
            3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
            3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
            3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
            3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
            3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
            4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
            4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
            4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
            vii
            viii CONTENTS
            4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
            4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
            4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
            4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
            4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
            4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
            4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
            4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
            5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
            5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
            5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
            5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
            5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
            5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
            5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
            5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
            5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
            5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
            5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
            5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
            5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
            5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
            5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
            5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
            5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
            5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
            6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
            6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
            6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
            6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
            6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
            6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
            6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
            6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
            6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
            6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
            6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
            6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
            6
            interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
            CONTENTS ix
            7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
            7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
            7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
            7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
            7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
            7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
            7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
            7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
            7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
            7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
            7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
            7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
            7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
            7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
            7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
            7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
            7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
            8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
            8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
            8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
            8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
            8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
            8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
            8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
            A Technical appendix 201
            A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
            A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
            Bibliography 217
            x CONTENTS
            Chapter 1
            Motivations and scope of the present
            work
            Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
            occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
            d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
            Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
            et Petibonum. . .
            René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
            1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
            A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
            two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
            by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
            Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
            principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
            as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
            metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
            of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
            of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
            as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
            Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
            a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
            is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
            of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
            of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
            of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
            1
            2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
            Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
            outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
            [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
            physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
            space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
            states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
            Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
            to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
            proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
            (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
            theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
            proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
            the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
            in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
            determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
            randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
            a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
            equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
            quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
            and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
            conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
            shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
            puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
            But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
            with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
            classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
            the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
            the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
            one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
            entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
            position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
            In order to have the Einstein equations
            Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
            as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
            µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
            two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
            value of Tˆ
            µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
            version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
            average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
            1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
            by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
            make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
            quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
            8πGTˆ
            µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
            The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
            µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
            of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
            Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
            gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
            quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
            though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
            necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
            the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
            degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
            help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
            instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
            of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
            but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
            of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
            background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
            would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
            does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
            if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
            and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
            background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
            perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
            can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
            but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
            its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
            quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
            (classical) limit.
            A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
            gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
            phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
            of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
            between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
            the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
            4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
            resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
            elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
            proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
            cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
            is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
            While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
            might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
            if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
            phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
            Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
            this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
            quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
            GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
            Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
            was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
            At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
            for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
            independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
            background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
            gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
            of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
            investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
            presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
            quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
            divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
            be considered complete [19].
            The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
            of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
            theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
            reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
            time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
            general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
            this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
            geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
            some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
            us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
            1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
            1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
            Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
            which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
            general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
            The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
            Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
            or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
            canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
            models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
            with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
            the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
            constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
            therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
            in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
            or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
            metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
            subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
            completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
            second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
            A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
            discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
            freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
            moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
            Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
            quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
            scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
            instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
            the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
            theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
            mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
            necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
            classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
            Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
            the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
            look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
            6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
            geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
            GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
            instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
            states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
            in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
            to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
            also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
            the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
            the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
            underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
            which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
            of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
            fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
            that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
            emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
            After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
            gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
            role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
            discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
            kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
            be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
            geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
            with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
            in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
            LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
            canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
            an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
            (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
            geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
            excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
            of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
            only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
            of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
            indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
            despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
            classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
            supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
            are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
            2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
            between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
            lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
            interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
            1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
            for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
            discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
            stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
            models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
            continuum limit is of primary importance.
            Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
            definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
            of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
            covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
            motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
            is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
            spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
            the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
            same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
            concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
            small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
            The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
            stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
            any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
            it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
            continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
            continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
            This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
            warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
            hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
            general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
            The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
            the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
            develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
            allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
            to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
            1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
            The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
            at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
            physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
            few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
            in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
            throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
            8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
            Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
            particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
            The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
            which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
            particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
            combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
            on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
            into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
            is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
            arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
            the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
            which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
            all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
            special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
            accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
            large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
            of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
            transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
            a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
            contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
            we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
            simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
            a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
            efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
            it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
            We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
            notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
            Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
            notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
            . The two situations in which
            special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
            Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
            translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
            µν is divergence free into both local
            and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
            µ ≡ T
            µνKν, where Kν
            1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
            This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
            no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
            1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
            is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
            integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
            already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
            since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
            asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
            solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
            formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
            associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
            defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
            cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
            This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
            of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
            principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
            be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
            be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
            these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
            that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
            launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
            more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
            of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
            for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
            soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
            asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
            in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
            However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
            space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
            us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
            mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
            degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
            energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
            not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
            as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
            manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
            and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
            space-time notions become available,
            and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
            only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
            the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
            diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
            scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
            1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
            to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
            10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
            relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
            This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
            should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
            related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
            be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
            of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
            will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
            scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
            abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
            of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
            the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
            be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
            which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
            with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
            in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
            quantum gravity seems to require.
            1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
            We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
            They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
            should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
            the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
            and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
            that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
            The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
            the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
            in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
            spin foam models. In this line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
            amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
            amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the defintion of spin foam models by assigning
            canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
            states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
            easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
            equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
            phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
            models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
            hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
            condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
            to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

            • #56507 Répondre
              Carpentier
              Invité

              Si Eliot maison pas Paris (if Eliot doesn’t live in Paris)
              ça te dit un D.Lynch, Grand Prince? (are you interested by a D.Lynch movie, Sir?)

              • #56509 Répondre
                Demi Habile
                Invité

                Tensorial methods and renormalization
                in
                Group Field Theories
                Doctoral thesis in physics, presented by
                Sylvain Carrozza
                Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
                Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
                Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
                Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
                Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
                Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
                Pr. Vincent Rivaseau Supervisor

                Abstract:
                In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
                Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
                model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
                understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
                crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
                in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
                large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
                regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
                rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
                condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
                the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
                gravity.
                Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
                Résumé :
                Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
                en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
                travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
                de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
                génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
                la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
                définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
                renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
                récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
                asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
                régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
                général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
                point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
                être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
                Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
                tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
                Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
                Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
                Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
                Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
                (IMPRS).
                i
                ii
                Acknowledgments
                First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
                Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
                implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
                mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
                were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
                and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
                had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
                and freedom.
                I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
                Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
                and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
                I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
                making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
                uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
                Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
                It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
                to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
                people who triggered these long forgotten events.
                First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
                ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
                roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
                Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
                Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
                I want to acknowledge here.
                The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
                influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
                corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
                My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
                scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
                Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
                theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
                years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
                the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
                Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
                me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
                thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
                iii
                iv
                Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
                An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
                Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
                Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
                Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
                v
                vi
                Contents
                1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
                1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
                1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
                1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
                1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
                2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
                2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
                2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
                2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
                2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
                2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
                2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
                2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
                2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
                2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
                2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
                3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
                3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
                3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
                3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
                3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
                3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
                3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
                3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
                3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
                3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
                3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
                4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
                4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
                4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
                vii
                viii CONTENTS
                4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
                4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
                4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
                4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
                4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
                4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
                4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
                4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
                5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
                5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
                5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
                5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
                5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
                5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
                5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
                5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
                5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
                5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
                5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
                5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
                5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
                5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
                5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
                5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
                5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
                5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
                6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
                6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
                6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
                6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
                6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
                6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
                6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
                6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
                6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
                6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
                6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
                6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
                6
                interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
                CONTENTS ix
                7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
                7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
                7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
                7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
                7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
                7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
                7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
                7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
                7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
                7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
                7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
                7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
                7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
                7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
                7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
                7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
                7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
                8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
                8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
                8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
                8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
                8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
                8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
                8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
                A Technical appendix 201
                A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
                A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
                Bibliography 217
                x CONTENTS
                Chapter 1
                Motivations and scope of the present
                work
                Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
                occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
                d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
                Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
                et Petibonum. . .
                René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
                1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
                A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
                two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
                by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
                Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
                principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
                as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
                metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
                of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
                of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
                as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
                Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
                a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
                is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
                of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
                of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
                of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
                1
                2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
                outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
                [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
                physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
                space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
                states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
                Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
                to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
                proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
                (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
                theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
                proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
                the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
                in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
                determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
                randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
                a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
                equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
                quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
                and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
                conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
                shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
                puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
                But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
                with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
                classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
                the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
                the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
                one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
                entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
                position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
                In order to have the Einstein equations
                Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
                as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
                µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
                two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
                value of Tˆ
                µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
                version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
                average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
                1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
                by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
                make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
                quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
                8πGTˆ
                µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
                The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
                µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
                of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
                Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
                gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
                quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
                though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
                necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
                the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
                degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
                help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
                instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
                of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
                but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
                of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
                background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
                would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
                does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
                if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
                and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
                background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
                perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
                can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
                but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
                its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
                quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
                (classical) limit.
                A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
                gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
                phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
                of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
                between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
                the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
                4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
                elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
                proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
                cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
                is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
                While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
                might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
                if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
                phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
                Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
                this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
                quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
                GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
                Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
                was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
                At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
                for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
                independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
                background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
                gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
                of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
                investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
                presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
                quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
                divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
                be considered complete [19].
                The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
                of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
                theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
                reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
                time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
                general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
                this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
                geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
                some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
                us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
                1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
                1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
                Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
                which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
                general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
                The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
                Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
                or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
                canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
                models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
                with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
                the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
                constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
                therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
                in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
                or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
                metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
                subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
                completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
                second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
                A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
                discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
                freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
                moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
                Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
                quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
                scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
                instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
                the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
                theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
                mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
                necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
                classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
                Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
                the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
                look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
                6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
                GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
                instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
                states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
                in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
                to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
                also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
                the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
                the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
                underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
                which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
                of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
                fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
                that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
                emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
                After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
                gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
                role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
                discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
                kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
                be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
                geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
                with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
                in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
                LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
                canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
                an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
                (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
                geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
                excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
                of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
                only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
                of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
                indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
                despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
                classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
                supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
                are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
                2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
                between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
                lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
                interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
                1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
                for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
                discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
                stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
                models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
                continuum limit is of primary importance.
                Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
                definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
                of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
                covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
                motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
                is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
                spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
                the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
                same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
                concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
                small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
                The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
                stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
                any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
                it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
                continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
                continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
                This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
                warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
                hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
                general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
                The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
                the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
                develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
                allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
                to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
                1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
                The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
                at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
                physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
                few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
                in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
                throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
                8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
                particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
                The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
                which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
                particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
                combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
                on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
                into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
                is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
                arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
                the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
                which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
                all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
                special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
                accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
                large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
                of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
                transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
                a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
                contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
                we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
                simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
                a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
                efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
                it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
                We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
                notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
                Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
                notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
                . The two situations in which
                special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
                Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
                translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
                µν is divergence free into both local
                and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
                µ ≡ T
                µνKν, where Kν
                1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
                This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
                no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
                1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
                is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
                integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
                already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
                since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
                asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
                solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
                formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
                associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
                defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
                cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
                This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
                of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
                principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
                be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
                be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
                these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
                that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
                launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
                more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
                of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
                for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
                soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
                asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
                in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
                However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
                space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
                us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
                mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
                degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
                energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
                not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
                as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
                manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
                and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
                space-time notions become available,
                and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
                only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
                the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
                diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
                scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
                1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
                to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
                10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
                This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
                should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
                related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
                be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
                of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
                will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
                scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
                abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
                of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
                the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
                be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
                which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
                with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
                in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
                quantum gravity seems to require.
                1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
                We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
                They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
                should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
                the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
                and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
                that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
                The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
                the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
                in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
                spin foam models. In this line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
                amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
                amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the defintion of spin foam models by assigning
                canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
                states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
                easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
                equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
                phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
                models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
                hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
                condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
                to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also boring renormalization

              • #56510 Répondre
                Eliot
                Invité

                Et non lyonnais! Qui passe ses vacances dans le beau Tarn pour l’instant

                • #56512 Répondre
                  Demi Habile
                  Invité

                  Tensorial methods and renormalization
                  in
                  Group Field Theories
                  Doctoral thesis in physics, presented by
                  Sylvain Carrozza
                  Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
                  Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
                  Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
                  Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
                  Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
                  Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
                  Pr. Vincent Rivaseau Supervisor

                  Abstract:
                  In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
                  Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
                  model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
                  understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
                  crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
                  in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
                  large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
                  regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
                  rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
                  condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
                  the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
                  gravity.
                  Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
                  Résumé :
                  Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
                  en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
                  travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
                  de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
                  génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
                  la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
                  définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
                  renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
                  récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
                  asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
                  régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
                  général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
                  point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
                  être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
                  Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
                  tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
                  Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
                  Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
                  Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
                  Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
                  (IMPRS).
                  i
                  ii
                  Acknowledgments
                  First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
                  Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
                  implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
                  mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
                  were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
                  and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
                  had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
                  and freedom.
                  I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
                  Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
                  and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
                  I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
                  making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
                  uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
                  Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
                  It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
                  to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
                  people who triggered these long forgotten events.
                  First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
                  ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
                  roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
                  Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
                  Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
                  I want to acknowledge here.
                  The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
                  influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
                  corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
                  My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
                  scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
                  Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
                  theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
                  years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
                  the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
                  Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
                  me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
                  thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
                  iii
                  iv
                  Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
                  An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
                  Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
                  Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
                  Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
                  v
                  vi
                  Contents
                  1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
                  1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
                  1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
                  1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
                  1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
                  2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
                  2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
                  2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
                  2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
                  2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
                  2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
                  2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
                  2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
                  2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
                  2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
                  2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
                  3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
                  3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
                  3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
                  3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
                  3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
                  3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
                  3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
                  3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
                  3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
                  3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
                  3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
                  4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
                  4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
                  4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
                  vii
                  viii CONTENTS
                  4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
                  4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
                  4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
                  4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
                  4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
                  4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
                  4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
                  4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
                  5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
                  5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
                  5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
                  5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
                  5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
                  5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
                  5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
                  5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
                  5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
                  5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
                  5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
                  5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
                  5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
                  5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
                  5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
                  5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
                  5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
                  5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
                  6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
                  6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
                  6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
                  6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
                  6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
                  6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
                  6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
                  6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
                  6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
                  6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
                  6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
                  6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
                  6
                  interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
                  CONTENTS ix
                  7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
                  7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
                  7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
                  7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
                  7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
                  7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
                  7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
                  7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
                  7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
                  7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
                  7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
                  7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
                  7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
                  7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
                  7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
                  7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
                  7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
                  8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
                  8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
                  8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
                  8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
                  8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
                  8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
                  8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
                  A Technical appendix 201
                  A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
                  A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
                  Bibliography 217
                  x CONTENTS
                  Chapter 1
                  Motivations and scope of the present
                  work
                  Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
                  occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
                  d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
                  Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
                  et Petibonum. . .
                  René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
                  1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
                  A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
                  two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
                  by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
                  Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
                  principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
                  as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
                  metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
                  of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
                  of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
                  as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
                  Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
                  a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
                  is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
                  of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
                  of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
                  of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
                  1
                  2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                  Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
                  outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
                  [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
                  physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
                  space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
                  states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
                  Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
                  to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
                  proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
                  (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
                  theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
                  proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
                  the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
                  in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
                  determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
                  randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
                  a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
                  equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
                  quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
                  and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
                  conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
                  shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
                  puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
                  But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
                  with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
                  classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
                  the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
                  the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
                  one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
                  entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
                  position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
                  In order to have the Einstein equations
                  Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
                  as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
                  µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
                  two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
                  value of Tˆ
                  µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
                  version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
                  average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
                  1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
                  by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
                  make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
                  quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
                  8πGTˆ
                  µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
                  The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
                  µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
                  of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
                  Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
                  gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
                  quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
                  though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
                  necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
                  the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
                  degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
                  help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
                  instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
                  of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
                  but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
                  of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
                  background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
                  would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
                  does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
                  if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
                  and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
                  background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
                  perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
                  can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
                  but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
                  its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
                  quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
                  (classical) limit.
                  A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
                  gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
                  phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
                  of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
                  between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
                  the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
                  4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                  resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
                  elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
                  proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
                  cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
                  is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
                  While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
                  might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
                  if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
                  phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
                  Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
                  this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
                  quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
                  GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
                  Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
                  was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
                  At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
                  for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
                  independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
                  background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
                  gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
                  of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
                  investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
                  presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
                  quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
                  divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
                  be considered complete [19].
                  The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
                  of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
                  theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
                  reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
                  time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
                  general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
                  this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
                  geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
                  some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
                  us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
                  1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
                  1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
                  Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
                  which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
                  general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
                  The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
                  Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
                  or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
                  canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
                  models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
                  with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
                  the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
                  constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
                  therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
                  in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
                  or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
                  metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
                  subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
                  completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
                  second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
                  A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
                  discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
                  freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
                  moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
                  Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
                  quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
                  scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
                  instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
                  the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
                  theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
                  mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
                  necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
                  classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
                  Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
                  the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
                  look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
                  6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                  geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
                  GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
                  instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
                  states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
                  in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
                  to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
                  also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
                  the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
                  the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
                  underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
                  which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
                  of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
                  fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
                  that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
                  emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
                  After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
                  gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
                  role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
                  discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
                  kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
                  be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
                  geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
                  with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
                  in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
                  LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
                  canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
                  an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
                  (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
                  geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
                  excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
                  of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
                  only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
                  of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
                  indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
                  despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
                  classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
                  supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
                  are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
                  2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
                  between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
                  lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
                  interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
                  1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
                  for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
                  discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
                  stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
                  models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
                  continuum limit is of primary importance.
                  Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
                  definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
                  of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
                  covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
                  motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
                  is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
                  spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
                  the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
                  same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
                  concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
                  small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
                  The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
                  stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
                  any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
                  it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
                  continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
                  continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
                  This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
                  warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
                  hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
                  general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
                  The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
                  the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
                  develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
                  allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
                  to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
                  1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
                  The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
                  at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
                  physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
                  few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
                  in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
                  throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
                  8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                  Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
                  particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
                  The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
                  which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
                  particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
                  combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
                  on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
                  into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
                  is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
                  arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
                  the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
                  which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
                  all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
                  special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
                  accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
                  large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
                  of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
                  transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
                  a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
                  contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
                  we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
                  simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
                  a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
                  efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
                  it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
                  We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
                  notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
                  Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
                  notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
                  . The two situations in which
                  special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
                  Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
                  translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
                  µν is divergence free into both local
                  and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
                  µ ≡ T
                  µνKν, where Kν
                  1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
                  This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
                  no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
                  1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
                  is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
                  integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
                  already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
                  since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
                  asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
                  solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
                  formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
                  associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
                  defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
                  cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
                  This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
                  of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
                  principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
                  be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
                  be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
                  these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
                  that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
                  launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
                  more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
                  of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
                  for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
                  soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
                  asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
                  in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
                  However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
                  space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
                  us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
                  mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
                  degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
                  energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
                  not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
                  as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
                  manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
                  and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
                  space-time notions become available,
                  and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
                  only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
                  the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
                  diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
                  scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
                  1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
                  to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
                  10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
                  relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
                  This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
                  should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
                  related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
                  be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
                  of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
                  will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
                  scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
                  abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
                  of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
                  the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
                  be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
                  which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
                  with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
                  in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
                  quantum gravity seems to require.
                  1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
                  We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
                  They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
                  should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
                  the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
                  and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
                  that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
                  The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
                  the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
                  in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
                  spin foam models. In this line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
                  amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
                  amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the defintion of spin foam models by assigning
                  canonical weights to the different foams contributing to same transition between boundary
                  states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
                  easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
                  equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
                  phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
                  models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
                  hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
                  condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
                  to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

                • #56520 Répondre
                  Carpentier
                  Invité

                  bon, bon,
                  bon Tarn alors : )
                  ps: j’espère que ce film fout pas trop la trouille si jamais je vais le voir ‘ seule ‘ (si on considère possible de se sentir seul.e. dans une salle de ciné)

    • #56514 Répondre
      Demi Habile
      Invité

      Tensorial methods and renormalization
      in
      Group Field Theories
      Doctoral thesis in physics, presented by
      Sylvain Carrozza
      Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jurry
      Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
      Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
      Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
      Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
      Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
      Pr. Vincent Rivaseau Supervisor

      Abstract:
      In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
      Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
      model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
      understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
      crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
      in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
      large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
      regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
      rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
      condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
      the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
      gravity.
      Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
      Résumé :
      Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
      en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
      travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
      de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
      génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
      la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
      définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
      renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
      récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
      asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
      régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
      général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
      point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
      être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
      Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
      tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
      Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
      Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
      Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
      Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
      (IMPRS).
      i
      ii
      Acknowledgments
      First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
      Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
      implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
      mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
      were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
      and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
      had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
      and freedom.
      I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
      Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
      and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
      I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
      making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
      uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
      Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
      It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
      to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
      people who triggered these long forgotten events.
      First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
      ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
      roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
      Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
      Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
      I want to acknowledge here.
      The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
      influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
      corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
      My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
      scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
      Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
      theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
      years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
      the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
      Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
      me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
      thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
      iii
      iv
      Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
      An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
      Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
      Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
      Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
      v
      vi
      Contents
      1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
      2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
      2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
      2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
      2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
      2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
      2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
      2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
      3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
      3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
      3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
      3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
      3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
      4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
      4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      vii
      viii CONTENTS
      4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
      4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
      4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
      4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
      4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
      4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
      4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
      4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
      5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
      5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
      5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
      5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
      5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
      5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
      5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
      5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
      5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
      5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
      6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
      6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
      6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
      6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
      6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
      6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
      6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
      6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
      6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
      6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
      6
      interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
      CONTENTS ix
      7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
      7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
      7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
      7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
      7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
      7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
      7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
      7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
      7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
      7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
      7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
      7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
      7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
      8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
      8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
      8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
      A Technical appendix 201
      A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
      A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
      Bibliography 217
      x CONTENTS
      Chapter 1
      Motivations and scope of the present
      work
      Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
      occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
      d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
      Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
      et Petibonum. . .
      René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
      A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
      two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
      by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
      Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
      principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
      as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
      metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
      of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
      of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
      as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
      Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
      a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
      is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
      of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
      of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
      of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
      1
      2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
      outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
      [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
      physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
      space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
      states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
      Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
      to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
      proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
      (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
      theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
      proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
      the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
      in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
      determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
      randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
      a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
      equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
      quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
      and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
      conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
      shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
      puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
      But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
      with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
      classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
      the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
      the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
      one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
      entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
      position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
      In order to have the Einstein equations
      Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
      as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
      µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
      two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
      value of Tˆ
      µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
      version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
      average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
      by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
      make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
      quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
      8πGTˆ
      µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
      The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
      µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
      of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
      Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
      gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
      quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
      though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
      necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
      the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
      degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
      help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
      instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
      of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
      but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
      of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
      background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
      would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
      does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
      if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
      and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
      background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
      perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
      can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
      but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
      its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
      quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
      (classical) limit.
      A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
      gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
      phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
      of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
      between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
      the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
      4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
      elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
      proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
      cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
      is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
      While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
      might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
      if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
      phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
      Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
      this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
      quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
      GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
      Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
      was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
      At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
      for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
      independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
      background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
      gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
      of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
      investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
      presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
      quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
      divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
      be considered complete [19].
      The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
      of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
      theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
      reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
      time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
      general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
      this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
      geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
      some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
      us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
      Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
      which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
      general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
      The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
      Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
      or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
      canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
      models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
      with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
      the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
      constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
      therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
      in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
      or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
      metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
      subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
      completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
      second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
      A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
      discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
      freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
      moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
      Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
      quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
      scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
      instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
      the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
      theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
      mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
      necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
      classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
      Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
      the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
      look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
      6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
      GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
      instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
      states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
      in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
      to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
      also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
      the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
      the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
      underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
      which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
      of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
      fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
      that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
      emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
      After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
      gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
      role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
      discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
      kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
      be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
      geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
      with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
      in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
      LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
      canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
      an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
      (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
      geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
      excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
      of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
      only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
      of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
      indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
      despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
      classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
      supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
      are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
      2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
      between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
      lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
      interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
      for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
      discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
      stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
      models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
      continuum limit is of primary importance.
      Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
      definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
      of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
      covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
      motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
      is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
      spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
      the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
      same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
      concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
      small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
      The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
      stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
      any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
      it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
      continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
      continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
      This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
      warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
      hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
      general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
      The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
      the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
      develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
      allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
      to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
      The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
      at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
      physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
      few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
      in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
      throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
      8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
      particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
      The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
      which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
      particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
      combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
      on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
      into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
      is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
      arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
      the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
      which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
      all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
      special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
      accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
      large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
      of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
      transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
      a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
      contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
      we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
      simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
      a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
      efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
      it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
      We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
      notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
      Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
      notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
      . The two situations in which
      special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
      Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
      translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
      µν is divergence free into both local
      and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
      µ ≡ T
      µνKν, where Kν
      1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
      This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
      no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
      is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
      integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
      already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
      since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
      asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
      solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
      formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
      associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
      defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
      cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
      This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
      of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
      principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
      be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
      be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
      these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
      that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
      launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
      more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
      of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
      for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
      soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
      asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
      in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
      However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
      space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
      us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
      mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
      degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
      energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
      not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
      as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
      manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
      and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
      space-time notions become available,
      and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
      only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
      the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
      diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
      scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
      1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
      to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
      10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
      This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
      should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
      related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
      be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
      of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
      will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
      scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
      abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
      of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
      the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
      be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
      which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
      with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
      in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
      quantum gravity seems to require.
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
      We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
      They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
      should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
      the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
      and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
      that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
      The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
      the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
      in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
      spin foam models. In this line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
      amplitudes, in the same way as quantu field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
      amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the defintion of spin foam models by assigning
      canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
      states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
      easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
      equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
      phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
      models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
      hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
      condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
      to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

    • #56517 Répondre
      Demi Habile
      Invité

      Tensorial methods and renormalization
      in
      Group Field Theories
      Doctoral thesis in physics, presented Sylvain Carrozza
      Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
      Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
      Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
      Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
      Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
      Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
      Pr. Vincent Rivaseau Supervisor

      Abstract:
      In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
      Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
      model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
      understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
      crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
      in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
      large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
      regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
      rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
      condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
      the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
      gravity.
      Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
      Résumé :
      Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
      en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
      travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
      de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
      génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
      la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
      définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
      renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
      récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
      asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
      régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
      général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
      point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
      être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
      Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
      tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
      Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
      Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
      Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
      Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
      (IMPRS).
      i
      ii
      Acknowledgments
      First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
      Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
      implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
      mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
      were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
      and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
      had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
      and freedom.
      I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
      Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
      and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
      I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
      making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
      uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
      Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
      It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
      to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
      people who triggered these long forgotten events.
      First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
      ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
      roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
      Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
      Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
      I want to acknowledge here.
      The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
      influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
      corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
      My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
      scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
      Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
      theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
      years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
      the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
      Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
      me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
      thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
      iii
      iv
      Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
      An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
      Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
      Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
      Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
      v
      vi
      Contents
      1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
      2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
      2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
      2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
      2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
      2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
      2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
      2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
      3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
      3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
      3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
      3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
      3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
      4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
      4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      vii
      viii CONTENTS
      4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
      4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
      4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
      4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
      4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
      4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
      4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
      4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
      5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
      5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
      5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
      5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
      5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
      5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
      5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
      5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
      5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
      5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
      6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
      6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
      6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
      6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
      6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
      6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
      6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
      6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
      6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
      6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
      6
      interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
      CONTENTS ix
      7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
      7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
      7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
      7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
      7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
      7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
      7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
      7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
      7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
      7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
      7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
      7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
      7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
      8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
      8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
      8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
      A Technical appendix 201
      A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
      A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
      Bibliography 217
      x CONTENTS
      Chapter 1
      Motivations and scope of the present
      work
      Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
      occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
      d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
      Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
      et Petibonum. . .
      René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
      A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
      two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
      by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
      Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
      principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
      as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
      metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
      of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
      of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
      as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
      Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
      a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
      is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
      of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
      of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
      of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
      1
      2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
      outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
      [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
      physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
      space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
      states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
      Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
      to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
      proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
      (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
      theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
      proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
      the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
      in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
      determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
      randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
      a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
      equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
      quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
      and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
      conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
      shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
      puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
      But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
      with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
      classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
      the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
      the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
      one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
      entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
      position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
      In order to have the Einstein equations
      Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
      as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
      µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
      two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
      value of Tˆ
      µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
      version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
      average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
      by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
      make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
      quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
      8πGTˆ
      µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
      The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
      µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
      of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
      Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
      gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
      quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
      though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
      necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
      the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
      degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
      help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
      instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
      of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
      but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
      of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
      background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
      would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
      does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
      if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
      and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
      background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
      perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
      can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
      but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
      its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
      quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
      (classical) limit.
      A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
      gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
      phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
      of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
      between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
      the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
      4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
      elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
      proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
      cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
      is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
      While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
      might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
      if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
      phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
      Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
      this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
      quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
      GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
      Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
      was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
      At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
      for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
      independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
      background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
      gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
      of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
      investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
      presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
      quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
      divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
      be considered complete [19].
      The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
      of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
      theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
      reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
      time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
      general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
      this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
      geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
      some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
      us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
      Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
      which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
      general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
      The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
      Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
      or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
      canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
      models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
      with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
      the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
      constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
      therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
      in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
      or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
      metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
      subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
      completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
      second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
      A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
      discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
      freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
      moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
      Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
      quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
      scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
      instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
      the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
      theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
      mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
      necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
      classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
      Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
      the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
      look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
      6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
      GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
      instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
      states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
      in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
      to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
      also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
      the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
      the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
      underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
      which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
      of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
      fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
      that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
      emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
      After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
      gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
      role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
      discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
      kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
      be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
      geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
      with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
      in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
      LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
      canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
      an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
      (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
      geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
      excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
      of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
      only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
      of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
      indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
      despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
      classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
      supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
      are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
      2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
      between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
      lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
      interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
      for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
      discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
      stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
      models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
      continuum limit is of primary importance.
      Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
      definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
      of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
      covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
      motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
      is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
      spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
      the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
      same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
      concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
      small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
      The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
      stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
      any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
      it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
      continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
      continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
      This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
      warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
      hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
      general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
      The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
      the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
      develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
      allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
      to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
      The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
      at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
      physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
      few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
      in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
      throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
      8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
      particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
      The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
      which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
      particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
      combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
      on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
      into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
      is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
      arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
      the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
      which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
      all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
      special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
      accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
      large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
      of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
      transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
      a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
      contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
      we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
      simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
      a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
      efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
      it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
      We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
      notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
      Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
      notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
      . The two situations in which
      special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
      Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
      translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
      µν is divergence free into both local
      and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
      µ ≡ T
      µνKν, where Kν
      1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
      This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
      no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
      is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
      integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
      already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
      since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
      asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
      solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
      formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
      associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
      defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
      cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
      This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
      of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
      principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
      be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
      be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
      these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
      that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
      launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
      more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
      of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
      for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
      soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
      asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
      in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
      However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
      space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
      us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
      mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
      degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
      energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
      not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
      as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
      manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
      and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
      space-time notions become available,
      and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
      only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
      the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
      diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
      scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
      1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
      to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
      10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
      This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
      should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
      related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
      be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
      of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
      will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
      scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
      abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
      of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
      the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
      be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
      which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
      with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
      in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
      quantum gravity seems to require.
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
      We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
      They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
      should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
      the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
      and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
      that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
      The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
      the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
      in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
      spin foam models. In this line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
      amplitudes, in the same ways as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
      amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the defintion of spin foam models by assigning
      canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
      states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
      easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
      equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
      phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
      models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
      hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
      condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
      to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

    • #56518 Répondre
      Demi Habile
      Invité

      Tensorial methods and renormalization
      in
      Group Field Theories
      Doctoral thesis in physics, presented by
      Sylvain Carrozza
      Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
      Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
      Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
      Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
      Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
      Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
      Pr. Vincent Rivaseau Supervisor

      Abstract:
      In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
      Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
      model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
      understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
      crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
      in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
      large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
      regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
      rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
      condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
      the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
      gravity.
      Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
      Résumé :
      Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
      en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
      travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
      de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
      génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
      la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
      définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
      renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
      récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
      asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
      régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
      général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
      point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
      être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
      Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
      tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
      Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
      Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
      Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
      Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
      (IMPRS).
      i
      ii
      Acknowledgments
      First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
      Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
      implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
      mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
      were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
      and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
      had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
      and freedom.
      I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
      Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
      and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
      I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
      making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
      uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
      Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
      It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
      to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
      people who triggered these long forgotten events.
      First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
      ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
      roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
      Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
      Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
      I want to acknowledge here.
      The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
      influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
      corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
      My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
      scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
      Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
      theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
      years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
      the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
      Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
      me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
      thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
      iii
      iv
      Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
      An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
      Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
      Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
      Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
      v
      vi
      Contents
      1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
      2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
      2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
      2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
      2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
      2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
      2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
      2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
      3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
      3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
      3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
      3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
      3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
      4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
      4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      vii
      viii CONTENTS
      4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
      4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
      4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
      4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
      4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
      4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
      4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
      4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
      5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
      5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
      5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
      5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
      5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
      5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
      5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
      5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
      5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
      5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
      6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
      6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
      6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
      6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
      6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
      6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
      6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
      6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
      6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
      6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
      6
      interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
      CONTENTS ix
      7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
      7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
      7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
      7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
      7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
      7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
      7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
      7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
      7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
      7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
      7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
      7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
      7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
      8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
      8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
      8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
      A Technical appendix 201
      A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
      A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
      Bibliography 217
      x CONTENTS
      Chapter 1
      Motivations and scope of the present
      work
      Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
      occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
      d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
      Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
      et Petibonum. . .
      René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
      A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
      two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
      by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
      Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
      principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
      as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
      metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
      of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
      of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
      as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
      Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
      a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
      is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
      of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
      of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
      of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
      1
      2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
      outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
      [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
      physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
      space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
      states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
      Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
      to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
      proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
      (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
      theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
      proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
      the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
      in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
      determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
      randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
      a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
      equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
      quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
      and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
      conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
      shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
      puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
      But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
      with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
      classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
      the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
      the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
      one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
      entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
      position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
      In order to have the Einstein equations
      Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
      as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
      µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
      two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
      value of Tˆ
      µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
      version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
      average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
      by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
      make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
      quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
      8πGTˆ
      µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
      The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
      µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
      of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
      Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
      gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
      quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
      though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
      necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
      the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
      degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
      help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
      instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
      of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
      but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
      of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
      background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
      would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
      does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
      if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
      and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
      background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
      perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
      can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
      but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
      its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
      quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
      (classical) limit.
      A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
      gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
      phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
      of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
      between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
      the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
      4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
      elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
      proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
      cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
      is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
      While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
      might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
      if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
      phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
      Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
      this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
      quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
      GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
      Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
      was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
      At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
      for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
      independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
      background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
      gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
      of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
      investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
      presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
      quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
      divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
      be considered complete [19].
      The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
      of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
      theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
      reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
      time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
      general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
      this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
      geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
      some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
      us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
      Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
      which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
      general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
      The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
      Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
      or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
      canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
      models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
      with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
      the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
      constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
      therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
      in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
      or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
      metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
      subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
      completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
      second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
      A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
      discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
      freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
      moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
      Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
      quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
      scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
      instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
      the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
      theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
      mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
      necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
      classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
      Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
      the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
      look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
      6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
      GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
      instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
      states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
      in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
      to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
      also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
      the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
      the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
      underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
      which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
      of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
      fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
      that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
      emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
      After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
      gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
      role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
      discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
      kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
      be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
      geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
      with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
      in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
      LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
      canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
      an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
      (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
      geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
      excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
      of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
      only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
      of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
      indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
      despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
      classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
      supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
      are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
      2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
      between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
      lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
      interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
      for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
      discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
      stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
      models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
      continuum limit is of primary importance.
      Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
      definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
      of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
      covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
      motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
      is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
      spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
      the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
      same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
      concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
      small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
      The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
      stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
      any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
      it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
      continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
      continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
      This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
      warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
      hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
      general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
      The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
      the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
      develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
      allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
      to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
      The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
      at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
      physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
      few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
      in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
      throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
      8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
      particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
      The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
      which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
      particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
      combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
      on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
      into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
      is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
      arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
      the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
      which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
      all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
      special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
      accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
      large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
      of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
      transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
      a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
      contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
      we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
      simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
      a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
      efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
      it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
      We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
      notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
      Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
      notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
      . The two situations in which
      special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
      Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
      translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
      µν is divergence free into both local
      and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
      µ ≡ T
      µνKν, where Kν
      1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
      This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
      no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
      is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
      integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
      already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
      since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
      asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
      solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
      formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
      associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
      defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
      cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
      This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
      of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
      principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
      be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
      be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
      these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
      that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
      launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
      more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
      of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
      for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
      soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
      asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
      in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
      However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
      space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
      us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
      mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
      degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
      energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
      not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
      as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
      manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
      and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
      space-time notions become available,
      and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
      only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
      the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
      diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
      scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
      1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
      to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
      10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
      This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
      should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
      related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
      be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
      of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
      will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
      scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
      abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
      of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
      the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
      be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
      which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
      with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
      in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
      quantum gravity seems to require.
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
      We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
      They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
      should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
      the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
      and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
      that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
      The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
      the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
      in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
      spin foam models. In line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
      amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
      amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the defintion of spin foam models by assigning
      canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
      states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
      easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
      equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
      phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
      models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
      hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
      condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
      to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

      • #56521 Répondre
        Carpentier
        Invité

        Yo, t sérieux, mec?
        je te propose un Lynch gratos au ciné, avec humour bilingue, si Eliot peut pas et tu postes des trucs techniques en anglais?
        putain chu trop dég là

        • #56522 Répondre
          Demi Habile
          Invité

          Bah noie toi dans ta deggitude.

          • #56528 Répondre
            Carpentier
            Invité

            gloups bllllpppppp
            ça marche pô, tellement conne, sans contenu, que j’y flotte, Gros
            Tu m’attaches une enclume aux pieds?

    • #56519 Répondre
      Eliot
      Invité

      En fait c’est quoi le délire des gens qui spam le forum? Quelqu’un pour m’expliquer le psychodrame?

      • #56529 Répondre
        Carpentier
        Invité

        tu dois avoir des événements ciné aussi à Lyon,
        même en dehors d’ugc

        • #56531 Répondre
          Demi Habile
          Invité

          Tensorial methods and renormalization
          in
          Group Field Theories
          Doctoral thesis in physics, presented
          Sylvain Carrozza
          Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
          Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
          Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
          Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
          Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
          Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
          Pr. Vincent Rivasseau Supervisor

          Abstract:
          In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
          Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
          model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
          understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
          crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
          in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
          large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
          regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
          rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
          condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
          the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
          gravity.
          Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
          Résumé :
          Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
          en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
          travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
          de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
          génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
          la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
          définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
          renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
          récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
          asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
          régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
          général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
          point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
          être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
          Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
          tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
          Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
          Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
          Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
          Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
          (IMPRS).
          i
          ii
          Acknowledgments
          First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
          Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
          implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
          mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
          were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
          and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
          had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
          and freedom.
          I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
          Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
          and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
          I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
          making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
          uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
          Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
          It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
          to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
          people who triggered these long forgotten events.
          First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
          ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
          roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
          Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
          Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
          I want to acknowledge here.
          The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
          influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
          corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
          My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
          scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
          Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
          theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
          years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
          the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
          Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
          me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
          thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
          iii
          iv
          Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
          An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
          Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
          Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
          Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
          v
          vi
          Contents
          1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
          1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
          1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
          1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
          2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
          2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
          2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
          2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
          2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
          2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
          2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
          2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
          2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
          2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
          2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
          3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
          3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
          3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
          3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
          3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
          3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
          3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
          3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
          3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
          3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
          3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
          4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
          4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
          4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
          vii
          viii CONTENTS
          4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
          4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
          4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
          4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
          4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
          4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
          4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
          4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
          5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
          5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
          5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
          5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
          5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
          5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
          5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
          5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
          5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
          5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
          5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
          5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
          5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
          5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
          5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
          5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
          5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
          5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
          6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
          6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
          6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
          6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
          6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
          6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
          6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
          6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
          6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
          6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
          6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
          6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
          6
          interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
          CONTENTS ix
          7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
          7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
          7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
          7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
          7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
          7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
          7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
          7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
          7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
          7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
          7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
          7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
          7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
          7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
          7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
          7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
          7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
          8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
          8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
          8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
          8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
          8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
          8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
          8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
          A Technical appendix 201
          A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
          A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
          Bibliography 217
          x CONTENTS
          Chapter 1
          Motivations and scope of the present
          work
          Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
          occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
          d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
          Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
          et Petibonum. . .
          René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
          1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
          A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
          two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
          by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
          Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
          principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
          as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
          metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
          of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
          of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
          as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
          Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
          a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
          is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
          of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
          of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
          of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
          1
          2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
          outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
          [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
          physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
          space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
          states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
          Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
          to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
          proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
          (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
          theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
          proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
          the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
          in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
          determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
          randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
          a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
          equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
          quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
          and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
          conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
          shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
          puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
          But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
          with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
          classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
          the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
          the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
          one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
          entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
          position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
          In order to have the Einstein equations
          Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
          as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
          µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
          two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
          value of Tˆ
          µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
          version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
          average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
          1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
          by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
          make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
          quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
          8πGTˆ
          µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
          The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
          µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
          of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
          Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
          gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
          quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
          though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
          necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
          the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
          degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
          help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
          instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
          of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
          but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
          of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
          background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
          would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
          does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
          if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
          and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
          background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
          perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
          can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
          but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
          its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
          quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
          (classical) limit.
          A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
          gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
          phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
          of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
          between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
          the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
          4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
          elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
          proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
          cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
          is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
          While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
          might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
          if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
          phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
          Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
          this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
          quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
          GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
          Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
          was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
          At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
          for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
          independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
          background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
          gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
          of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
          investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
          presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
          quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
          divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
          be considered complete [19].
          The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
          of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
          theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
          reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
          time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
          general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
          this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
          geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
          some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
          us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
          1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
          1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
          Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
          which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
          general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
          The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
          Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
          or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
          canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
          models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
          with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
          the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
          constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
          therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
          in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
          or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
          metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
          subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
          completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
          second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
          A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
          discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
          freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
          moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
          Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
          quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
          scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
          instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
          the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
          theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
          mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
          necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
          classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
          Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
          the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
          look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
          6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
          GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
          instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
          states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
          in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
          to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
          also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
          the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
          the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
          underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
          which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
          of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
          fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
          that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
          emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
          After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
          gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
          role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
          discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
          kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
          be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
          geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
          with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
          in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
          LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
          canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
          an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
          (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
          geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
          excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
          of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
          only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
          of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
          indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
          despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
          classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
          supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
          are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
          2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
          between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
          lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
          interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
          for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
          discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
          stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
          models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
          continuum limit is of primary importance.
          Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
          definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
          of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
          covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
          motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
          is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
          spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
          the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
          same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
          concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
          small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
          The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
          stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
          any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
          it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
          continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
          continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
          This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
          warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
          hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
          general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
          The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
          the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
          develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
          allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
          to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
          The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
          at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
          physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
          few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
          in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
          throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
          8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
          particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
          The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
          which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
          particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
          combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
          on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
          into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
          is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
          arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
          the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
          which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
          all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
          special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
          accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
          large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
          of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
          transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
          a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
          contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
          we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
          simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
          a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
          efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
          it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
          We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
          notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
          Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
          notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
          . The two situations in which
          special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
          Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
          translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
          µν is divergence free into both local
          and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
          µ ≡ T
          µνKν, where Kν
          1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
          This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
          no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
          1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
          is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
          integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
          already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
          since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
          asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
          solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
          formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
          associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
          defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
          cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
          This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
          of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
          principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
          be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
          be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
          these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
          that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
          launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
          more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
          of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
          for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
          soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
          asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
          in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
          However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
          space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
          us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
          mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
          degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
          energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
          not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
          as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
          manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
          and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
          space-time notions become available,
          and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
          only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
          the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
          diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
          scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
          1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
          to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
          10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
          relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
          This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
          should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
          related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
          be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
          of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
          will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
          scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
          abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
          of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
          the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
          be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
          which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
          with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
          in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
          quantum gravity seems to require.
          1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
          We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
          They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
          should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
          the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
          and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
          that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
          The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
          the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
          in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
          spin foam models. In this line of thought, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
          amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
          amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the definition of spin foam models by assigning
          canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
          states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
          easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
          equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
          phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
          models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
          hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
          condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
          to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

    • #56524 Répondre
      Demi Habile
      Invité

      Tensorial method and renormalization
      in
      Group Field Theories
      Doctoral thesis in physics, presented by
      Sylvain Carrozza
      Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
      Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
      Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
      Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
      Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
      Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
      Pr. Vincent Rivasseau Supervisor

      Abstract:
      In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
      Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
      model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
      understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
      crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
      in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
      large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
      regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
      rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
      condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
      the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
      gravity.
      Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
      Résumé :
      Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
      en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
      travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
      de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
      génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
      la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
      définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
      renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
      récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
      asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
      régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
      général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
      point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
      être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
      Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
      tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
      Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
      Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
      Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
      Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
      (IMPRS).
      i
      ii
      Acknowledgments
      First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
      Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
      implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
      mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
      were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
      and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
      had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
      and freedom.
      I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
      Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
      and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
      I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
      making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
      uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
      Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
      It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
      to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
      people who triggered these long forgotten events.
      First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
      ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
      roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
      Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
      Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
      I want to acknowledge here.
      The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
      influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
      corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
      My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
      scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
      Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
      theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
      years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
      the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
      Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
      me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
      thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
      iii
      iv
      Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
      An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
      Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
      Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
      Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
      v
      vi
      Contents
      1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
      2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
      2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
      2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
      2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
      2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
      2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
      2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
      3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
      3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
      3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
      3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
      3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
      4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
      4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      vii
      viii CONTENTS
      4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
      4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
      4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
      4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
      4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
      4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
      4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
      4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
      5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
      5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
      5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
      5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
      5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
      5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
      5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
      5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
      5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
      5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
      6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
      6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
      6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
      6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
      6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
      6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
      6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
      6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
      6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
      6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
      6
      interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
      CONTENTS ix
      7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
      7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
      7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
      7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
      7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
      7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
      7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
      7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
      7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
      7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
      7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
      7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
      7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
      8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
      8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
      8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
      A Technical appendix 201
      A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
      A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
      Bibliography 217
      x CONTENTS
      Chapter 1
      Motivations and scope of the present
      work
      Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
      occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
      d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
      Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
      et Petibonum. . .
      René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
      A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
      two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
      by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
      Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
      principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
      as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
      metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
      of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
      of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
      as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
      Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
      a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
      is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
      of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
      of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
      of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
      1
      2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
      outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
      [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
      physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
      space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
      states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
      Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
      to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
      proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
      (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
      theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
      proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
      the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
      in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
      determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
      randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
      a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
      equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
      quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
      and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
      conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
      shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
      puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
      But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
      with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
      classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
      the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
      the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
      one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
      entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
      position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
      In order to have the Einstein equations
      Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
      as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
      µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
      two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
      value of Tˆ
      µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
      version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
      average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
      by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
      make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
      quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
      8πGTˆ
      µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
      The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
      µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
      of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
      Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
      gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
      quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
      though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
      necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
      the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
      degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
      help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
      instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
      of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
      but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
      of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
      background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
      would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
      does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
      if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
      and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
      background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
      perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
      can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
      but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
      its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
      quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
      (classical) limit.
      A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
      gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
      phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
      of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
      between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
      the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
      4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
      elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
      proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
      cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
      is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
      While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
      might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
      if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
      phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
      Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
      this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
      quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
      GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
      Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
      was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
      At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
      for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
      independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
      background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
      gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
      of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
      investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
      presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
      quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
      divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
      be considered complete [19].
      The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
      of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
      theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
      reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
      time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
      general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
      this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
      geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
      some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
      us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
      Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
      which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
      general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
      The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
      Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
      or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
      canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
      models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
      with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
      the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
      constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
      therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
      in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
      or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
      metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
      subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
      completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
      second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
      A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
      discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
      freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
      moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
      Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
      quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
      scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
      instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
      the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
      theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
      mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
      necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
      classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
      Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
      the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
      look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
      6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
      GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
      instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
      states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
      in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
      to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
      also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
      the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
      the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
      underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
      which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
      of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
      fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
      that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
      emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
      After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
      gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
      role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
      discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
      kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
      be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
      geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
      with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
      in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
      LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
      canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
      an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
      (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
      geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
      excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
      of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
      only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
      of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
      indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
      despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
      classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
      supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
      are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
      2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
      between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
      lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
      interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
      for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
      discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
      stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
      models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
      continuum limit is of primary importance.
      Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
      definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
      of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
      covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
      motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
      is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
      spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
      the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
      same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
      concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
      small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
      The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
      stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
      any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
      it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
      continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
      continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
      This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
      warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
      hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
      general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
      The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
      the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
      develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
      allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
      to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
      The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
      at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
      physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
      few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
      in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
      throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
      8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
      particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
      The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
      which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
      particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
      combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
      on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
      into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
      is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
      arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
      the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
      which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
      all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
      special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
      accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
      large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
      of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
      transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
      a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
      contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
      we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
      simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
      a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
      efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
      it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
      We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
      notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
      Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
      notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
      . The two situations in which
      special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
      Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
      translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
      µν is divergence free into both local
      and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
      µ ≡ T
      µνKν, where Kν
      1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
      This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
      no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
      is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
      integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
      already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
      since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
      asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
      solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
      formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
      associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
      defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
      cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
      This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
      of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
      principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
      be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
      be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
      these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
      that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
      launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
      more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
      of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
      for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
      soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
      asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
      in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
      However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
      space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
      us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
      mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
      degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
      energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
      not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
      as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
      manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
      and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
      space-time notions become available,
      and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
      only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
      the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
      diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
      scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
      1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
      to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
      10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
      This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
      should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
      related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
      be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
      of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
      will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
      scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
      abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
      of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
      the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
      be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
      which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
      with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
      in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
      quantum gravity seems to require.
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
      We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
      They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
      should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
      the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
      and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
      that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
      The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
      the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
      in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
      spin foam models. In this line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
      amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
      amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the definition of spin foam models by assigning
      canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
      states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
      easier access to non-perturbative regimes, and hence to the continum. For example, classical
      equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
      phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
      models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
      hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
      condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
      to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

    • #56527 Répondre
      Demi Habile
      Invité

      Tensorial method and renormalization
      in
      Group Field Theories
      Doctoral thesis in physic, presented by
      Sylvain Carrozza
      Defended on September 19th, 2013, in front of the jury
      Pr. Renaud Parentani Jury president
      Pr. Bianca Dittrich Referee
      Dr. Razvan Gurau Referee
      Pr. Carlo Rovelli Jury member
      Pr. Daniele Oriti Supervisor
      Pr. Vincent Rivasseau Supervisor

      Abstract:
      In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop
      Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand, and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They
      model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be
      understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is
      crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and
      in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the
      large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative
      regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new
      rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance
      condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at
      the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum
      gravity.
      Key-words: quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, spin foam, group field theory, tensor models, renormalization, lattice gauge theory.
      Résumé :
      Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT (« Group Field Theory »
      en anglais), à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers
      travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou
      de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme des modèles d’espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles
      génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations, qui interpolent les états spatiaux de
      la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d’établir ces modèles comme des théories des champs rigoureusement
      définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l’infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur
      renormalisation. C’est à cette tâche que cette thèse s’attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées
      récemment, et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l’expansion
      asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un
      régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme
      général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au
      point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle
      être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l’application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique.
      Mots-clés: gravité quantique, gravité quantique à boucles, mousse de spin, group field theory, modèles
      tensoriels, renormalisation, théorie de jauge sur réseau.
      Thèse préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale de Physique de la Région Parisienne (ED 107), dans le
      Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d’Orsay (UMR 8627), Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay
      Cedex; et en cotutelle avec le Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute),
      Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Allemagne, dans le cadre de l’International Max Planck Research School
      (IMPRS).
      i
      ii
      Acknowledgments
      First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Daniele Oriti and Vincent Rivasseau.
      Obviously, the results exposed in this thesis could not be achieved without their constant
      implication, guidance and help. They introduced me to numerous physical concepts and
      mathematical tools, with pedagogy and patience. Remarkably, their teachings and advices
      were always complementary to each other, something I attribute to their open-mindedness
      and which I greatly benefited from. I particularly appreciated the trusting relationship we
      had from the beginning. It was thrilling, and to me the right balance between supervision
      and freedom.
      I feel honoured by the presence of Bianca Dittrich, Razvan Gurau, Renaud Parentani and
      Carlo Rovelli in the jury, who kindly accepted to examine my work. Many thanks to Bianca
      and Razvan especially, for their careful reading of this manuscript and their comments.
      I would like to thank the people I met at the AEI and at the LPT, who contributed to
      making these three years very enjoyable. The Berlin quantum gravity group being almost
      uncountable, I will only mention the people I had the chance to directly collaborate with:
      Aristide Baratin, Francesco Caravelli, James Ryan, Matti Raasakka and Matteo Smerlak.
      It is quite difficult to keep track of all the events which, one way or another, conspired
      to pushing me into physics and writing this thesis. It is easier to remember and thank the
      people who triggered these long forgotten events.
      First and foremost, my parents, who raised me with dedication and love, turning the
      ignorant toddler I once was into a curious young adult. Most of what I am today takes its
      roots at home, and has been profoundly influenced by my younger siblings: Manon, Julia,
      Pauline and Thomas. My family at large, going under the name of Carrozza, Dislaire, Fontès,
      Mécréant, Minden, Ravoux, or Ticchi, has always been very present and supportive, which
      I want to acknowledge here.
      The good old chaps, Sylvain Aubry, Vincent Bonnin and Florian Gaudin-Delrieu, deeply
      influenced my high school years, and hence the way I think today. Meeting them in different
      corners of Europe during the three years of this PhD was very precious and refreshing.
      My friends from the ENS times played a major role in the recent years, both at the
      scientific and human levels. In this respect I would especially like to thank Antonin Coutant,
      Marc Geiller, and Baptiste Darbois-Texier: Antonin and Marc, for endless discussions about
      theoretical physics and quantum gravity, which undoubtedly shaped my thinking over the
      years; Baptiste for his truly unbelievable stories about real-world physics experiments; and
      the three of them for their generosity and friendship, in Paris, Berlin or elsewhere.
      Finally, I measure how lucky I am to have Tamara by my sides, who always supported
      me with unconditional love. I found the necessary happiness and energy to achieve this PhD
      thesis in the dreamed life we had together in Berlin.
      iii
      iv
      Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
      An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
      Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
      Er will uns Stuf ’ um Stufe heben, weiten.
      Hermann Hesse, Stufen, in Das Glasperlenspiel, 1943.
      v
      vi
      Contents
      1 Motivations and scope of the present work 1
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with . . . . . . . . . 1
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background . . . . . . . . . . 7
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
      2 Two paths to Group Field Theories 13
      2.1 Group Field Theories and quantum General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.1 Loop Quantum Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2.1.2 Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
      2.1.3 Summing over Spin Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
      2.1.4 Towards well-defined quantum field theories of Spin Networks . . . . 25
      2.2 Group Field Theories and random discrete geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.1 Matrix models and random surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      2.2.2 Higher dimensional generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
      2.2.3 Bringing discrete geometry in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
      2.3 A research direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
      3 Colors and tensor invariance 41
      3.1 Colored Group Field Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.1 Combinatorial and topological motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
      3.1.2 Motivation from discrete diffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
      3.2 Colored tensor models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.1 Models and amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
      3.2.2 Degree and existence of the large N expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
      3.2.3 The world of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
      3.3 Tensor invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.1 From colored simplices to tensor invariant interactions . . . . . . . . 49
      3.3.2 Generalization to GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
      4 Large N expansion in topological Group Field Theories 51
      4.1 Colored Boulatov model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      4.1.1 Vertex variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
      vii
      viii CONTENTS
      4.1.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
      4.1.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
      4.1.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
      4.2 Colored Ooguri model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
      4.2.1 Edge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
      4.2.2 Regularization and general scaling bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
      4.2.3 Topological singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
      4.2.4 Domination of melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
      5 Renormalization of Tensorial Group Field Theories: generalities 97
      5.1 Preliminaries: renormalization of local field theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.1 Locality, scales and divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.1.2 Perturbative renormalization through a multiscale decomposition . . 99
      5.2 Locality and propagation in GFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
      5.2.1 Simplicial and tensorial interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
      5.2.2 Constraints and propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
      5.3 A class of models with closure constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      5.3.2 Graph-theoretic and combinatorial tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
      5.4 Multiscale expansion and power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.1 Multiscale decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      5.4.2 Propagator bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
      5.4.3 Abelian power-counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
      5.5 Classification of just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.1 Analysis of the Abelian divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      5.5.2 Just-renormalizable models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
      5.5.3 Properties of melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
      6 Super-renormalizable U(1) models in four dimensions 135
      6.1 Divergent subgraphs and Wick ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
      6.1.1 A bound on the divergence degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
      6.1.2 Classification of divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
      6.1.3 Localization operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
      6.1.4 Melordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
      6.1.5 Vacuum submelonic counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
      6.2 Finiteness of the renormalized series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.1 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
      6.2.2 Power-counting of renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
      6.2.3 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
      6.3 Example: Wick-ordering of a ϕ
      6
      interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
      CONTENTS ix
      7 Just-renormalizable SU(2) model in three dimensions 153
      7.1 The model and its divergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.1 Regularization and counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      7.1.2 List of divergent subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
      7.2 Non-Abelian multiscale expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.1 Power-counting theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
      7.2.2 Contraction of high melonic subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
      7.3 Perturbative renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
      7.3.1 Effective and renormalized expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
      7.3.2 Classification of forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
      7.3.3 Convergent power-counting for renormalized amplitudes . . . . . . . . 178
      7.3.4 Sum over scale attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
      7.4 Renormalization group flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
      7.4.1 Approximation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
      7.4.2 Truncated equations for the counter-terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
      7.4.3 Physical coupling constants: towards asymptotic freedom . . . . . . . 188
      7.4.4 Mass and consistency of the assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
      8 Conclusions and perspectives 193
      8.1 The 1/N expansion in colored GFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
      8.1.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
      8.2 Renormalization of TGFTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.1 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      8.2.2 Discussion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
      A Technical appendix 201
      A.1 Heat Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
      A.2 Proof of heat kernel bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
      Bibliography 217
      x CONTENTS
      Chapter 1
      Motivations and scope of the present
      work
      Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ. Toute la Gaule est
      occupée par les Romains… Toute? Non! Un village peuplé
      d’irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l’envahisseur.
      Et la vie n’est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum
      et Petibonum. . .
      René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Astérix le Gaulois
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with
      A consistent quantum theory of gravity is mainly called for by a conceptual clash between the
      two major achievements of physicists of the XXth century. On the one hand, the realization
      by Einstein that classical space-time is a dynamical entity correctly described by General
      Relativity (GR), and on the other the advent of Quantum Mechanics (QM). The equivalence
      principle, upon which GR is built, leads to the interpretation of gravitational phenomena
      as pure geometric effects: the trajectories of test particles are geodesics in a curved fourdimensional manifold, space-time, whose geometric properties are encoded in a Lorentzian
      metric tensor, which is nothing but the gravitational field [1]. Importantly, the identification
      of the gravitational force to the metric properties of space-time entails the dynamical nature
      of the latter. Indeed, gravity being sourced by masses and energy, space-time cannot remain
      as a fixed arena into which physical processes happen, as was the case since Newton. With
      Einstein, space-time becomes a physical system per se, whose precise structure is the result of
      a subtle interaction with the other physical systems it contains. At the conceptual level, this
      is arguably the main message of GR, and the precise interplay between the curved geometry
      of space-time and matter fields is encoded into Einstein’s equations [2]. The second aspect
      of the physics revolution which took place in the early XXth century revealed a wealth
      of new phenomena in the microscopic world, and the dissolution of most of the classical
      1
      2 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Newtonian picture at such scales: the disappearance of the notion of trajectory, unpredictable
      outcomes of experiments, statistical predictions highly dependent on the experimental setup
      [3]… At the mathematical level, QM brings along an entirely new arsenal of technical tools:
      physical states are turned into vectors living in a Hilbert space, which replaces the phase
      space of classical physics, and observables become Hermitian operators acting on physical
      states. However, the conception of space-time on which QM relies remains deeply rooted in
      Newtonian physics: the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation with respect
      to fixed and physical space-time coordinates. For this reason, Special Relativity could be
      proven compatible with these new rules of the game, thanks to the Quantum Field Theory
      (QFT) formalism. The main difficulties in going from non-relativistic to relativistic quantum
      theory boiled down to the incorporation of the Lorentz symmetry, which also acts on timelike directions. Achieving the same reconciliation with the lessons of GR is (and has been
      proven to be) extraordinarily more difficult. The reason is that as soon as one contemplates
      the idea of making the geometry of space-time both dynamical and quantum, one looses
      in one stroke the fixed arena onto which the quantum foundations sit, and the Newtonian
      determinism which allows to unambiguously link space-time dynamics to its content. The
      randomness introduced by quantum measurements seems incompatible with the definition of
      a single global state for space-time and matter (e.g. a solution of a set of partial differential
      equations). And without a non-dynamical background, there is no unambiguous ’here’ where
      quantum ensembles can be prepared, nor a ’there’ where measurements can be performed
      and their statistical properties checked. In a word, by requiring background independence to
      conform to Einstein’s ideas about gravity, one also suppresses the only remaining Newtonian
      shelter where quantum probabilities can safely be interpreted. This is probably the most
      puzzling aspect of modern physics, and calls for a resolution.
      But, one could ask, do we necessarily need to make gravity quantum? Cannot we live
      with the fact that matter is described by quantum fields propagating on a dynamical but
      classical geometry? A short answer would be to reject the dichotomous understanding of
      the world that would result from such a combination of a priori contradictory ideas. On
      the other hand, one cannot deny that space-time is a very peculiar physical system, which
      one might argue, could very well keep a singular status as the only fundamentally classical
      entity. However, very nice and general arguments, put forward by Unruh in [4], make this
      position untenable (at least literally). Let us recapitulate the main ideas of this article here.
      In order to have the Einstein equations
      Gµν = 8πGTµν (1.1)
      as a classical limit of the matter sector, one possibility would be to interpret the righthand side as a quantum average hTˆ
      µνi of some quantum operator representing the energymomentum tensor of matter fields. The problems with such a theory pointed out in [4] are
      two-fold. First, quantum measurements would introduce discontinuities in the expectation
      value of Tˆ
      µν, and in turn spoil its conservation. Second, and as illustrated with a gravitational
      version of Schrödinger’s cat gedanken experiment, such a coupling of gravity to a statistical
      average of matter states would introduce slow variations of the gravitational field caused
      1.1 Why a quantum theory of gravity cannot be dispensed with 3
      by yet unobserved and undetermined matter states. Another idea explored by Unruh to
      make sense of (1.1) in such a way that the left-hand side is classical, and the right-hand side
      quantum, is through an eigenvalue equation of the type
      8πGTˆ
      µν|ψi = Gµν|ψi. (1.2)
      The main issue here is that the definition of the operator Tˆ
      µν would have to depend nonlinearly on the classical metric, and hence on the ’eigenvalue’ Gµν. From the point of view
      of quantum theory, this of course does not make any sense.
      Now that some conceptual motivations for the search for a quantum description of the
      gravitational field have been recalled (and which are also the author’s personal main motivations to work in this field), one should make a bit more precise what one means by ’a
      quantum theory of gravitation’ or ’quantum gravity’. We will adopt the kind of ambitious
      though minimalistic position promoted in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [5–7]. Minimalistic because the question of the unification of all forces at high energies is recognized as not
      necessarily connected to quantum gravity, and therefore left unaddressed. But ambitious in
      the sense that one is not looking for a theory of quantum perturbations of the gravitational
      degrees of freedom around some background solution of GR, since this would be of little
      help as far as the conceptual issues aforementioned are concerned. Indeed, and as is for
      instance very well explained in [8,9], from the point of view of GR, there is no canonical way
      of splitting the metric of space-time into a background (for instance a Minkowski metric,
      but not necessarily so) plus fluctuations. Therefore giving a proper quantum description
      of the latter fluctuations, that is finding a renormalizable theory of gravitons on a given
      background, cannot fulfill the ultimate goal of reconciling GR with QM. On top of that, one
      would need to show that the specification of the background is a kind of gauge choice, which
      does not affect physical predictions. Therefore, one would like to insist on the fact that even
      if such a theory was renormalizable, the challenge of making Einstein’s gravity fully quantum
      and dynamical would remain almost untouched. This already suggests that introducing the
      background in the first place is unnecessary. Since it turns out that the quantum theory of
      perturbative quantum GR around a Minkowski background is not renormalizable [10], we
      can even go one step further: the presence of a background might not only be unnecessary
      but also problematic. The present thesis is in such a line of thought, which aims at taking the background independence of GR seriously, and use it as a guiding thread towards
      its quantum version [11]. In this perspective, we would call ’quantum theory of gravity’ a
      quantum theory without any space-time background, which would reduce to GR in some
      (classical) limit.
      A second set of ideas which are often invoked to justify the need for a theory of quantum
      gravity concerns the presence of singularities in GR, and is therefore a bit more linked to
      phenomenology, be it through cosmology close to the Big Bang or the question of the fate
      of black holes at the end of Hawking’s evaporation. It is indeed tempting to draw a parallel
      between the question of classical singularities in GR and some of the greatest successes of
      the quantum formalism, such as for example the explanation of the stability of atoms or the
      4 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      resolution of the UV divergence in the theory of black-body radiation. We do not want to
      elaborate on these questions, but only point out that even if very suggestive and fascinating
      proposals exist [12–14], there is as far as we know no definitive argument claiming that the
      cumbersome genericity of singularities in GR has to be resolved in quantum gravity. This
      is for us a secondary motivation to venture into such a quest, though a very important one.
      While a quantum theory of gravity must by definition make QM and GR compatible, it only
      might explain the nature of singularities in GR. Still, it would be of paramount relevance
      if this second point were indeed realized, since it would open the door to a handful of new
      phenomena and possible experimental signatures to look for.
      Another set of ideas we consider important but we do not plan to address further in
      this thesis are related to the non-renormalizability of perturbative quantum gravity. As a
      quantum field theory on Minkowski space-time, the quantum theory of gravitons based on
      GR can only be considered as an effective field theory [15, 16], which breaks down at the
      Planck scale. Such a picture is therefore necessarily incomplete as a fundamental theory, as it
      was to be expected, but does not provide any clear clue about how it should be completed.
      At this point, two attitudes can be adopted. Either assume that one should first look
      for a renormalizable perturbative theory of quantum gravity, from which the background
      independent aspects will be addressed in a second stage; or, focus straight away on the
      background independent features which are so central to the very question of quantum
      gravity. Since we do not want to assume any a priori connection between the UV completion
      of perturbative quantum general relativity and full-fledged quantum gravity, as is for instance
      investigated in the asymptotic safety program [17, 18], the results of this thesis will be
      presented in a mindset in line with the second attitude. Of course, any successful fundamental
      quantum theory of gravity will have to provide a deeper understanding of the two-loops
      divergences of quantum GR, and certainly any program which would fail to do so could not
      be considered complete [19].
      The purpose of the last two points was to justify to some extent the technical character
      of this PhD thesis, and its apparent disconnection with many of the modern fundamental
      theories which are experimentally verified. While it is perfectly legitimate to look for a
      reconciliation of QM and GR into the details of what we know about matter, space and
      time, we want to advocate here a hopefully complementary strategy, which aims at finding a
      general theoretical framework encompassing them both at a general and conceptual level. At
      this stage, we would for example be highly satisfied with a consistent definition of quantum
      geometry whose degrees of freedom and dynamics would reduce to that of vacuum GR in
      some limit; even if such a theory did not resolve classical singularities, nor it would provide
      us with a renormalizable theory of gravitons.
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization 5
      1.2 Quantum gravity and quantization
      Now that we reinstated the necessity of finding a consistent quantum formulation of gravitational physics, we would like to make some comments about the different general strategies
      which are at our disposal to achieve such a goal. In particular, would a quantization of
      general relativity (or a modification thereof) provide the answer?
      The most conservative strategy is the quantization program of classical GR pioneered by
      Bryce DeWitt [20], either through Dirac’s general canonical quantization procedure [21, 22]
      or with covariant methods [23]. Modern incarnations of these early ideas can be found in
      canonical loop quantum gravity and its tentative covariant formulation through spin foam
      models [6, 7, 9]. While the Ashtekar formulation of GR [24, 25] allowed dramatic progress
      with respect to DeWitt’s formal definitions, based on the usual metric formulation of Einstein’s theory, very challenging questions remain open as regards the dynamical aspects of
      the theory. In particular, many ambiguities appear in the definition of the so-called scalar
      constraint of canonical LQG, and therefore in the implementation of four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance, which is arguably the core purpose of quantum gravity. There are
      therefore two key aspects of the canonical quantization program that we would like to keep
      in mind: first, the formulation of classical GR being used as a starting point (in metric
      or Ashtekar variables), or equivalently the choice of fundamental degrees of freedom (the
      metric tensor or a tetrad field), has a great influence on the quantization; and second, the
      subtleties associated to space-time diffeomorphism invariance have so far plagued such attempts with numerous ambiguities, which prevent the quantization procedure from being
      completed. The first point speaks in favor of loop variables in quantum gravity, while the
      second might indicate an intrinsic limitation of the canonical approach.
      A second, less conservative but more risky, type of quantization program consists in
      discarding GR as a classical starting point, and instead postulating radically new degrees of
      freedom. This is for example the case in string theory, where a classical theory of strings
      moving in some background space-time is the starting point of the quantization procedure.
      Such an approach is to some extent supported by the non-renormalizability of perturbative
      quantum GR, interpreted as a signal of the presence of new degrees of freedom at the Planck
      scale. Similar interpretations in similar situations already proved successful in the past, for
      instance with the four-fermion theory of Fermi, whose non-renormalizability was cured by
      the introduction of new gauge bosons, and gave rise to the renormalizable Weinberg-Salam
      theory. In the case of gravity, and because of the unease with the perturbative strategy
      mentioned before, we do not wish to give too much credit to such arguments. However, it is
      necessary to keep in mind that the degrees of freedom we have access to in the low-energy
      classical theory (GR) are not necessarily the ones to be quantized.
      Finally, a third idea which is gaining increasing support in the recent years is to question
      the very idea of quantizing gravity, at least stricto sensu. Rather, one should more generally
      look for a quantum theory, with possibly non-metric degrees of freedom, from which classical
      6 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      geometry and its dynamics would emerge. Such a scenario has been hinted at from within
      GR itself, through the thermal properties of black holes and space-time in general. For
      instance in [26], Jacobson suggested to interpret the Einstein equations as equations of
      states at thermal equilibrium. In this picture, space-time dynamics would only emerge
      in the thermodynamic limit of a more fundamental theory, with degrees of freedom yet
      to be discovered. This is even more radical that what is proposed in string theory, but
      also consistent with background independence in principle: there is no need to assume
      the existence of a (continuous) background space-time in this picture, and contrarily so,
      the finiteness of black hole entropy can be interpreted as suggestive of the existence of an
      underlying discrete structure. Such ideas have close links with condensed matter theory,
      which explains for example macroscopic properties of solids from the statistical properties
      of their quantum microscopic building blocks, and in particular with the theory of quantum
      fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates [27, 28]. Of course, the two outstanding issues are
      that no experiments to directly probe the Planck scale are available in the near future, and
      emergence has to be implemented in a fully background independent manner.
      After this detour, one can come back to the main motivations of this thesis, loop quantum
      gravity and spin foams, and remark that even there, the notion of emergence seems to have a
      role to play. Indeed, the key prediction of canonical loop quantum gravity is undoubtedly the
      discreteness of areas and volumes at the kinematical level [29], and this already entails some
      kind of emergence of continuum space-time. In this picture, continuous space-time cannot
      be defined all the way down to the Planck scale, where the discrete nature of the spectra of
      geometric operators starts to be relevant. This presents a remarkable qualitative agreement
      with Jacobson’s proposal, and in particular all the thermal aspects of black holes explored
      in LQG derive from this fundamental result [30]. But there are other discrete features in
      LQG and spin foams, possibly related to emergence, which need to be addressed. Even if
      canonical LQG is a continuum theory, the Hilbert space it is based upon is constructed in
      an inductive way, from states (the spin-network functionals) labeled by discrete quantities
      (graphs with spin labels). We can say that each such state describes a continuous quantum
      geometry with a finite number of degrees of freedom, and that the infinite number of possible
      excitations associated to genuine continuous geometries is to be found in large superpositions
      of these elementary states, in states associated to infinitely large graphs, or both. In practice,
      only spin-network states on very small graphs can be investigated analytically, the limit
      of infinitely large graphs being out of reach, and their superpositions even more so. This
      indicates that in its current state, LQG can also be considered a theory of discrete geometries,
      despite the fact that it is primarily a quantization of GR. From this point of view, continuous
      classical space-time would only be recovered through a continuum limit. This is even more
      supported by the covariant spin foam perspective, where the discrete aspects of spin networks
      are enhanced rather than tamed. The discrete structure spin foam models are based upon,
      2-complexes, acquire a double interpretation, as Feynman graphs labeling the transitions
      between spin network states on the one hand, and as discretizations of space-time akin to
      lattice gauge theory on the other hand. Contrary to the canonical picture, this second
      interpretation cannot be avoided, at least in practice, since all the current spin foam models
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 7
      for four-dimensional gravity are constructed in a way to enforce a notion of (quantum)
      discrete geometry in a cellular complex dual to the foam. Therefore, in our opinion, at this
      stage of the development of the theory, it seems legitimate to view LQG and spin foam
      models as quantum theories of discrete gravity. And if so, addressing the question of their
      continuum limit is of primary importance.
      Moreover, we tend to see a connection between: a) the ambiguities appearing in the
      definition of the dynamics of canonical LQG, b) the fact that the relevance of a quantization
      of GR can be questioned in a strong way, and c) the problem of the continuum in the
      covariant version of loop quantum gravity. Altogether, these three points can be taken as a
      motivation for a strategy where quantization and emergence both have to play their role. It
      is indeed possible, and probably desirable, that some of the fine details of the dynamics of
      spin networks are irrelevant to the large scale effects one would like to predict and study. In
      the best case scenario, the different versions of the scalar constraint of LQG would fall in a
      same universality class as far as the recovery of continuous space-time and its dynamics is
      concerned. This would translate, in the covariant picture, as a set of spin foam models with
      small variations in the way discrete geometry is encoded, but having a same continuum limit.
      The crucial question to address in this perspective is that of the existence, and in a second
      stage the universality of such a limit, in the sense of determining exactly which aspects (if
      any) of the dynamics of spin networks are key to the emergence of space-time as we know
      it. The fact that these same spin networks were initially thought of as quantum states of
      continuous geometries should not prevent us from exploring other avenues, in which the
      continuum only emerge in the presence of a very large number of discrete building blocks.
      This PhD thesis has been prepared with the scenario just hinted at in mind, but we should
      warn the reader that it is in no way conclusive in this respect. Moreover, we think and we
      hope that the technical results and tools which are accounted for in this manuscript are
      general enough to be useful to researchers in the field who do not share such point of views.
      The reason is that, in order to study universality in quantum gravity, and ultimately find
      the right balance between strict quantization procedures and emergence, one first needs to
      develop a theory of renormalization in this background independent setting, which precisely
      allows to consistently erase information and degrees of freedom. This thesis is a contribution
      to this last point, in the Group Field Theory (GFT) formulation of spin foam models.
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background
      The very idea of extending the theory of renormalization to quantum gravity may look odd
      at first sight. The absence of any background seems indeed to preclude the existence of any
      physical scale with respect to which the renormalization group flow should be defined. A
      few remarks are therefore in order, about the different notions of scales which are available
      in quantum field theories and general relativity, and the general assumption we will make
      throughout this thesis in order to extend such notions to background independent theories.
      8 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      Let us start with relativistic quantum field theories, which support the standard model of
      particle physics, as well as perturbative quantum gravity around a Minkowski background.
      The key ingredient entering the definition of these theories is the flat background metric,
      which provides a notion of locality and global Poincaré invariance. The latter allows in
      particular to classify all possible interactions once a field content (with its own set of internal symmetries) has been agreed on [31]. More interesting, this same Poincaré invariance,
      combined with locality and the idea of renormalization [32–34], imposes further restrictions
      on the number of independent couplings one should work with. When the theory is (perturbatively) non-renormalizable, it is consistent only if an infinite set of interactions is taken
      into account, and therefore loses any predictive power (at least at some scale). When it
      is on the contrary renormalizable, one can work with a finite set of interactions, though
      arbitrarily large in the case of a super-renormalizable theory. For fundamental interactions,
      the most interesting case is that of a just-renormalizable theory, such as QED or QCD, for
      which a finite set of interactions is uniquely specified by the renormalizability criterion. In
      all of these theories, what is meant by ’scale’ is of course an energy scale, in the sense of
      special relativity. However, renormalization and quantum field theory are general enough to
      accommodate various notions of scales, as for example non-relativistic energy, and apply to a
      large variety of phenomena for which Poincaré invariance is completely irrelevant. A wealth
      of examples of this kind can be found in condensed matter physics, and in the study of phase
      transitions. The common feature of all these models is that they describe regimes in which
      a huge number of (classical or quantum) degrees of freedom are present, and where their
      contributions can be efficiently organized according to some order parameter, the ’scale’. As
      we know well from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, it is in this case desirable to
      simplify the problem by assuming instead an infinite set of degrees of freedom, and adopt
      a coarse-grained description in which degrees of freedom are collectively analyzed. Quantum field theory and renormalization are precisely a general set of techniques allowing to
      efficiently organize such analyzes. Therefore, what makes renormalizable quantum field theories so useful in fundamental physics is not Poincaré invariance in itself, but the fact that
      it implies the existence of an infinite reservoir of degrees of freedom in the deep UV.
      We now turn to general relativity. The absence of Poincaré symmetry, or any analogous
      notion of space-time global symmetries prevents the existence of a general notion of energy.
      Except for special solutions of Einstein’s equations, there is no way to assign an unambiguous
      notion of localized energy to the modes of the gravitational field1
      . The two situations in which
      special relativistic notions of energy-momentum do generalize are in the presence of a global
      Killing symmetry, or for asymptotically flat space-times. In the first case, it is possible to
      translate the fact that the energy-momentum tensor T
      µν is divergence free into both local
      and integral conservation equations for an energy-momentum vector P
      µ ≡ T
      µνKν, where Kν
      1We can for instance quote Straumann [35]:
      This has been disturbing to many people, but one simply has to get used to this fact. There is
      no « energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field ».
      1.3 On scales and renormalization with or without background 9
      is the Killing field. In the second case, only a partial generalization is available, in the form of
      integral conservation equations for energy and momentum at spatial infinity. One therefore
      already loses the possibility of localizing energy and momentum in this second situation,
      since they are only defined for extended regions with boundaries in the approximately flat
      asymptotic region. In any case, both generalizations rely on global properties of specific
      solutions to Einstein’s equations which cannot be available in a background independent
      formulation of quantum gravity. We therefore have to conclude that, since energy scales
      associated to the gravitational field are at best solution-dependent, and in general not even
      defined in GR, a renormalization group analysis of background independent quantum gravity
      cannot be based on space-time related notions of scales.
      This last point was to be expected on quite general grounds. From the point of view
      of quantization à la Feynman for example, all the solutions to Einstein’s equations (and in
      principle even more general ’off-shell’ geometries) are on the same footing, as they need to
      be summed over in a path-integral (modulo boundary conditions). We cannot expect to
      be able to organize such a path-integral according to scales defined internally to each of
      these geometries. But even if one takes the emergent point of view seriously, GR suggests
      that the order parameter with respect to which a renormalization group analysis should be
      launched cannot depend on a space-time notion of energy. This point of view should be taken
      more and more seriously as we move towards an increasingly background independent notion
      of emergence, in the sense of looking for a unique mechanism which would be responsible
      for the emergence of a large class of solutions of GR, if not all of them. In particular, as
      soon as such a class is not restricted to space-times with global Killing symmetries or with
      asymptotically flat spatial infinities, there seems to be no room for the usual notion of energy
      in a renormalization analysis of quantum gravity.
      However, it should already be understood at this stage that the absence of any background
      space-time in quantum gravity, and therefore of any natural physical scales, does not prevent
      us from using the quantum field theory and renormalization formalisms. As was already
      mentioned, the notion of scale prevailing in renormalization theory is more the number of
      degrees of freedom available in a region of the parameter space, rather than a proper notion of
      energy. Likewise, if quantum fields do need a fixed background structure to live in, this needs
      not be interpreted as space-time. As we will see, this is precisely how GFTs are constructed,
      as quantum field theories defined on (internal) symmetry groups rather than space-time
      manifolds. More generally, the working assumption of this thesis will be that a notion of scale
      and renormalization group flow can be defined before1
      space-time notions become available,
      and studied with quantum field theory techniques, as for example advocated in [36,37]. The
      only background notions one is allowed to use in such a program must also be present in
      the background of GR. The dimension of space-time, the local Lorentz symmetry, and the
      diffeomorphism groups are among them, but they do not support any obvious notion of
      scale. Rather, we will postulate that the ’number of degrees of freedom’ continues to be a
      1Obviously, this ’before’ does not refer to time, but rather to the abstract notion of scale which is assumed
      to take over when no space-time structure is available anymore.
      10 Chapter 1 : Motivations and scope of the present work
      relevant order parameter in the models we will consider, that is in the absence of space-time.
      This rather abstract scale will come with canonical definitions of UV and IR sectors. They
      should by no means be understood as their space-time related counter-parts, and be naively
      related to respectively small and large distance regimes. Instead, the UV sector will simply
      be the corner of parameter space responsible for divergences, or equivalently where ’most’
      of the degrees of freedom sit. A natural renormalization group flow will be defined, which
      will allow to average out the contributions of the degrees of freedom, from higher to lower
      scales. The only strong conceptual assumption we will make in this respect is that such an
      abstract definition of renormalization is physical and can be used to describe the emergence
      of space-time structures. However, at this general level of discussion, we would like to convey
      the idea that such a strong assumption is in a sense also minimal. Indeed, if one wants to
      be able to speak of emergence of space and time, one also needs at least one new parameter
      which is neither time nor space. We simply call this order parameter ’scale’, and identify it
      with one of the central features of quantum field theory: the renormalization group. It is
      in our view the most direct route towards new physics in the absence of space and time, as
      quantum gravity seems to require.
      1.4 Purpose and plan of the thesis
      We are well aware of the fact that the previous motivations cannot be taken for granted.
      They can be contested in various ways, and also lack a great deal of precision. The reader
      should see them as a guiding thread towards making full sense of the emergence of spacetime from background independent physics, rather than definitive statements embraced by
      the author. From now on, we will refrain from venturing into more conceptual discussions,
      and mostly leave the specific examples worked out in this thesis speak for themselves, hoping
      that they will do so in favor of the general ideas outlined before.
      The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we will start by recalling
      the two main ways of understanding the construction of GFT models. One takes its root
      in the quantization program for quantum gravity, in the form of loop quantum gravity and
      spin foam models. In this line of thoughts, GFTs are generating functionals for spin foam
      amplitudes, in the same way as quantum field theories are generating functionals for Feynman
      amplitudes. In this sense, they complete the definition of spin foam models by assigning
      canonical weights to the different foams contributing to a same transition between boundary
      states (spin networks). Moreover, a quantum field theory formalism is expected to provide
      easier access to non-perturbativ regimes, and hence to the continuum. For example, classical
      equations of motion can be used as a way to change vacuum [38], or to study condensed
      phases of the theory [39]. Of course, this specific completion of the definition of spin foam
      models relies on a certain confidence in the quantum field theory formalism. Alternative but
      hopefully complementary approaches exist, such as coarse-graining methods imported from
      condensed matter physics and quantum information theory [40–42]. Though, if one decides
      to stick to quantum field theory weights, it seems natural to also bring renormalization

    • #56698 Répondre
      I.G.Y.
      Invité

      Graphique amusant dans libé sur le nombre de millions d’entrées par palme d’or depuis les années 50

      Screenshot-2024-07-22-at-09-10-04-Lundi-22-juillet-2024

      • #57023 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        non sans fierté j »observe que mes trois palmes préférées sont en bas

        • #57027 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          J’ignorais que le goût de la cerise avait été un échec.

          • #57056 Répondre
            I.G.Y
            Invité

            Ce qui me frappe, c’est l’incroyable dispersion des nombres d’entrées des lauréats sur toute la période, y compris au sein d’une même demi-décennie. Un effet de distribution ?

    • #56708 Répondre
      Demi Habile
      Invité

      Phenom ´ enologie du Higgs aupr ´ es des collisionneurs hadroniques : `
      du Modele Standard a la Supersym etrie. ´
      R´esum´e
      Cette these, conduite dans le contexte de la recherche du boson de Higgs, derniere pi`ece
      manquante du m´ecanisme de brisure de la sym´etrie ´electrofaible et qui est une des plus importantes recherches aupr`es des collisionneurs hadroniques actuels, traite de la ph´enom´enologie
      de ce boson a la fois dans le Modele Standard (SM) et dans son extension supersym´etrique
      minimale (MSSM). Apres un r´esum´e de ce qui constitue le Modele Standard dans une premi`ere partie, nous pr´esenterons nos pr´edictions pour la section efficace inclusive de production
      du boson de Higgs dans ses principaux canaux de production aupr`es des deux collisionneurs
      hadroniques actuels que sont le Tevatron au Fermilab et le grand collisionneur de hadrons
      (LHC) au CERN, en commen¸cant par le cas du Mod`ele Standard. Le principal r´esultat pr´esent´e est l’´etude la plus exhaustive possible des diff´erentes sources d’incertitudes th´eoriques
      qui p`esent sur le calcul : les incertitudes d’´echelles vues comme une mesure de notre ignorance
      des termes d’ordre sup´erieur dans un calcul perturbatif `a un ordre donn´e, les incertitudes reli´ees aux fonctions de distribution de partons dans le proton/l’anti–proton (PDF) ainsi que
      les incertitudes reli´ees `a la valeur de la constante de couplage fort, et enfin les incertitudes
      provenant de l’utilisation d’une th´eorie effective qui simplifie le calcul des ordres sup´erieurs
      dans la section efficace de production. Dans un second temps nous ´etudierons les rapports
      de branchement de la d´esint´egration du boson de Higgs en donnant ici aussi les incertitudes
      th´eoriques qui p`esent sur le calcul. Nous poursuivrons par la combinaison des sections efficaces
      de production avec le calcul portant sur la d´esint´egration du boson de Higgs, pour un canal
      sp´ecifique, montrant quelles en sont les cons´equences int´eressantes sur l’incertitude th´eorique
      totale. Ceci nous ameneraa un r´esultat significatif de la th`ese qui est la comparaison avec l’exp´erience et notamment les r´esultats des recherches du boson de Higgs au Tevatron. Nous irons
      ensuite au-dela du Modele Standard dans une troisieme partie ou nous donnerons quelques
      ingr´edients sur la supersym´etrie et sa mise en application dans le MSSM o`u nous avons cinq
      bosons de Higgs, puis nous aborderons leur production et d´esint´egration en se focalisant sur
      les deux canaux de production principaux par fusion de gluon et fusion de quarks b. Nous
      pr´esenterons les r´esultats significatifs quant `a la comparaison avec aussi bien le Tevatron que
      les r´esultats tr`es r´ecents d’ATLAS et CMS au LHC qui nous permettront d’analyser l’impact
      de ces incertitudes sur l’espace des param`etres du MSSM, sans oublier de mentionner quelques
      bruits de fond du signal des bosons de Higgs. Tout ceci va nous permettre de mettre en avant
      le deuxieme r´esultat tres important de la th`ese, ouvrant une nouvelle voie de recherche pour
      le boson de Higgs standard au LHC. La derni`ere partie sera consacr´ee aux perspectives de
      ce travail et notamment donnera quelques r´esultats pr´eliminaires dans le cadre d’une ´etude
      exclusive, d’un int´erˆet primordial pour les exp´erimentateurs.
      Mots-clefs : Mod`ele Standard, Higgs, Supersym´etrie, Chromodynamique quantique, incertitudes th´eoriques.

      Abstract
      This thesis has been conducted in the context of one of the utmost important searches at
      current hadron colliders, that is the search for the Higgs boson, the remnant of the electroweak
      symmetry breaking. We wish to study the phenomenology of the Higgs boson in both the
      Standard Model (SM) framework and its minimal Supersymmetric extension (MSSM). After
      a review of the Standard Model in a first part and of the key reasons and ingredients for
      the supersymmetry in general and the MSSM in particular in a third part, we will present the
      calculation of the inclusive production cross sections of the Higgs boson in the main channels at
      the two current hadron colliders that are the Fermilab Tevatron collider and the CERN Large
      Hadron Collider (LHC), starting by the SM case in the second part and presenting the MSSM
      results, where we have five Higgs bosons and focusing on the two main production channels that
      are the gluon gluon fusion and the bottom quarks fusion, in the fourth part. The main output
      of this calculation is the extensive study of the various theoretical uncertainties that affect the
      predictions: the scale uncertainties which probe our ignorance of the higher–order terms in a
      fixed order perturbative calculation, the parton distribution functions (PDF) uncertainties and
      its related uncertainties from the value of the strong coupling constant, and the uncertainties
      coming from the use of an effective field theory to simplify the hard calculation. We then
      move on to the study of the Higgs decay branching ratios which are also affected by diverse
      uncertainties. We will present the combination of the production cross sections and decay
      branching fractions in some specific cases which will show interesting consequences on the
      total theoretical uncertainties. We move on to present the results confronted to experiments
      and show that the theoretical uncertainties have a significant impact on the inferred limits
      either in the SM search for the Higgs boson or on the MSSM parameter space, including some
      assessments about SM backgrounds to the Higgs production and how they are affected by
      theoretical uncertainties. One significant result will also come out of the MSSM analysis and
      open a novel strategy search for the Standard Higgs boson at the LHC. We finally present in
      the last part some preliminary results of this study in the case of exclusive production which
      is of utmost interest for the experimentalists.
      Keywords : Standard Model, Higgs, Supersymmetry, QCD, theoretical uncertainties.

      Remerciements
      Trois ann´ees ont pass´e depuis que j’ai pouss´e pour la premi`ere fois les portes du Laboratoire de Physique Th´eorique d’Orsay, chaleureusement accueilli par son directeur Henk
      Hilhorst que je remercie beaucoup. Trois ann´ees d’une activit´e intense, aussi bien dans
      mes recherches scientifiques au LPT et au CERN, dans le groupe de physique th´eorique,
      ou j’ai pass´e quelques moisa partir de la seconde ann´ee, que dans mes activit´es hors
      recherche au sein de l’universit´e Paris-Sud 11. J’ai appris beaucoup et rencontr´e un certain nombre de personnes dont je vais me rappeler pour longtemps, si je ne les ´enum`ere
      pas ici qu’elles veuillent bien me pardonner cela ne signifie pas que je les ai pour autant
      oubli´ees.
      Tout ceci n’aurait pu se faire sans les encouragements, les conseils et les discussions passionn´ees avec Abdelhak Djouadi, mon directeur de th`ese qui a guid´e ainsi mes
      premiers pas de professionnel dans ma carri`ere de physicien th´eoricien des particules
      ´el´ementaires. Je l’en remercie profond´ement et j’esp`ere qu’il aura appr´eci´e notre collaboration autant que moi, aussi bien lors de notre travail qu’en dehors.
      Je voudrais aussi remercier Rohini Godbole avec qui j’ai collabor´e sur la passionnante
      physique du Higgs au Tevatron. Je ne peux non plus oublier Ana Teixeira pour son
      soutien constant et les nombreuses discussions passionnantes aussi bien scientifiques que
      personnelles que nous avons eues ensemble. Ma premi`ere ann´ee en tant que doctorant
      lui doit beaucoup.
      Je remercie aussi tous les membres de mon jury de th`ese et en particulier mes deux
      rapporteurs qui m’ont certainement maudit d’avoir ´ecrit autant, non seulement pour le
      temps qu’ils auront pris pour assister a ma soutenance et lire ma these, mais aussi pour
      toutes leurs judicieuses remarques et questions.
      Aussi bien le LPT que le CERN se sont r´ev´el´es des lieux tr`es enrichissants pour
      le d´ebut de ma carri`ere scientifique. Je voudrais profiter tout d’abord de ces quelques
      mots pour remercier les ´equipes administratives des deux laboratoires pour leur aide au
      jour le jour, toujours avec le sourire, et pour toute leur aide dans mes divers voyages
      scientifiques. Je remercie aussi tous les chercheurs de ces deux laboratoires pour toutes les
      discussions que j’ai eues et qui m’ont beaucoup appris. Je pense tout particuli`erement
      a Asmˆaa Abada eta Gr´egory Moreau d’un cˆot´e, `a G´eraldine Servant et Christophe
      Grojean qui m’a invit´e `a venir au CERN, de l’autre. Je ne peux bien sur pas oublier les
      doctorants et jeunes docteurs du groupe de physique th´eorique du CERN, Sandeepan
      Gupta, Pantelis Tziveloglou et tous les autres, ainsi que L´ea Gauthier, doctorante au
      CEA, que j’ai rencontr´ee au CERN : les magnifiques randonn´ees autour de Gen`eve
      que nous avons faites ont ´et´e salutaires. Enfin je remercie aussi tous mes camarades
      doctorants et jeunes docteurs du SINJE `a Orsay pour tous les merveilleux moments que
      nous avons pass´es et toutes les discussions passionn´ees et passionnnantes, je ne vous cite
      pas tous mais le cœur y est. Je pense quand mˆeme tout particulierementa mes camarades
      ayant partag´e mon bureau et bien plus, Adrien Besse et C´edric Weiland, mais aussi `a
      Guillaume Toucas, Blaise Gout´eraux et Andreas Goudelis. J´er´emie Quevillon qui va
      prendre ma succession aupres de mon directeur de these n’est pas non plus oubli´e. Mes
      amis de Toulouse eux aussi sont loin d’avoir ´et´e oubli´es et ont fortement contribu´e non
      seulement a rendre exceptionnel mon stage de Master 2 mais aussi ma premiere ann´ee
      de these, de loin en loin : mercia Ludovic Arnaud, Gaspard Bousquet, Arnaud Ralko,
      Cl´ement Touya, Fabien Trousselet, mais aussi mes deux tuteurs Nicolas Destainville et
      Manoel Manghi.
      Je ne peux terminer sans exprimer ma profonde gratitude a ma famille eta mes amis
      de longue date, qui se reconnaˆıtront. Anne, Charles, Elise, Gaetan, Lionel, Mathieu,
      Matthieu, Patrick, Pierre, Rayna, Sophie, Yiting et tous ceux que je n’ai pas cit´es mais
      qui sont dans mes pens´ees, ces mots sont pour vous ! Le mot de la fin revient `a ma
      fianc´ee, Camille : sans ton profond amour et ton soutien constant, ces trois derni`eres
      ann´ees auraient ´et´e bien diff´erentes, et certainement pas aussi f´econdes. Merci pour tout.
      Acknowledgments
      Three years have now passed since my first steps in the Laboratoire de Physique
      Th´eorique at Orsay, where I have been warmly welcomed by its director Henk Hilhorst
      that I thank a lot. They have been very intense, both in the laboratory and at the CERN
      Theory Group in Geneva, where I spent some months starting from the second year. I
      have learnt much, either within these labs or outside, encountered many people that I
      will remember for a long time. If some of you are not cited in these acknowledgments,
      please be kind with me: that does not mean I have forgotten you.
      This would have never been possible without the constant encouragement, advices
      and fruitful discussions with Dr. Abdelhak Djouadi, my thesis advisor, who guided my
      first steps in theoretical particle physics research. I hope he got as much great time as
      I had working with him and more than that.
      I also would like to thank Pr. Rohini Godbole whom I worked with from time to
      time on Higgs physics at the Tevatron. I cannot also forget Dr. Ana Teixeira for her
      constant support and all the great discussions on various topics we had together. My
      first year as a PhD candidate was scientifically exciting thanks to her.
      I am very grateful to all the members in the jury for my defence, for the time they
      would took and the useful comments. In particular I would like to thank my two referees
      who certainly have cursed me for the length of the thesis.
      The LPT environnement as well as the CERN Theory Group have been proven to be
      very fruitful environnements for the beginning of my career. I then would like to thank
      the administrative staff from both laboratories for their constant help in day–to–day life
      and support when I had to travel for various workshops, conferences or seminars. I would
      like to thank all the members of these two groups for the very passionate discussions
      we had and where I have learnt a lot. I dedicate special thanks to Asmˆaa Abada and
      Gr´egory Moreau on the one side, G´eraldine Servant and also Christophe Grojean, who
      invited me to come by, on the other side. I cannot forget the PhD candidates and
      post-doctoral researchers from the CERN Theory Group, Sandeepan Gupta, Pantelis
      Tziveloglou and all the others, not to forget L´ea Gauthier, who is a PhD candidate
      at the CEA and was at CERN at that time: the hiking we did in the Jura and Alps
      around Geneva were great. I also would like to thank all my SINJE fellows at the
      LPT, with whom I had so many great time and passionate discussions; you are not all
      cited but I do not forget you. I dedicate special thanks to my office (and more than
      office) friends Adrien Besse and C´edric Weiland, and also to Blaise Gout´eraux, Andreas
      Goudelis and Guillaume Toucas. The next PhD candidate, J´er´emie Quevillon, who will
      follow my path, is also thanked for the discussions we had. I finally cannot forget my
      friends from Toulouse, where I did my Master 2 internship and whom I collaborated with
      during my first PhD thesis year from time to time: many thanks to Ludovic Arnaud,
      Gaspard Bousquet, Arnaud Ralko, Cl´ement Touya, Fabien Trousselet, and also to my
      two internship advisors Nicolas Destainville and Manoel Manghi.
      I now end this aknowledgments by expressing my deep gratitude and love to my family and long–time friends who will recognize themselves. Anne, Charles, Elise, Gaetan,
      Lionel, Mathieu, Matthieu, Patrick, Pierre, Rayna, Sophie, Yiting and all the others,
      these words are for you! The last word is for Camille, my fiancee: without your deep
      love and constant support these three years would have been without doubts completely
      different and not as fruitful.

      Contents
      Introduction 1
      I A brief review of the Standard Model of particle physics 5
      1 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model 6
      1.1 A brief history of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
      1.2 Gauge symmetries, quarks and leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
      2 The Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism 16
      2.1 Why do we need the electroweak symmetry breaking? . . . . . . . . . . . 16
      2.2 The spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
      II SM Higgs production and decay at hadron colliders 27
      3 Where can the SM Higgs boson be hiding? 29
      3.1 Theoretical bounds on the Higgs mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
      3.2 Experimental bounds on the Higgs mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
      4 Higgs production at the Tevatron 43
      4.1 The main production channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
      4.2 Scale variation and higher order terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
      4.3 The PDF puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
      4.4 EFT and its uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
      4.5 Combination and total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
      4.6 Summary and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
      4.A Appendix: analytical expressions for µR–NNLO terms in gg → H . . . . 90
      5 Higgs production at the LHC 92
      5.1 The main channel at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
      5.2 The scale uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
      5.3 The PDF+αS uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
      5.4 EFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
      5.5 Total uncertainy at 7 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
      5.6 LHC results at different center–of–mass energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
      5.7 Summary and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
      6 Higgs decay and the implications for Higgs searches 116
      6.1 Important channels for experimental search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
      6.2 Uncertainties on the branching ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
      6.3 Combination at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
      6.4 Combination at the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
      6.5 The Tevatron exclusion limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
      6.6 Summary of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
      III The Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard
      Model 137
      7 Why Supersymmetry is appealing 138
      7.1 The hierarchy problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
      7.2 Coupling constants convergence at high energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
      7.3 SUSY and Dark Matter searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
      8 Formal SUSY aspects 145
      8.1 SUSY Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
      8.2 Superspace, superfields and superpotential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
      8.3 Soft SUSY breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
      9 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model 156
      9.1 Fields content: Higgs and SUSY sectors of the MSSM . . . . . . . . . . 156
      9.2 The Higgs sector and the number of Higgs doublets . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
      9.3 The MSSM is not the end of the story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
      IV MSSM Higgs(es) production and decay 171
      10 The MSSM Higgs sector at hadron colliders 173
      10.1 SUSY corrections to Higgs couplings to fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
      10.2 Model independence of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
      11 MSSM Higgs production at the Tevatron 180
      11.1 Gluon–gluon fusion and bottom quarks fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
      11.2 The scale uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
      11.3 The PDF and αS uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
      11.4 The b–quark mass uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
      11.5 Summary and combination of the different sources of uncertainties . . . . 190
      12 MSSM Higgs production at the LHC 192
      12.1 Gluon–gluon fusion and bottom quarks fusion channels . . . . . . . . . . 192
      12.2 The scale uncertainty at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
      12.3 The PDF and αS uncertainties at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
      12.4 The b–quark mass issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
      12.5 Combination and total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
      12.6 The case of the charged Higgs production in association with top quark
      at the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
      13 Higgs→ τ τ channel and limits on the MSSM parameter space 209
      13.1 The main MSSM Higgs branching ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
      13.2 Combination of production cross section and Higgs→ τ τ decay . . . . . 212
      13.3 Impact of the theoretical uncertainties on the limits on the MSSM parameter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
      13.4 Consequences on the SM H → τ τ search at the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . 224
      13.5 Summary and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
      V Perspectives 229
      14 Exclusive study of the gluon–gluon fusion channel 230
      14.1 Exclusive SM Higgs production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
      14.2 SM Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
      Conclusion 236
      A Appendix : Synopsis 240
      A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
      A.2 Production et d´esint´egration du boson de Higgs du Mod`ele Standard . . 244
      A.3 Le Mod`ele Standard Supersym´etrique Minimal (MSSM) . . . . . . . . . . 252
      A.4 Production et d´esint´egration des bosons de Higgs supersym´etriques . . . 256
      A.5 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
      References 263
      List of Figures
      1 Feynman diagrams at the Born level for the process e
      +e
      − → W+W− . . 17
      2 Higgs potential in the case of a real scalar field, depending on the sign of
      the mass term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
      3 Higgs potential in the case of the SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
      4 Tree–level SM Higgs boson couplings to gauge bosons and fermions . . . 25
      5 One–loop SM Higgs boson couplings to the photons and the gluons . . . 25
      6 Feynman diagrams up to one–loop correction for the Higgs self–coupling 34
      7 Theoretical bounds on the Higgs mass in function of the scale of new
      physics beyond the SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
      8 Electroweak precision data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
      9 Indirect constraints on the SM Higgs boson mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
      10 95%CL exclusion limit on the SM Higgs boson mass at the LEP collider . 41
      11 95%CL exclusion limit on the SM Higgs boson mass at the Tevatron collider 43
      12 Feynman diagrams of the four main SM Higgs production channel . . . . 49
      13 Some Feynman diagrams for NLO SM gg → H production . . . . . . . . 50
      14 Some Feynman diagrams for NNLO SM gg → H production . . . . . . . 51
      15 NLO QCD corrections to pp¯ → V

      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
      16 NNLO QCD corrections to pp¯ → V

      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
      17 Total cross sections for Higgs production at the Tevatron in the four main
      channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
      18 Scale variation in the gg → H process at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . 62
      19 Scale variation in the pp¯ → W H process at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . 67
      20 Comparison between different PDFs sets in gg → H at the Tevatron
      using CTEQ/ABKM/MSTW PDF sets for 90%CL uncertainties and
      MSTW/ABKM/HERA/JR for central predictions comparison . . . . . . 70
      21 Comparison between MSTW PDFs set and ABKM PDFs set predictions
      in gg → H channel at the Tevatron as for the uncertainties related to
      PDF+∆αs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
      22 The total PDF, PDF+∆expαs and PDF+∆exp+thαs uncertainties in gg →
      H at the Tevatron using the MSTW PDFs set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
      23 Central predictions for NNLO pp¯ → W H at the Tevatron using the
      MSTW, CTEQ and ABKM PDFs sets, together with their 90% CL PDF
      uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
      24 Comparison between MSTW PDFs set and ABKM PDFs set predictions
      in pp¯ → W H channel at the Tevatron as for the uncertainties related to
      PDF+∆αs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
      25 b–loop uncertainty in gg → H at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
      26 EW uncertainties in gg → H at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
      27 Production cross sections for gg → H at the Tevatron together with the
      total theoretical uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
      28 Production cross sections for pp¯ → W H and pp¯ → ZH at the Tevatron
      together with the total theoretical uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
      29 Total cross sections for SM Higgs production at the lHC . . . . . . . . . 95
      30 Scale uncertainty at the lHC in gg → H at NNLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
      31 PDF and ∆exp,thαs uncertainties in gg → H at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . 99
      32 Comparison between the predictions given by the four NNLO PDF sets
      for gg → H at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
      33 Uncertainties due to EFT in the top quark and bottom quark loops of
      gg → H at NNLO at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
      34 Total uncertainty due to the EFT approach in gg → H at NNLO at the
      lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
      35 Central prediction with its total uncertainty for gg → H at NNLO at the
      lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
      36 Central predictions for gg → H at NNLO at the lHC with √
      s = 8, 9, 10
      TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
      37 Scale and total EFT uncertainties in gg → H at the LHC with √
      s = 14
      TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
      38 PDF+∆exp,thαs uncertainties and the comparison between the 4 NNLO
      PDF sets in gg → H at the LHC with √
      s = 14 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
      39 Central prediction and total uncertainty in gg → H at NNLO at the LHC
      with √
      s = 14 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
      40 SM Higgs decay channels on the interesting Higgs mass range . . . . . . 117
      41 The Higgs decays branching ratios together with the total uncertainty
      bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
      42 The production cross section times branching ratio for SM pp¯ → W H →
      W b¯b and gg → H → W+W− at the Tevatron together with the total
      uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
      43 The production cross section times branching ratio for SM gg → H →
      W+W− at the lHC together with the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . 129
      44 The SM Higgs boson production cross section gg → H at the Tevatron
      together with the total uncertainty using 4 different ways of adding the
      theoretical uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
      45 The CDF/D0 95%CL limit on the SM Higgs boson mass confronted to
      our theoretical expectations in a naive approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
      46 The luminosity needed by the CDF experiment to recover their current
      claimed sensitivity when compared to our theoretical expectations for the
      uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
      47 One–loop corrections to the Higgs boson mass within the SM . . . . . . . 139
      48 One–loop corrections to gauge couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
      49 SU(3)c × SU(2)L × U(1)Y gauge couplings running from the weak scale
      up to the GUT scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
      50 Possible proton decay in SUSY theories without R–parity conservation . 143
      51 The constrained NMSSM parameter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
      52 The impact of main one–loop SUSY corrections to the Φb
      ¯b coupling in
      the MSSM at hadron colliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
      53 Feynman diagrams for the bottom quark fusion process in the MSSM . . 184
      54 The NLO gg → A and NNLO b
      ¯b→A cross sections at the Tevatron with
      tan β = 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
      55 Scale uncertainty in the gg → Φ and b
      ¯b → Φ processes at the Tevatron . 186
      56 PDF+∆exp,thαs uncertainty in the gg → Φ and bb → Φ processes at the
      Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
      57 The comparison between the MSTW, ABKM and JR prediction for the
      NNLO bottom quark fusion cross section at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . 187
      58 Specific b–quark mass uncertainties in the gg → Φ and b
      ¯b → Φ processes
      at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
      59 The gg → A and b
      ¯b → A cross sections at the Tevatron together with
      their different sources of uncertainty and the total uncertainties . . . . . 191
      60 The gg → Φ and b
      ¯b → Φ at the LHC for different center–of–mass energies 194
      61 Scale uncertainty in the gg → Φ and b
      ¯b → Φ processes at the lHC . . . . 195
      62 PDF+∆αs uncertainty in the gg → Φ and bb → Φ processes at the lHC . 196
      63 Comparison between the different PDFs sets in the gg → Φ and b
      ¯b → Φ
      processes at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
      64 Specific b–quark mass uncertainties in the gg → Φ and b
      ¯b → Φ processes
      at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
      65 The gg → Φ and b
      ¯b → Φ cross sections at the lHC together with their
      different sources of uncertainty and the total uncertainties . . . . . . . . 199
      66 LO σ(gb → tL,RH−) cross section and polarization asymmetry at the lHC
      in the MSSM in two benchmark scenarios as a function of tan β . . . . . 205
      67 Scale and PDF dependence on top–charged Higgs asymmetry at the lHC 206
      68 The impact of the NLO SUSY corrections on the top–charged Higgs asymmetry at the LHC with √
      s = 14 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
      69 CP–odd A boson production in the pp¯ → A → τ

      − channel at the
      Tevatron together with the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
      70 The total uncertainties on the MSSM Higgs production in the gg → Φ
      and b
      ¯b → Φ channels at the lHC including the impact of the Φ → τ


      branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
      71 CP–odd A boson production in the pp → A → τ

      − channel at the lHC
      together with the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
      72 The 95%CL limits on the MSSM parameter space using our theoretical
      uncertainties confronted to the Tevatron results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
      73 The 95%CL limits on the MSSM parameter space using our theoretical
      uncertainties confronted to the lHC results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
      74 Expectations at higher luminosity at the lHC for the 95%CL limits on
      the MSSM parameter space using our theoretical calculation . . . . . . . 223
      75 The MSSM Higgs analysis applied to the SM H → τ

      − search channel
      compared to the ATLAS H → γγ limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
      76 Potentiel de Higgs dans le cas d’un champ scalaire r´eel selon le signe du
      terme de masse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
      77 Incertitude d’´echelle dans le processus gg → H au Tevatron . . . . . . . . 246
      78 Comparaison entre les pr´edictions des diff´erentes collaborations de PDFs
      pour le canal gg → H au NNLO en QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
      79 Incertitude PDF+∆αs dans les canaux de production gg → H et pp¯ →
      HW au Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
      80 Sections efficaces de production inclusives des canaux gg → H et pp¯ →
      HV au Tevatron ainsi que les incertitudes th´eoriques totales associ´ees . . 249
      81 Sections efficaces de production inclusives du canal gg → H au LHC `a 7
      et 14 TeV ainsi que les incertitudes th´eoriques totales associ´ees . . . . . . 250
      82 Luminosit´e n´ecessaire `a l’exp´erience CDF afin qu’elle obtienne la sensibilit´e qu’elle pr´etend avoir actuellement, en tenant compte de nos incertitudes th´eoriques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
      83 Les sections efficaces de production inclusives du boson de Higgs A du
      MSSM au Tevatron dans les canaux gg → A et b
      ¯b → A accompagn´ees
      des incertitudes th´eoriques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
      84 Les sections efficaces de production inclusives du boson de Higgs Φ du
      MSSM au lHC dans les canaux gg → Φ et b
      ¯b → Φ accompagn´ees des
      incertitudes th´eoriques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
      85 Les limites a 95% de niveau de confiance sur l’espace des parametres du
      MSSM en tenant compte de nos incertitudes th´eoriques confront´ees aux
      donn´ees du Tevatron et du lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
      86 L’analyse MSSM des bosons de Higgs neutres appliqu´ee au canal de
      recherche H → τ

      − du Mod`ele Standard, compar´ee aux r´esultats
      obtenus par ATLAS dans le canal H → γγ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

      List of Tables
      1 The fermionic content of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
      2 The NNLO total Higgs production cross sections in the gg → H process
      at the Tevatron together with the detailed theoretical uncertainties as
      well as the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
      3 The NNLO total cross section for Higgs–strahlung processes at the Tevatron together with the detailed theoretical uncertainties and the total
      uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
      4 The total Higgs production cross sections in the four main production
      channels at the lHC with √
      s = 7 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
      5 The NNLO total Higgs production cross sections in the gg → H process
      at the lHC with √
      s = 7 TeV together with the associated theoretical
      uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
      6 The NNLO total production cross section in the gg → H channel at the
      LHC with √
      s = 8, 9, 10 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
      7 The NNLO total Higgs production cross section in the gg → H process
      at the LHC with √
      s = 14 TeV together with the associated theoretical
      uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
      8 The SM Higgs decay branching ratios in the b
      ¯b and WW modes for representatives Higgs masses together with the different sources of uncertainties as well as the total uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
      9 The SM Higgs decay branching ratios together with the total uncertainty
      for the most important decay channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
      10 The superparticles and Higgs content of the MSSM before EWSB . . . . 157
      11 The neutralinos, charginos and Higgs content of the MSSM after EWSB . 158
      12 The main MSSM CP–odd like Higgs bosons decay branching fractions
      together with their uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
      13 The central predictions in the MSSM gg → Φ channel at the Tevatron
      together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


      branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
      14 The central predictions in the MSSM b
      ¯b → Φ channel at the Tevatron
      together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


      branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
      15 The central predictions in the MSSM gg → Φ channel at the lHC together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


      branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
      16 The central predictions in the MSSM b
      ¯b → Φ channel at the lHC together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


      branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
      17 CMS cuts used in the SM exclusive study gg → H → WW → νν at
      the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
      18 Results for the gg → H+jet cross sections with MH = 160 GeV at the
      lHC with HNNLO and MCFM programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
      19 Uncertainties on the exclusive production gg → H → WW → νν with
      MH = 160 GeV at the lHC with HNNLO program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
      20 Uncertainties on the exclusive production gg → H → WW → νν with
      MH = 160 GeV at the lHC with MCFM program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
      21 Central values and uncertainties for the H → WW SM backgrounds
      exclusive cross sections at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
      22 Contenu fermionique du Mod`ele Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
      23 Les superparticules et champs de Higgs du MSSM avant brisure ´electrofaible254
      Liste des publications
      Cette page donne la liste de tous mes articles concernant le travail r´ealis´e depuis 3 ans.
      This page lists all the papers that I have written for 3 years in the context of my PhD
      work.
      Articles publi´es (published papers) :
      Predictions for Higgs production at the Tevatron and the associated uncertainties,
      J. B. et A. Djouadi, JHEP 10 (2010) 064;
      Higgs production at the lHC, J. B. et A. Djouadi, JHEP 03 (2011) 055;
      The Tevatron Higgs exclusion limits and theoretical uncertainties: A Critical appraisal, J. B., A. Djouadi, S. Ferrag et R. M. Godbole, Phys.Lett.B699 (2011) 368-371;
      erratum Phys.Lett.B702 (2011) 105-106;
      Revisiting the constraints on the Supersymmetric Higgs sector at the Tevatron, J. B.
      et A. Djouadi, Phys.Lett.B699 (2011) 372-376;
      The left-right asymmetry of the top quarks in associated top–charged Higgs bosons at
      the LHC as a probe of the parameter tan β, J.B et al., Phys.Lett.B705 (2011) 212-216.
      Articles non–publi´es (unpublished papers) :
      Implications of the ATLAS and CMS searches in the channel pp → Higgs → τ


      for the MSSM and SM Higgs bosons, J. B. et A. Djouadi, arXiv:1103.6247 [hep-ph]
      (soumis `a Phys.Lett.B);
      Clarifications on the impact of theoretical uncertainties on the Tevatron Higgs exclusion limits, J. B., A. Djouadi et R. M. Godbole, arXiv:1107.0281 [hep-ph].
      Rapport de collaboration (review collaboration report) :
      Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables, LHC Higgs Cross
      Section Working Group, S. Dittmaier et al., arXiv:1101:0593 [hep-ph].
      Comptes–rendus de conf´erences (proceedings) :
      Higgs production at the Tevatron: Predictions and uncertainties, J. B., ICHEP 2010,
      Paris (France), PoS ICHEP2010 (2010) 048;
      The Supersymmetric Higgs bounds at the Tevatron and the LHC, J.B., XLVIe
      Rencontres de Moriond, EW interactions and unified theory, La Thuile (Italie),
      arXiv:1105.1085 [hep-ph].

      Cette these est d´edi´eea mon pere eta mes deux grand-p`eres, disparus bien
      trop tˆot.

      (From http://abstrusegoose.com/118)
      Et maintenant, apprends les v´erit´es qui me restent `a te d´ecouvrir,
      Tu vas entendre de plus claires r´ev´elations.
      Je n’ignore pas l’obscurit´e de mon sujet ;
      Lucr`ece, dans De rerum natura, v. 902-943 livre I
      Les amoureux fervents et les savants aust`eres
      Aiment ´egalement, dans leur mˆure saison,
      Les chats puissants et doux, orgueil de la maison,
      Qui comme eux sont frileux et comme eux s´edentaires.
      Charles Baudelaire, dans Les Fleurs du Mal

      Introduction 1
      Introduction
      In this thesis, we wish to present some predictions for the Higgs boson(s) study at the
      two largest hadron colliders currently in activity: the Fermilab Tevatron collider and
      the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Our focus will be on the inclusive production
      cross sections and the decay branching fractions, first in the Standard Model which in
      itself is the topic of part I and then in its minimal supersymmetric extension which is
      the topic of part III.
      The study of the fundamental mechanisms of Nature at the elementary level has a
      long story and has known many milestones in the past sixty years. Physicists have built
      a theory, nowadays known as the Standard Model, to describe the elementary particles
      and their interactions, that are those of the strong, weak and electromagnetic, the two
      last being unified in a single electroweak interaction. It relies on the elegant concept
      of gauge symmetry within a quantum field theory framework and has known many
      experimental successes: despite decades of effort to surpass this model it is still the one
      that describes accurately nearly all the known phenomena1
      . One of its key concepts
      is the spontaneous breakdown of electroweak symmetry: indeed in order to give mass
      to the weak bosons that mediate the weak interaction, a scalar field is introduced in
      the theory whose vacuum breaks the electroweak symmetry and gives mass to the weak
      bosons. In fact it also gives masses to the fermions and one piece of this mechanism
      remains to be discovered: the Higgs boson, the “Holy Grail” of the Standard Model. Its
      discovery is one of the main goal of current high energy colliders.
      It is then of utmost importance to give theoretical predictions for the production
      cross sections and decay branching fractions of the Higgs boson at current colliders to
      serve as a guideline for experiments. However, the hadronic colliders are known to be
      very difficult experimental environments because of the huge hadronic, that is Quantum
      ChromoDynamics (QCD), activity. This is also true on a theoretical side, which means
      that an accurate description of all possible sources of theoretical uncertainties is needed:
      this is precisely the main output of this thesis. We shall mention that in the very final
      stage of this thesis new results have been presented in the HEP–EPS 2011 conference;
      our work is to be read in the light of the results that were available before these newest
      experimental output which will be briefly commented in the conclusion.
      Part I is entirely devoted to a review of the Standard Model. In section 1 we will draw
      a short history of the Standard Model and list its main milestones of the past sixty years,
      followed by a description of its main concepts. We will go into more details about the
      Higgs mechanism, which spontaneously breaks electroweak symmetry, in section 2: we
      will review some reasons to believe that either the Higgs mechanism itself or something
      which looks like the Higgs mechanism is needed, and then how the Higgs boson emerges
      1We leave aside the neutrino mass issue.
      2 Introduction
      from the electroweak symmetry breaking and what are its couplings to fermions and
      bosons of the Standard Model.
      Part II is the core of the Standard Model study of this thesis. Indeed the Higgs
      boson remains to be discovered and is one of the major research programs at current
      high energy colliders. The old CERN Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider has put
      some bounds on the possible value of the Higgs boson mass, which is above 114.4 GeV in
      the Standard Model at 95%CL. We will review in section 3 the current experimental and
      theoretical bounds on the Higgs mass. We then give our predictions for the Standard
      Model Higgs boson inclusive production cross section at the Tevatron in the two main
      production channels that are the gluon–gluon fusion and the Higgs–strahlung processes,
      giving all the possible sources of theoretical uncertainties: the scale uncertainty viewed
      as an estimation of the unknown higher–order terms in the perturbative calculation;
      the parton distribution functions (PDFs) uncertainties related to the non–perturbative
      QCD processes within the proton, and its related strong coupling constant issue; the
      uncertainty coming from the use of an effective theory approach to simplify the hard
      calculation in the gluon–gluon fusion process. We will specifically address the issue of
      the combination of all the uncertainties in section 4.5. We will then move on to the
      same study at the LHC, concentrating on its current run at a 7 TeV center–of–mass
      energy that we will name as the lHC for littler Hadron Collider; we will still give some
      predictions for the designed LHC at 14 TeV. We will finish this part II by the Higgs
      boson decay branching fractions predictions in section 6, together with a detailed study
      of the uncertainties that affect these predictions. It will be followed by the combination
      of the production cross sections and decay branching fractions into a single prediction,
      first at the Tevatron in section 6.3 and then at the lHC in section 6.4. We will then
      study the impact of our uncertainties on the Tevatron Higgs searches in section 6.5 and
      in particular put into question the Tevatron exclusion limits that are debated within the
      community.
      Even if the Standard Model is a nice theory with great experimental successes, it
      suffers from some problems, both on the theoretical and experimental sides. It is known
      for example that the Higgs boson mass is not predicted by the Standard Model, and
      even not protected: higher order corrections in the perturbative calculation of the Higgs
      boson mass have the tendency to drive the mass up to the highest acceptable scale of the
      theory which means that we need a highly fine–tuning of the parameters to cancel such
      driving. It is known as the naturalness problem of the Standard Model. They are several
      ways to solve such a problem, and one of them is particularly elegant and relies on a new
      symmetry between bosons and fermions: supersymmetry. This theoretical concept, born
      in the 1970s, has many consequences when applied to the Standard Model of particle
      physics and is actively searched at current high energy colliders. This will be the topic
      of part III in which we will review some of the reasons that drive the theorists to go
      Introduction 3
      beyond the Standard Model and in particular what makes supersymmetry interesting
      in this view in section 7, then move on to the description of the mathematical aspects
      of supersymmetry in section 8. We will finish this part III by a very short review of
      the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model, called the MSSM, in
      section 9. We will in particular focus on the Higgs sector of the theory and show that
      the MSSM needs two Higgs doublets to break the electroweak symmetry breaking and
      has thus a rich Higgs sector as five Higgs boson instead of a single one are present in
      the spectrum: two neutral CP–even, one CP–odd and two charged Higgs bosons.
      After this review of supersymmetry and the MSSM we will reproduce in part IV the
      same outlines that have been developed in part II in the Standard Model case. We will
      first review the neutral Higgs sector at hadron colliders in section 10 and show that we
      can have a quite model–independent description for our predictions in the sense that
      they will hardly depend on most of the (huge) parameters of the MSSM but two of
      them, the mass of the CP–odd Higgs boson A and the ratio tan β between the vacuum
      expectation values of the two Higgs doublets. We will then give in section 11 our
      theoretical predictions for the neutral Higgs bosons inclusive production cross section at
      the Tevatron in the two main production channels that are the gluon–gluon fusion and
      the bottom quark fusions, the bottom quark playing a very important role in the MSSM
      at hadron colliders. We will reproduce the same study at the lHC in section 12 before
      giving the implications of our study on the [MA,tan β] parameter space in section 13.
      We will first give in this last section our predictions for the main MSSM decay branching
      fractions and in particular the di–tau branching fraction that is of utmost importance
      for experimental searches. We we will then compare our predictions together with their
      uncertainties to the experimental results obtained at the Tevatron and at the lHC that
      has now been running for more than a year at 7 TeV and given impressive results. We
      will see that the theoretical uncertainties have a significant impact on the Tevatron
      results, less severe at the lHC. We will finish section 13 by a very important outcome of
      our work: the possibility of using the MSSM neutral Higgs bosons searches in the di–
      tau channel for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the gluon–gluon fusion production
      channel followed by the di–tau decay channel in the low Higgs boson mass range 115–140
      GeV.
      Finally, we will give an outlook and draw some conclusions in part V together with
      some perspectives for future work. These rest on the next step on the road of the
      experiments, that is an exclusive study of the Higgs bosons production channels. We
      shall give some early results in section 14 on the Standard Model Higgs boson at the
      lHC in the gg → H → WW → νν search channel together with an exclusive study of
      the main Standard Model backgrounds. This is also the current roadmap of the Higgs
      bosons theoretical community and this work is done in the framework of a collaboration
      on this topic.

      5
      Part I
      A brief review of the Standard
      Model of particle physics
      Summary
      1 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model 6
      1.1 A brief history of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
      1.2 Gauge symmetries, quarks and leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
      2 The Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism 16
      2.1 Why do we need the electroweak symmetry breaking? . . . . . . . . 16
      2.1.1 The unitarity puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
      2.1.2 Masses and gauge invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
      2.2 The spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking . . . . . . . . . . . 19
      2.2.1 Weak bosons masses and electroweak breaking . . . . . . . . 20
      2.2.2 SM Higgs boson couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
      6 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
      1 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
      The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is the current description of the fundamental constituents of our universe together with the interactions that occur between them.
      The SM was born in its current form in the seventies, after nearly twenty years of many
      experiments and theoretical reflexions on how to build a somewhat simple and elegant
      model to describe accurately the experimental results on the one hand and to make powerful predictions in order to have a falsifiable theory on the other hand. Its frameworks
      are relativistic quantum field theory and group theory to classify the different interactions. It also needs the key concept of spontaneous (electroweak) symmetry breaking in
      order to account for the masses of the different fields in the theory, the (weak) bosons
      as well as the matter fermions. Other reasons also push for such a theoretical concept
      and will be presented in the next sections.
      We will in this section present a short review of the major historical points in the
      birth of the SM, and present its theoretical fundations. The focus on the electroweak
      symmetry breaking, in particular its minimal realization through the Brout–Englert–
      Higgs mechanism, will be discussed in the next section.
      1.1 A brief history of the Standard Model
      This subsection will sketch the different historical steps that have lead to the current
      form of the theory that describes the elementary particles and their interactions among
      each other, called the Standard Model (SM). This model has a very rich history over
      more than fifty years of the XXth century, not to mention all the diverse and fruitful
      efforts made before to attain this level of description of the elementary world. We will
      only select some (of the) outstanding events, both from the theoretical and experimental
      sides, to present the twisted path leading to the current Standard Model of particle
      physics.
      The birth of modern QED
      The first attempt to decribe electromagnetic phenomena in the framework of special
      relativity together with quantum mechanics can be traced back in the 1920s. In particular Dirac was the first to describe the quantization of the electromagnetic fields as
      an ensemble of harmonic oscillators, and introduced the famous creation–annihilation
      operators [1]. In 1932 came Fermi with a first description of quantum electrodynamics [2], but physicists were blocked by the infinite results that did arise in the calculations
      beyond the first order in perturbation theory.
      1.1 – A brief history of the Standard Model 7
      Years after, the difficulty was solved by Bethe in 1947 [3] with the concept of renormalization, that is the true physical quantities are not the bare parameters of the theory,
      and thus the infinite that arise are absorbed in the physical quantities, leaving finite results in the end. This leads to the modern Quantum ElectroDynamics (QED) with the
      key concept of gauge symmetry and renormalization, that was formulated by Feynman,
      Schwinger and Tomonaga [4–6] in the years 1950s and awarded by a Nobel prize in 1965.
      This is the first quantum field theory available and has been the root of all the SM ideas
      for the key concepts of gauge symmetry and renormalizability.
      P violation and V − A weak theory
      It was long considered in physics that the parity symmetry was conserved: if we
      repeated an experiment with the experimental apparatus mirror reversed, the results
      would be the same as for the initial set–up. This assessment is true for any experiment
      involving electromagnetism or strong interaction, but that is not the case for weak
      interaction.
      It was first proposed by Yang and Lee in 1956 that the weak interaction might indeed
      not respect P–symmetry [7]. This was observed in 1957 by Chien-Shiung Wu (“Madam
      Wu”) in the beta desintegration of cobalt 60 atoms [8]. Yang and Lee were then awarded
      the 1957 Nobel prize for their theoretical developments on this concept.
      Up until that period, the weak interaction, that shapes the decay of unstable nucleii,
      was described by the Fermi theory in which the fermions interact through a four–particles
      vertex. The discovery of the P–violation lead to the construction of an effective V − A
      theory where the tensor structure of the thory is correct and does respect the charge and
      parity violations. This V − A theory was later on replaced by the electroweak theory,
      see below.
      The quark description
      In the first half of the XXth century the pattern of elementary particles was simple: the
      electron (and its antiparticle the positron, postulated by Dirac in 1931 and discovered
      in 1932 by Anderson), the proton and the neutron were the only known elementary
      particles at that time. The neutrino, first postulated by Pauli in its famous letter in
      1930 to save the energy–momentum conservation in beta decay reactions2 was discovered
      only in 1956.
      Experimental particle physicists discovered numerous new particles (the “hadrons”)
      in the 1950s and 1960s after the discovery of the pion in 1947, predicted by Yukawa in
      1935, thus casting some doubts on the elementary nature both of the “older” particles
      2The original name was “neutron” for neutral particle. Chadwick discovered in 1932 what would be
      the neutron, thus Fermi proposed the name “neutrino” meaning “little neutral one” in italian.
      8 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
      such as the neutron and the proton and on the new zoo discovered. Gell–Man and Zweig
      proposed in 1964 a model of constituant particles of these hadrons and mesons that
      could explain the pattern seen by experimentalists, using only a limited number of new
      constituant particles: the quarks [9,10]. They introduce the SU(3) flavor symmetry with
      the three up, down and strange quarks. One year later the charm quark was proposed to
      improve the description of weak interactions between quarks, and in 1969 deep inelastic
      scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) discovered
      point–like objects within the proton [11], an experimental proof of the compositeness of
      the hadrons. It is interesting to note that the term used for these new point–like objects
      was “parton”, proposed by Feynman, as the community was not entirely convinced that
      they were indeed the Gell–Mann’s quarks. Nowadays “parton” is still a word used in
      particle physics to name the different constituants of the hadrons (the quarks, antiquarks
      and gluons, the later being the bosons of the strong interaction).
      The (nearly) final word on the quark model was given in 1974 when the J/Ψ meson
      was discovered [12, 13] and thus proved the existence of the charm quark, which was
      proposed by Glashow, Iliopoulos and Maiani in the GIM mechanism [14] in 1970 to explain the universality of weak interaction in the quark sector, preventing flavor changing
      neutral currents. The heaviest quark, that is the top quark, was finally discovered in
      1995 at the Fermilab Tevatron collider [15, 16].
      CP violation and the concept of generation
      To explain both the universality and the u ←→ d transitions in weak interactions,
      Cabibbo introduced in 1963 what is known as the Cabibbo angle [17] and was used
      to write in the mass eigenstates basis the weak eigenstate for the down quark d. A
      year later, Cronin and his collaborators discovered that not only C and P symmetries
      are broken by weak interactions, but also the combined CP symmetry [18], studing the
      K0K
      0
      oscillations: the probability of oscillating from K0
      state into K
      0
      state is different
      from that of the K
      0
      → K0
      , indicating that T time reversal symmetry is violated. As
      the combined CPT is assumed to be conserved, this means that CP is violated.
      As mentioned a few lines above, the GIM mechanism introduced a fourth quark, the
      charm quark c. It then restores universality in the weak coupling for the quarks, as we
      have now two weak eigenstates
      |d
      0
      i = cos θc|di + sin θc|si
      |s
      0
      i = − sin θc|di + cos θc|si (1.1)
      coupled to respectively the u quark and the c quark. We thus have two generations
      in the quark sector, the first one is the (u, d) doublet and the second one is the (c, s)
      1.1 – A brief history of the Standard Model 9
      doublet. However, as explained in 1973 by Kobayashi and Maskawa extending the work
      initiated by Cabibbo, this is not sufficient to explain the CP violation observed by the
      1964 experiment. Only with three generations could be introduced some CP violating
      effects through a phase angle, and thus extending the Cabbibo angle to what is known
      as the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix [19]. Kobayashi and Maskawa were
      awarded the 2008 Nobel prize for this result3
      .
      Yang–Mills theory and spontaneous symmetry breaking
      We have seen a few lines above that the Fermi theory describing the weak interactions
      had been refined by the V − A picture to take into account the P violation. Still the
      V − A theory was known to be an effective theory as the theory was not renormalizable
      and did not allow for calculations beyond the first order in perturbation theory. The only
      gauge theory that was available at that time was QED, an abelian gauge theory, which
      obviously is not the right description of weak processes as it describes only light–matter
      interactions.
      The first step toward the solution was set–up in 1954, when Yang and Mills developed a formulation of non–abelian gauge theories [20] in order to provide (initially) an
      explanation for the strong interaction at the hadron level (that we call nuclear interaction). Unfortunately the theory was not a success at first, as the gauge bosons must
      remain massless to preserve the symmetry of the theory, thus meaning that the weak
      interaction should be long–range; experimentally that is not the case.
      The key result to solve this contradiction and then still use the elegant description of
      gauge theory is given in 1964 by Brout, Englert, Higgs, Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble after
      some important work on the concept of symmetry breaking from Nambu and Goldstone:
      the spontaneously gauge symmetry breaking [21–24] described by the Brout–Englert–
      Higgs mechanism. This will be presented in the following in details, but we can already
      remind the reader that the most important result is that it allows for the use of a
      Yang–Mills theory together with a description of massive gauge bosons for any gauge
      theory.
      Interlude: from nuclear force to strong interaction
      Before arriving to the final electroweak description that constitutes the heart of the
      SM, we recall the road leading to the description of the strong interaction between the
      quarks.
      As stated above, Yang–Mills theory in 1954 was the first attempt to describe the
      interaction between the hadrons, that we call nuclear interaction, in a gauge formulation.
      3Unfortunately the Nobel committee failed to recognize the important pionnering work from
      Cabibbo.
      10 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
      After the introduction of the quark model by Gell–Mann in 1964 (see above) and the
      discovery of the quarks in 1969 (see above), it has been proposed that the quarks must
      have a new quantum charge, called color, to accomodate for the Pauli exclusion principle
      within some baryons [25]. This was experimentally observed in the SLAC experiments
      in 1969 which discovered point–like objects within the nucleon, as discussed earlier.
      With the help of the discovery of asymptotic freedom [26, 27] in 1973 by Wilczek,
      Gross and Politzer (who share the 2004 Nobel prize for this result), that states that at
      very high energy quarks are free, and with a SU(3) gauge Yang–Mills theory, Quantum
      ChromoDynamics (QCD) was firmly established in the 1970s as being the theory of
      the strong interactions, with the gluons as the gauge bosons. Evidence of gluons was
      discovered in three jet events at PETRA in 1979 [28], giving further credits to QCD.
      The nuclear interaction between the hadrons is then a residual force originating from
      the strong interaction between quarks (and gluons). However, as the strong coupling
      is indeed very strong at large distance (that is the confinement), preventing from the
      use of perturbation theory, an analytical description of the strong interaction within the
      hadrons at low energies is still to be found. This problem is now studied within the
      framework of lattice gauge theories which give spectacular results.
      The weak neutral currents and the path to electroweak theory
      As stated above it was known that the V − A theory for the weak interaction was
      an effective theory, with difficulties calculating beyond the first order in perturbation
      theory. With the advent of Yang–Mills theory and the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism,
      describing the weak interaction with a gauge theory and in the same time allowing for
      massive weak bosons as dictated by the experiments, the weak interaction being a short
      distance interaction, it would be possible to account for a renormalizable description of
      the weak interaction.
      During the 1960s there were many attempts to carry on this roadmap, trying lots of
      different gauge groups to account for the QED on the one hand, the weak interaction
      on the other hand, as both interactions play a role for lepton particles such as the
      electron. The gauge theory that did emerge was the SU(2) × U(1) model where the
      weak and electromagnetic interactions are unified in a single gauge theory description4
      ,
      with contributions notably from Glashow [29], Salam [30] and Weinberg [31]. This
      model together with the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism predicts in particular that
      there should be a neutral weak boson Z
      0
      to be discovered and thus neutral currents.
      4
      It is actually not a complete unified theory as the algebra describing the electroweak interaction is a
      product of two Lie algebras. Nevertheless as the decription of the weak and electromagnetic interactions
      are intimely connected through the pattern of the electroweak symmetry breaking, see below, this can
      be viewed as at least a partial unification.

    • #56721 Répondre
      I.G.Y.
      Invité

      Et j’oubliais : je ne saurais trop conseiller la ressortie du fabuleux documentaire de 1969 de Pierre Barouh sur la samba au brésil. Ce film est une explosion de vie. 90% de musique live en petit comité (bar de plage, rue, studio), son restauré, ça ne dure qu’une heure. J’en suis ressorti secoué

      • #56725 Répondre
        I.G.Y.
        Invité

        titré Saravah

        • #56728 Répondre
          Demi Habile
          Invité

          Phenom ´ enologie du Higgs aupr ´ es des collisionneurs hadroniques : `
          du Modele Standard a la Supersym etrie. ´
          R´esum´e
          Cette these, conduite dans le contexte de la recherche du boson de Higgs, derniere pi`ece
          manquante du m´ecanisme de brisure de la sym´etrie ´electrofaible et qui est une des plus importantes recherches aupr`es des collisionneurs hadroniques actuels, traite de la ph´enom´enologie
          de ce boson a la fois dans le Modele Standard (SM) et dans son extension supersym´etrique
          minimale (MSSM). Apres un r´esum´e de ce qui constitue le Modele Standard dans une premi`ere partie, nous pr´esenterons nos pr´edictions pour la section efficace inclusive de production
          du boson de Higgs dans ses principaux canaux de production aupr`es des deux collisionneurs
          hadroniques actuels que sont le Tevatron au Fermilab et le grand collisionneur de hadrons
          (LHC) au CERN, en commen¸cant par le cas du Mod`ele Standard. Le principal r´esultat pr´esent´e est l’´etude la plus exhaustive possible des diff´erentes sources d’incertitudes th´eoriques
          qui p`esent sur le calcul : les incertitudes d’´echelles vues comme une mesure de notre ignorance
          des termes d’ordre sup´erieur dans un calcul perturbatif `a un ordre donn´e, les incertitudes reli´ees aux fonctions de distribution de partons dans le proton/l’anti–proton (PDF) ainsi que
          les incertitudes reli´ees `a la valeur de la constante de couplage fort, et enfin les incertitudes
          provenant de l’utilisation d’une th´eorie effective qui simplifie le calcul des ordres sup´erieurs
          dans la section efficace de production. Dans un second temps nous ´etudierons les rapports
          de branchement de la d´esint´egration du boson de Higgs en donnant ici aussi les incertitudes
          th´eoriques qui p`esent sur le calcul. Nous poursuivrons par la combinaison des sections efficaces
          de production avec le calcul portant sur la d´esint´egration du boson de Higgs, pour un canal
          sp´ecifique, montrant quelles en sont les cons´equences int´eressantes sur l’incertitude th´eorique
          totale. Ceci nous ameneraa un r´esultat significatif de la th`ese qui est la comparaison avec l’exp´erience et notamment les r´esultats des recherches du boson de Higgs au Tevatron. Nous irons
          ensuite au-dela du Modele Standard dans une troisieme partie ou nous donnerons quelques
          ingr´edients sur la supersym´etrie et sa mise en application dans le MSSM o`u nous avons cinq
          bosons de Higgs, puis nous aborderons leur production et d´esint´egration en se focalisant sur
          les deux canaux de production principaux par fusion de gluon et fusion de quarks b. Nous
          pr´esenterons les r´esultats significatifs quant `a la comparaison avec aussi bien le Tevatron que
          les r´esultats tr`es r´ecents d’ATLAS et CMS au LHC qui nous permettront d’analyser l’impact
          de ces incertitudes sur l’espace des param`etres du MSSM, sans oublier de mentionner quelques
          bruits de fond du signal des bosons de Higgs. Tout ceci va nous permettre de mettre en avant
          le deuxieme r´esultat tres important de la th`ese, ouvrant une nouvelle voie de recherche pour
          le boson de Higgs standard au LHC. La derni`ere partie sera consacr´ee aux perspectives de
          ce travail et notamment donnera quelques r´esultats pr´eliminaires dans le cadre d’une ´etude
          exclusive, d’un int´erˆet primordial pour les exp´erimentateurs.
          Mots-clefs : Mod`ele Standard, Higgs, Supersym´etrie, Chromodynamique quantique, incertitudes th´eoriques.

          Abstract
          This thesis has been conducted in the context of one of the utmost important searches at
          current hadron colliders, that is the search for the Higgs boson, the remnant of the electroweak
          symmetry breaking. We wish to study the phenomenology of the Higgs boson in both the
          Standard Model (SM) framework and its minimal Supersymmetric extension (MSSM). After
          a review of the Standard Model in a first part and of the key reasons and ingredients for
          the supersymmetry in general and the MSSM in particular in a third part, we will present the
          calculation of the inclusive production cross sections of the Higgs boson in the main channels at
          the two current hadron colliders that are the Fermilab Tevatron collider and the CERN Large
          Hadron Collider (LHC), starting by the SM case in the second part and presenting the MSSM
          results, where we have five Higgs bosons and focusing on the two main production channels that
          are the gluon gluon fusion and the bottom quarks fusion, in the fourth part. The main output
          of this calculation is the extensive study of the various theoretical uncertainties that affect the
          predictions: the scale uncertainties which probe our ignorance of the higher–order terms in a
          fixed order perturbative calculation, the parton distribution functions (PDF) uncertainties and
          its related uncertainties from the value of the strong coupling constant, and the uncertainties
          coming from the use of an effective field theory to simplify the hard calculation. We then
          move on to the study of the Higgs decay branching ratios which are also affected by diverse
          uncertainties. We will present the combination of the production cross sections and decay
          branching fractions in some specific cases which will show interesting consequences on the
          total theoretical uncertainties. We move on to present the results confronted to experiments
          and show that the theoretical uncertainties have a significant impact on the inferred limits
          either in the SM search for the Higgs boson or on the MSSM parameter space, including some
          assessments about SM backgrounds to the Higgs production and how they are affected by
          theoretical uncertainties. One significant result will also come out of the MSSM analysis and
          open a novel strategy search for the Standard Higgs boson at the LHC. We finally present in
          the last part some preliminary results of this study in the case of exclusive production which
          is of utmost interest for the experimentalists.
          Keywords : Standard Model, Higgs, Supersymmetry, QCD, theoretical uncertainties.

          Remerciements
          Trois ann´ees ont pass´e depuis que j’ai pouss´e pour la premi`ere fois les portes du Laboratoire de Physique Th´eorique d’Orsay, chaleureusement accueilli par son directeur Henk
          Hilhorst que je remercie beaucoup. Trois ann´ees d’une activit´e intense, aussi bien dans
          mes recherches scientifiques au LPT et au CERN, dans le groupe de physique th´eorique,
          ou j’ai pass´e quelques moisa partir de la seconde ann´ee, que dans mes activit´es hors
          recherche au sein de l’universit´e Paris-Sud 11. J’ai appris beaucoup et rencontr´e un certain nombre de personnes dont je vais me rappeler pour longtemps, si je ne les ´enum`ere
          pas ici qu’elles veuillent bien me pardonner cela ne signifie pas que je les ai pour autant
          oubli´ees.
          Tout ceci n’aurait pu se faire sans les encouragements, les conseils et les discussions passionn´ees avec Abdelhak Djouadi, mon directeur de th`ese qui a guid´e ainsi mes
          premiers pas de professionnel dans ma carri`ere de physicien th´eoricien des particules
          ´el´ementaires. Je l’en remercie profond´ement et j’esp`ere qu’il aura appr´eci´e notre collaboration autant que moi, aussi bien lors de notre travail qu’en dehors.
          Je voudrais aussi remercier Rohini Godbole avec qui j’ai collabor´e sur la passionnante
          physique du Higgs au Tevatron. Je ne peux non plus oublier Ana Teixeira pour son
          soutien constant et les nombreuses discussions passionnantes aussi bien scientifiques que
          personnelles que nous avons eues ensemble. Ma premi`ere ann´ee en tant que doctorant
          lui doit beaucoup.
          Je remercie aussi tous les membres de mon jury de th`ese et en particulier mes deux
          rapporteurs qui m’ont certainement maudit d’avoir ´ecrit autant, non seulement pour le
          temps qu’ils auront pris pour assister a ma soutenance et lire ma these, mais aussi pour
          toutes leurs judicieuses remarques et questions.
          Aussi bien le LPT que le CERN se sont r´ev´el´es des lieux tr`es enrichissants pour
          le d´ebut de ma carri`ere scientifique. Je voudrais profiter tout d’abord de ces quelques
          mots pour remercier les ´equipes administratives des deux laboratoires pour leur aide au
          jour le jour, toujours avec le sourire, et pour toute leur aide dans mes divers voyages
          scientifiques. Je remercie aussi tous les chercheurs de ces deux laboratoires pour toutes les
          discussions que j’ai eues et qui m’ont beaucoup appris. Je pense tout particuli`erement
          a Asmˆaa Abada eta Gr´egory Moreau d’un cˆot´e, `a G´eraldine Servant et Christophe
          Grojean qui m’a invit´e `a venir au CERN, de l’autre. Je ne peux bien sur pas oublier les
          doctorants et jeunes docteurs du groupe de physique th´eorique du CERN, Sandeepan
          Gupta, Pantelis Tziveloglou et tous les autres, ainsi que L´ea Gauthier, doctorante au
          CEA, que j’ai rencontr´ee au CERN : les magnifiques randonn´ees autour de Gen`eve
          que nous avons faites ont ´et´e salutaires. Enfin je remercie aussi tous mes camarades
          doctorants et jeunes docteurs du SINJE `a Orsay pour tous les merveilleux moments que
          nous avons pass´es et toutes les discussions passionn´ees et passionnnantes, je ne vous cite
          pas tous mais le cœur y est. Je pense quand mˆeme tout particulierementa mes camarades
          ayant partag´e mon bureau et bien plus, Adrien Besse et C´edric Weiland, mais aussi `a
          Guillaume Toucas, Blaise Gout´eraux et Andreas Goudelis. J´er´emie Quevillon qui va
          prendre ma succession aupres de mon directeur de these n’est pas non plus oubli´e. Mes
          amis de Toulouse eux aussi sont loin d’avoir ´et´e oubli´es et ont fortement contribu´e non
          seulement a rendre exceptionnel mon stage de Master 2 mais aussi ma premiere ann´ee
          de these, de loin en loin : mercia Ludovic Arnaud, Gaspard Bousquet, Arnaud Ralko,
          Cl´ement Touya, Fabien Trousselet, mais aussi mes deux tuteurs Nicolas Destainville et
          Manoel Manghi.
          Je ne peux terminer sans exprimer ma profonde gratitude a ma famille eta mes amis
          de longue date, qui se reconnaˆıtront. Anne, Charles, Elise, Gaetan, Lionel, Mathieu,
          Matthieu, Patrick, Pierre, Rayna, Sophie, Yiting et tous ceux que je n’ai pas cit´es mais
          qui sont dans mes pens´ees, ces mots sont pour vous ! Le mot de la fin revient `a ma
          fianc´ee, Camille : sans ton profond amour et ton soutien constant, ces trois derni`eres
          ann´ees auraient ´et´e bien diff´erentes, et certainement pas aussi f´econdes. Merci pour tout.
          Acknowledgments
          Three years have now passed since my first steps in the Laboratoire de Physique
          Th´eorique at Orsay, where I have been warmly welcomed by its director Henk Hilhorst
          that I thank a lot. They have been very intense, both in the laboratory and at the CERN
          Theory Group in Geneva, where I spent some months starting from the second year. I
          have learnt much, either within these labs or outside, encountered many people that I
          will remember for a long time. If some of you are not cited in these acknowledgments,
          please be kind with me: that does not mean I have forgotten you.
          This would have never been possible without the constant encouragement, advices
          and fruitful discussions with Dr. Abdelhak Djouadi, my thesis advisor, who guided my
          first steps in theoretical particle physics research. I hope he got as much great time as
          I had working with him and more than that.
          I also would like to thank Pr. Rohini Godbole whom I worked with from time to
          time on Higgs physics at the Tevatron. I cannot also forget Dr. Ana Teixeira for her
          constant support and all the great discussions on various topics we had together. My
          first year as a PhD candidate was scientifically exciting thanks to her.
          I am very grateful to all the members in the jury for my defence, for the time they
          would took and the useful comments. In particular I would like to thank my two referees
          who certainly have cursed me for the length of the thesis.
          The LPT environnement as well as the CERN Theory Group have been proven to be
          very fruitful environnements for the beginning of my career. I then would like to thank
          the administrative staff from both laboratories for their constant help in day–to–day life
          and support when I had to travel for various workshops, conferences or seminars. I would
          like to thank all the members of these two groups for the very passionate discussions
          we had and where I have learnt a lot. I dedicate special thanks to Asmˆaa Abada and
          Gr´egory Moreau on the one side, G´eraldine Servant and also Christophe Grojean, who
          invited me to come by, on the other side. I cannot forget the PhD candidates and
          post-doctoral researchers from the CERN Theory Group, Sandeepan Gupta, Pantelis
          Tziveloglou and all the others, not to forget L´ea Gauthier, who is a PhD candidate
          at the CEA and was at CERN at that time: the hiking we did in the Jura and Alps
          around Geneva were great. I also would like to thank all my SINJE fellows at the
          LPT, with whom I had so many great time and passionate discussions; you are not all
          cited but I do not forget you. I dedicate special thanks to my office (and more than
          office) friends Adrien Besse and C´edric Weiland, and also to Blaise Gout´eraux, Andreas
          Goudelis and Guillaume Toucas. The next PhD candidate, J´er´emie Quevillon, who will
          follow my path, is also thanked for the discussions we had. I finally cannot forget my
          friends from Toulouse, where I did my Master 2 internship and whom I collaborated with
          during my first PhD thesis year from time to time: many thanks to Ludovic Arnaud,
          Gaspard Bousquet, Arnaud Ralko, Cl´ement Touya, Fabien Trousselet, and also to my
          two internship advisors Nicolas Destainville and Manoel Manghi.
          I now end this aknowledgments by expressing my deep gratitude and love to my family and long–time friends who will recognize themselves. Anne, Charles, Elise, Gaetan,
          Lionel, Mathieu, Matthieu, Patrick, Pierre, Rayna, Sophie, Yiting and all the others,
          these words are for you! The last word is for Camille, my fiancee: without your deep
          love and constant support these three years would have been without doubts completely
          different and not as fruitful.

          Contents
          Introduction 1
          I A brief review of the Standard Model of particle physics 5
          1 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model 6
          1.1 A brief history of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
          1.2 Gauge symmetries, quarks and leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
          2 The Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism 16
          2.1 Why do we need the electroweak symmetry breaking? . . . . . . . . . . . 16
          2.2 The spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
          II SM Higgs production and decay at hadron colliders 27
          3 Where can the SM Higgs boson be hiding? 29
          3.1 Theoretical bounds on the Higgs mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
          3.2 Experimental bounds on the Higgs mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
          4 Higgs production at the Tevatron 43
          4.1 The main production channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
          4.2 Scale variation and higher order terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
          4.3 The PDF puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
          4.4 EFT and its uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
          4.5 Combination and total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
          4.6 Summary and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
          4.A Appendix: analytical expressions for µR–NNLO terms in gg → H . . . . 90
          5 Higgs production at the LHC 92
          5.1 The main channel at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
          5.2 The scale uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
          5.3 The PDF+αS uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
          5.4 EFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
          5.5 Total uncertainy at 7 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
          5.6 LHC results at different center–of–mass energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
          5.7 Summary and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
          6 Higgs decay and the implications for Higgs searches 116
          6.1 Important channels for experimental search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
          6.2 Uncertainties on the branching ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
          6.3 Combination at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
          6.4 Combination at the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
          6.5 The Tevatron exclusion limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
          6.6 Summary of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
          III The Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard
          Model 137
          7 Why Supersymmetry is appealing 138
          7.1 The hierarchy problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
          7.2 Coupling constants convergence at high energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
          7.3 SUSY and Dark Matter searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
          8 Formal SUSY aspects 145
          8.1 SUSY Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
          8.2 Superspace, superfields and superpotential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
          8.3 Soft SUSY breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
          9 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model 156
          9.1 Fields content: Higgs and SUSY sectors of the MSSM . . . . . . . . . . 156
          9.2 The Higgs sector and the number of Higgs doublets . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
          9.3 The MSSM is not the end of the story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
          IV MSSM Higgs(es) production and decay 171
          10 The MSSM Higgs sector at hadron colliders 173
          10.1 SUSY corrections to Higgs couplings to fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
          10.2 Model independence of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
          11 MSSM Higgs production at the Tevatron 180
          11.1 Gluon–gluon fusion and bottom quarks fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
          11.2 The scale uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
          11.3 The PDF and αS uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
          11.4 The b–quark mass uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
          11.5 Summary and combination of the different sources of uncertainties . . . . 190
          12 MSSM Higgs production at the LHC 192
          12.1 Gluon–gluon fusion and bottom quarks fusion channels . . . . . . . . . . 192
          12.2 The scale uncertainty at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
          12.3 The PDF and αS uncertainties at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
          12.4 The b–quark mass issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
          12.5 Combination and total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
          12.6 The case of the charged Higgs production in association with top quark
          at the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
          13 Higgs→ τ τ channel and limits on the MSSM parameter space 209
          13.1 The main MSSM Higgs branching ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
          13.2 Combination of production cross section and Higgs→ τ τ decay . . . . . 212
          13.3 Impact of the theoretical uncertainties on the limits on the MSSM parameter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
          13.4 Consequences on the SM H → τ τ search at the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . 224
          13.5 Summary and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
          V Perspectives 229
          14 Exclusive study of the gluon–gluon fusion channel 230
          14.1 Exclusive SM Higgs production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
          14.2 SM Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
          Conclusion 236
          A Appendix : Synopsis 240
          A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
          A.2 Production et d´esint´egration du boson de Higgs du Mod`ele Standard . . 244
          A.3 Le Mod`ele Standard Supersym´etrique Minimal (MSSM) . . . . . . . . . . 252
          A.4 Production et d´esint´egration des bosons de Higgs supersym´etriques . . . 256
          A.5 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
          References 263
          List of Figures
          1 Feynman diagrams at the Born level for the process e
          +e
          − → W+W− . . 17
          2 Higgs potential in the case of a real scalar field, depending on the sign of
          the mass term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
          3 Higgs potential in the case of the SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
          4 Tree–level SM Higgs boson couplings to gauge bosons and fermions . . . 25
          5 One–loop SM Higgs boson couplings to the photons and the gluons . . . 25
          6 Feynman diagrams up to one–loop correction for the Higgs self–coupling 34
          7 Theoretical bounds on the Higgs mass in function of the scale of new
          physics beyond the SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
          8 Electroweak precision data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
          9 Indirect constraints on the SM Higgs boson mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
          10 95%CL exclusion limit on the SM Higgs boson mass at the LEP collider . 41
          11 95%CL exclusion limit on the SM Higgs boson mass at the Tevatron collider 43
          12 Feynman diagrams of the four main SM Higgs production channel . . . . 49
          13 Some Feynman diagrams for NLO SM gg → H production . . . . . . . . 50
          14 Some Feynman diagrams for NNLO SM gg → H production . . . . . . . 51
          15 NLO QCD corrections to pp¯ → V

          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
          16 NNLO QCD corrections to pp¯ → V

          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
          17 Total cross sections for Higgs production at the Tevatron in the four main
          channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
          18 Scale variation in the gg → H process at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . 62
          19 Scale variation in the pp¯ → W H process at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . 67
          20 Comparison between different PDFs sets in gg → H at the Tevatron
          using CTEQ/ABKM/MSTW PDF sets for 90%CL uncertainties and
          MSTW/ABKM/HERA/JR for central predictions comparison . . . . . . 70
          21 Comparison between MSTW PDFs set and ABKM PDFs set predictions
          in gg → H channel at the Tevatron as for the uncertainties related to
          PDF+∆αs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
          22 The total PDF, PDF+∆expαs and PDF+∆exp+thαs uncertainties in gg →
          H at the Tevatron using the MSTW PDFs set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
          23 Central predictions for NNLO pp¯ → W H at the Tevatron using the
          MSTW, CTEQ and ABKM PDFs sets, together with their 90% CL PDF
          uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
          24 Comparison between MSTW PDFs set and ABKM PDFs set predictions
          in pp¯ → W H channel at the Tevatron as for the uncertainties related to
          PDF+∆αs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
          25 b–loop uncertainty in gg → H at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
          26 EW uncertainties in gg → H at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
          27 Production cross sections for gg → H at the Tevatron together with the
          total theoretical uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
          28 Production cross sections for pp¯ → W H and pp¯ → ZH at the Tevatron
          together with the total theoretical uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
          29 Total cross sections for SM Higgs production at the lHC . . . . . . . . . 95
          30 Scale uncertainty at the lHC in gg → H at NNLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
          31 PDF and ∆exp,thαs uncertainties in gg → H at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . 99
          32 Comparison between the predictions given by the four NNLO PDF sets
          for gg → H at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
          33 Uncertainties due to EFT in the top quark and bottom quark loops of
          gg → H at NNLO at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
          34 Total uncertainty due to the EFT approach in gg → H at NNLO at the
          lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
          35 Central prediction with its total uncertainty for gg → H at NNLO at the
          lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
          36 Central predictions for gg → H at NNLO at the lHC with √
          s = 8, 9, 10
          TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
          37 Scale and total EFT uncertainties in gg → H at the LHC with √
          s = 14
          TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
          38 PDF+∆exp,thαs uncertainties and the comparison between the 4 NNLO
          PDF sets in gg → H at the LHC with √
          s = 14 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
          39 Central prediction and total uncertainty in gg → H at NNLO at the LHC
          with √
          s = 14 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
          40 SM Higgs decay channels on the interesting Higgs mass range . . . . . . 117
          41 The Higgs decays branching ratios together with the total uncertainty
          bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
          42 The production cross section times branching ratio for SM pp¯ → W H →
          W b¯b and gg → H → W+W− at the Tevatron together with the total
          uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
          43 The production cross section times branching ratio for SM gg → H →
          W+W− at the lHC together with the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . 129
          44 The SM Higgs boson production cross section gg → H at the Tevatron
          together with the total uncertainty using 4 different ways of adding the
          theoretical uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
          45 The CDF/D0 95%CL limit on the SM Higgs boson mass confronted to
          our theoretical expectations in a naive approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
          46 The luminosity needed by the CDF experiment to recover their current
          claimed sensitivity when compared to our theoretical expectations for the
          uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
          47 One–loop corrections to the Higgs boson mass within the SM . . . . . . . 139
          48 One–loop corrections to gauge couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
          49 SU(3)c × SU(2)L × U(1)Y gauge couplings running from the weak scale
          up to the GUT scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
          50 Possible proton decay in SUSY theories without R–parity conservation . 143
          51 The constrained NMSSM parameter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
          52 The impact of main one–loop SUSY corrections to the Φb
          ¯b coupling in
          the MSSM at hadron colliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
          53 Feynman diagrams for the bottom quark fusion process in the MSSM . . 184
          54 The NLO gg → A and NNLO b
          ¯b→A cross sections at the Tevatron with
          tan β = 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
          55 Scale uncertainty in the gg → Φ and b
          ¯b → Φ processes at the Tevatron . 186
          56 PDF+∆exp,thαs uncertainty in the gg → Φ and bb → Φ processes at the
          Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
          57 The comparison between the MSTW, ABKM and JR prediction for the
          NNLO bottom quark fusion cross section at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . 187
          58 Specific b–quark mass uncertainties in the gg → Φ and b
          ¯b → Φ processes
          at the Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
          59 The gg → A and b
          ¯b → A cross sections at the Tevatron together with
          their different sources of uncertainty and the total uncertainties . . . . . 191
          60 The gg → Φ and b
          ¯b → Φ at the LHC for different center–of–mass energies 194
          61 Scale uncertainty in the gg → Φ and b
          ¯b → Φ processes at the lHC . . . . 195
          62 PDF+∆αs uncertainty in the gg → Φ and bb → Φ processes at the lHC . 196
          63 Comparison between the different PDFs sets in the gg → Φ and b
          ¯b → Φ
          processes at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
          64 Specific b–quark mass uncertainties in the gg → Φ and b
          ¯b → Φ processes
          at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
          65 The gg → Φ and b
          ¯b → Φ cross sections at the lHC together with their
          different sources of uncertainty and the total uncertainties . . . . . . . . 199
          66 LO σ(gb → tL,RH−) cross section and polarization asymmetry at the lHC
          in the MSSM in two benchmark scenarios as a function of tan β . . . . . 205
          67 Scale and PDF dependence on top–charged Higgs asymmetry at the lHC 206
          68 The impact of the NLO SUSY corrections on the top–charged Higgs asymmetry at the LHC with √
          s = 14 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
          69 CP–odd A boson production in the pp¯ → A → τ

          − channel at the
          Tevatron together with the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
          70 The total uncertainties on the MSSM Higgs production in the gg → Φ
          and b
          ¯b → Φ channels at the lHC including the impact of the Φ → τ


          branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
          71 CP–odd A boson production in the pp → A → τ

          − channel at the lHC
          together with the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
          72 The 95%CL limits on the MSSM parameter space using our theoretical
          uncertainties confronted to the Tevatron results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
          73 The 95%CL limits on the MSSM parameter space using our theoretical
          uncertainties confronted to the lHC results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
          74 Expectations at higher luminosity at the lHC for the 95%CL limits on
          the MSSM parameter space using our theoretical calculation . . . . . . . 223
          75 The MSSM Higgs analysis applied to the SM H → τ

          − search channel
          compared to the ATLAS H → γγ limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
          76 Potentiel de Higgs dans le cas d’un champ scalaire r´eel selon le signe du
          terme de masse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
          77 Incertitude d’´echelle dans le processus gg → H au Tevatron . . . . . . . . 246
          78 Comparaison entre les pr´edictions des diff´erentes collaborations de PDFs
          pour le canal gg → H au NNLO en QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
          79 Incertitude PDF+∆αs dans les canaux de production gg → H et pp¯ →
          HW au Tevatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
          80 Sections efficaces de production inclusives des canaux gg → H et pp¯ →
          HV au Tevatron ainsi que les incertitudes th´eoriques totales associ´ees . . 249
          81 Sections efficaces de production inclusives du canal gg → H au LHC `a 7
          et 14 TeV ainsi que les incertitudes th´eoriques totales associ´ees . . . . . . 250
          82 Luminosit´e n´ecessaire `a l’exp´erience CDF afin qu’elle obtienne la sensibilit´e qu’elle pr´etend avoir actuellement, en tenant compte de nos incertitudes th´eoriques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
          83 Les sections efficaces de production inclusives du boson de Higgs A du
          MSSM au Tevatron dans les canaux gg → A et b
          ¯b → A accompagn´ees
          des incertitudes th´eoriques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
          84 Les sections efficaces de production inclusives du boson de Higgs Φ du
          MSSM au lHC dans les canaux gg → Φ et b
          ¯b → Φ accompagn´ees des
          incertitudes th´eoriques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
          85 Les limites a 95% de niveau de confiance sur l’espace des parametres du
          MSSM en tenant compte de nos incertitudes th´eoriques confront´ees aux
          donn´ees du Tevatron et du lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
          86 L’analyse MSSM des bosons de Higgs neutres appliqu´ee au canal de
          recherche H → τ

          − du Mod`ele Standard, compar´ee aux r´esultats
          obtenus par ATLAS dans le canal H → γγ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

          List of Tables
          1 The fermionic content of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
          2 The NNLO total Higgs production cross sections in the gg → H process
          at the Tevatron together with the detailed theoretical uncertainties as
          well as the total uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
          3 The NNLO total cross section for Higgs–strahlung processes at the Tevatron together with the detailed theoretical uncertainties and the total
          uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
          4 The total Higgs production cross sections in the four main production
          channels at the lHC with √
          s = 7 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
          5 The NNLO total Higgs production cross sections in the gg → H process
          at the lHC with √
          s = 7 TeV together with the associated theoretical
          uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
          6 The NNLO total production cross section in the gg → H channel at the
          LHC with √
          s = 8, 9, 10 TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
          7 The NNLO total Higgs production cross section in the gg → H process
          at the LHC with √
          s = 14 TeV together with the associated theoretical
          uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
          8 The SM Higgs decay branching ratios in the b
          ¯b and WW modes for representatives Higgs masses together with the different sources of uncertainties as well as the total uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
          9 The SM Higgs decay branching ratios together with the total uncertainty
          for the most important decay channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
          10 The superparticles and Higgs content of the MSSM before EWSB . . . . 157
          11 The neutralinos, charginos and Higgs content of the MSSM after EWSB . 158
          12 The main MSSM CP–odd like Higgs bosons decay branching fractions
          together with their uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
          13 The central predictions in the MSSM gg → Φ channel at the Tevatron
          together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


          branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
          14 The central predictions in the MSSM b
          ¯b → Φ channel at the Tevatron
          together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


          branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
          15 The central predictions in the MSSM gg → Φ channel at the lHC together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


          branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
          16 The central predictions in the MSSM b
          ¯b → Φ channel at the lHC together with the detailed uncertainties and the impact of the Φ → τ


          branching fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
          17 CMS cuts used in the SM exclusive study gg → H → WW → νν at
          the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
          18 Results for the gg → H+jet cross sections with MH = 160 GeV at the
          lHC with HNNLO and MCFM programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
          19 Uncertainties on the exclusive production gg → H → WW → νν with
          MH = 160 GeV at the lHC with HNNLO program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
          20 Uncertainties on the exclusive production gg → H → WW → νν with
          MH = 160 GeV at the lHC with MCFM program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
          21 Central values and uncertainties for the H → WW SM backgrounds
          exclusive cross sections at the lHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
          22 Contenu fermionique du Mod`ele Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
          23 Les superparticules et champs de Higgs du MSSM avant brisure ´electrofaible254
          Liste des publications
          Cette page donne la liste de tous mes articles concernant le travail r´ealis´e depuis 3 ans.
          This page lists all the papers that I have written for 3 years in the context of my PhD
          work.
          Articles publi´es (published papers) :
          Predictions for Higgs production at the Tevatron and the associated uncertainties,
          J. B. et A. Djouadi, JHEP 10 (2010) 064;
          Higgs production at the lHC, J. B. et A. Djouadi, JHEP 03 (2011) 055;
          The Tevatron Higgs exclusion limits and theoretical uncertainties: A Critical appraisal, J. B., A. Djouadi, S. Ferrag et R. M. Godbole, Phys.Lett.B699 (2011) 368-371;
          erratum Phys.Lett.B702 (2011) 105-106;
          Revisiting the constraints on the Supersymmetric Higgs sector at the Tevatron, J. B.
          et A. Djouadi, Phys.Lett.B699 (2011) 372-376;
          The left-right asymmetry of the top quarks in associated top–charged Higgs bosons at
          the LHC as a probe of the parameter tan β, J.B et al., Phys.Lett.B705 (2011) 212-216.
          Articles non–publi´es (unpublished papers) :
          Implications of the ATLAS and CMS searches in the channel pp → Higgs → τ


          for the MSSM and SM Higgs bosons, J. B. et A. Djouadi, arXiv:1103.6247 [hep-ph]
          (soumis `a Phys.Lett.B);
          Clarifications on the impact of theoretical uncertainties on the Tevatron Higgs exclusion limits, J. B., A. Djouadi et R. M. Godbole, arXiv:1107.0281 [hep-ph].
          Rapport de collaboration (review collaboration report) :
          Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables, LHC Higgs Cross
          Section Working Group, S. Dittmaier et al., arXiv:1101:0593 [hep-ph].
          Comptes–rendus de conf´erences (proceedings) :
          Higgs production at the Tevatron: Predictions and uncertainties, J. B., ICHEP 2010,
          Paris (France), PoS ICHEP2010 (2010) 048;
          The Supersymmetric Higgs bounds at the Tevatron and the LHC, J.B., XLVIe
          Rencontres de Moriond, EW interactions and unified theory, La Thuile (Italie),
          arXiv:1105.1085 [hep-ph].

          Cette these est d´edi´eea mon pere eta mes deux grand-p`eres, disparus bien
          trop tˆot.

          (From http://abstrusegoose.com/118)
          Et maintenant, apprends les v´erit´es qui me restent `a te d´ecouvrir,
          Tu vas entendre de plus claires r´ev´elations.
          Je n’ignore pas l’obscurit´e de mon sujet ;
          Lucr`ece, dans De rerum natura, v. 902-943 livre I
          Les amoureux fervents et les savants aust`eres
          Aiment ´egalement, dans leur mˆure saison,
          Les chats puissants et doux, orgueil de la maison,
          Qui comme eux sont frileux et comme eux s´edentaires.
          Charles Baudelaire, dans Les Fleurs du Mal

          Introduction 1
          Introduction
          In this thesis, we wish to present some predictions for the Higgs boson(s) study at the
          two largest hadron colliders currently in activity: the Fermilab Tevatron collider and
          the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Our focus will be on the inclusive production
          cross sections and the decay branching fractions, first in the Standard Model which in
          itself is the topic of part I and then in its minimal supersymmetric extension which is
          the topic of part III.
          The study of the fundamental mechanisms of Nature at the elementary level has a
          long story and has known many milestones in the past sixty years. Physicists have built
          a theory, nowadays known as the Standard Model, to describe the elementary particles
          and their interactions, that are those of the strong, weak and electromagnetic, the two
          last being unified in a single electroweak interaction. It relies on the elegant concept
          of gauge symmetry within a quantum field theory framework and has known many
          experimental successes: despite decades of effort to surpass this model it is still the one
          that describes accurately nearly all the known phenomena1
          . One of its key concepts
          is the spontaneous breakdown of electroweak symmetry: indeed in order to give mass
          to the weak bosons that mediate the weak interaction, a scalar field is introduced in
          the theory whose vacuum breaks the electroweak symmetry and gives mass to the weak
          bosons. In fact it also gives masses to the fermions and one piece of this mechanism
          remains to be discovered: the Higgs boson, the “Holy Grail” of the Standard Model. Its
          discovery is one of the main goal of current high energy colliders.
          It is then of utmost importance to give theoretical predictions for the production
          cross sections and decay branching fractions of the Higgs boson at current colliders to
          serve as a guideline for experiments. However, the hadronic colliders are known to be
          very difficult experimental environments because of the huge hadronic, that is Quantum
          ChromoDynamics (QCD), activity. This is also true on a theoretical side, which means
          that an accurate description of all possible sources of theoretical uncertainties is needed:
          this is precisely the main output of this thesis. We shall mention that in the very final
          stage of this thesis new results have been presented in the HEP–EPS 2011 conference;
          our work is to be read in the light of the results that were available before these newest
          experimental output which will be briefly commented in the conclusion.
          Part I is entirely devoted to a review of the Standard Model. In section 1 we will draw
          a short history of the Standard Model and list its main milestones of the past sixty years,
          followed by a description of its main concepts. We will go into more details about the
          Higgs mechanism, which spontaneously breaks electroweak symmetry, in section 2: we
          will review some reasons to believe that either the Higgs mechanism itself or something
          which looks like the Higgs mechanism is needed, and then how the Higgs boson emerges
          1We leave aside the neutrino mass issue.
          2 Introduction
          from the electroweak symmetry breaking and what are its couplings to fermions and
          bosons of the Standard Model.
          Part II is the core of the Standard Model study of this thesis. Indeed the Higgs
          boson remains to be discovered and is one of the major research programs at current
          high energy colliders. The old CERN Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider has put
          some bounds on the possible value of the Higgs boson mass, which is above 114.4 GeV in
          the Standard Model at 95%CL. We will review in section 3 the current experimental and
          theoretical bounds on the Higgs mass. We then give our predictions for the Standard
          Model Higgs boson inclusive production cross section at the Tevatron in the two main
          production channels that are the gluon–gluon fusion and the Higgs–strahlung processes,
          giving all the possible sources of theoretical uncertainties: the scale uncertainty viewed
          as an estimation of the unknown higher–order terms in the perturbative calculation;
          the parton distribution functions (PDFs) uncertainties related to the non–perturbative
          QCD processes within the proton, and its related strong coupling constant issue; the
          uncertainty coming from the use of an effective theory approach to simplify the hard
          calculation in the gluon–gluon fusion process. We will specifically address the issue of
          the combination of all the uncertainties in section 4.5. We will then move on to the
          same study at the LHC, concentrating on its current run at a 7 TeV center–of–mass
          energy that we will name as the lHC for littler Hadron Collider; we will still give some
          predictions for the designed LHC at 14 TeV. We will finish this part II by the Higgs
          boson decay branching fractions predictions in section 6, together with a detailed study
          of the uncertainties that affect these predictions. It will be followed by the combination
          of the production cross sections and decay branching fractions into a single prediction,
          first at the Tevatron in section 6.3 and then at the lHC in section 6.4. We will then
          study the impact of our uncertainties on the Tevatron Higgs searches in section 6.5 and
          in particular put into question the Tevatron exclusion limits that are debated within the
          community.
          Even if the Standard Model is a nice theory with great experimental successes, it
          suffers from some problems, both on the theoretical and experimental sides. It is known
          for example that the Higgs boson mass is not predicted by the Standard Model, and
          even not protected: higher order corrections in the perturbative calculation of the Higgs
          boson mass have the tendency to drive the mass up to the highest acceptable scale of the
          theory which means that we need a highly fine–tuning of the parameters to cancel such
          driving. It is known as the naturalness problem of the Standard Model. They are several
          ways to solve such a problem, and one of them is particularly elegant and relies on a new
          symmetry between bosons and fermions: supersymmetry. This theoretical concept, born
          in the 1970s, has many consequences when applied to the Standard Model of particle
          physics and is actively searched at current high energy colliders. This will be the topic
          of part III in which we will review some of the reasons that drive the theorists to go
          Introduction 3
          beyond the Standard Model and in particular what makes supersymmetry interesting
          in this view in section 7, then move on to the description of the mathematical aspects
          of supersymmetry in section 8. We will finish this part III by a very short review of
          the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model, called the MSSM, in
          section 9. We will in particular focus on the Higgs sector of the theory and show that
          the MSSM needs two Higgs doublets to break the electroweak symmetry breaking and
          has thus a rich Higgs sector as five Higgs boson instead of a single one are present in
          the spectrum: two neutral CP–even, one CP–odd and two charged Higgs bosons.
          After this review of supersymmetry and the MSSM we will reproduce in part IV the
          same outlines that have been developed in part II in the Standard Model case. We will
          first review the neutral Higgs sector at hadron colliders in section 10 and show that we
          can have a quite model–independent description for our predictions in the sense that
          they will hardly depend on most of the (huge) parameters of the MSSM but two of
          them, the mass of the CP–odd Higgs boson A and the ratio tan β between the vacuum
          expectation values of the two Higgs doublets. We will then give in section 11 our
          theoretical predictions for the neutral Higgs bosons inclusive production cross section at
          the Tevatron in the two main production channels that are the gluon–gluon fusion and
          the bottom quark fusions, the bottom quark playing a very important role in the MSSM
          at hadron colliders. We will reproduce the same study at the lHC in section 12 before
          giving the implications of our study on the [MA,tan β] parameter space in section 13.
          We will first give in this last section our predictions for the main MSSM decay branching
          fractions and in particular the di–tau branching fraction that is of utmost importance
          for experimental searches. We we will then compare our predictions together with their
          uncertainties to the experimental results obtained at the Tevatron and at the lHC that
          has now been running for more than a year at 7 TeV and given impressive results. We
          will see that the theoretical uncertainties have a significant impact on the Tevatron
          results, less severe at the lHC. We will finish section 13 by a very important outcome of
          our work: the possibility of using the MSSM neutral Higgs bosons searches in the di–
          tau channel for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the gluon–gluon fusion production
          channel followed by the di–tau decay channel in the low Higgs boson mass range 115–140
          GeV.
          Finally, we will give an outlook and draw some conclusions in part V together with
          some perspectives for future work. These rest on the next step on the road of the
          experiments, that is an exclusive study of the Higgs bosons production channels. We
          shall give some early results in section 14 on the Standard Model Higgs boson at the
          lHC in the gg → H → WW → νν search channel together with an exclusive study of
          the main Standard Model backgrounds. This is also the current roadmap of the Higgs
          bosons theoretical community and this work is done in the framework of a collaboration
          on this topic.

          5
          Part I
          A brief review of the Standard
          Model of particle physics
          Summary
          1 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model 6
          1.1 A brief history of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
          1.2 Gauge symmetries, quarks and leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
          2 The Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism 16
          2.1 Why do we need the electroweak symmetry breaking? . . . . . . . . 16
          2.1.1 The unitarity puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
          2.1.2 Masses and gauge invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
          2.2 The spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking . . . . . . . . . . . 19
          2.2.1 Weak bosons masses and electroweak breaking . . . . . . . . 20
          2.2.2 SM Higgs boson couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
          6 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
          1 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
          The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is the current description of the fundamental constituents of our universe together with the interactions that occur between them.
          The SM was born in its current form in the seventies, after nearly twenty years of many
          experiments and theoretical reflexions on how to build a somewhat simple and elegant
          model to describe accurately the experimental results on the one hand and to make powerful predictions in order to have a falsifiable theory on the other hand. Its frameworks
          are relativistic quantum field theory and group theory to classify the different interactions. It also needs the key concept of spontaneous (electroweak) symmetry breaking in
          order to account for the masses of the different fields in the theory, the (weak) bosons
          as well as the matter fermions. Other reasons also push for such a theoretical concept
          and will be presented in the next sections.
          We will in this section present a short review of the major historical points in the
          birth of the SM, and present its theoretical fundations. The focus on the electroweak
          symmetry breaking, in particular its minimal realization through the Brout–Englert–
          Higgs mechanism, will be discussed in the next section.
          1.1 A brief history of the Standard Model
          This subsection will sketch the different historical steps that have lead to the current
          form of the theory that describes the elementary particles and their interactions among
          each other, called the Standard Model (SM). This model has a very rich history over
          more than fifty years of the XXth century, not to mention all the diverse and fruitful
          efforts made before to attain this level of description of the elementary world. We will
          only select some (of the) outstanding events, both from the theoretical and experimental
          sides, to present the twisted path leading to the current Standard Model of particle
          physics.
          The birth of modern QED
          The first attempt to decribe electromagnetic phenomena in the framework of special
          relativity together with quantum mechanics can be traced back in the 1920s. In particular Dirac was the first to describe the quantization of the electromagnetic fields as
          an ensemble of harmonic oscillators, and introduced the famous creation–annihilation
          operators [1]. In 1932 came Fermi with a first description of quantum electrodynamics [2], but physicists were blocked by the infinite results that did arise in the calculations
          beyond the first order in perturbation theory.
          1.1 – A brief history of the Standard Model 7
          Years after, the difficulty was solved by Bethe in 1947 [3] with the concept of renormalization, that is the true physical quantities are not the bare parameters of the theory,
          and thus the infinite that arise are absorbed in the physical quantities, leaving finite results in the end. This leads to the modern Quantum ElectroDynamics (QED) with the
          key concept of gauge symmetry and renormalization, that was formulated by Feynman,
          Schwinger and Tomonaga [4–6] in the years 1950s and awarded by a Nobel prize in 1965.
          This is the first quantum field theory available and has been the root of all the SM ideas
          for the key concepts of gauge symmetry and renormalizability.
          P violation and V − A weak theory
          It was long considered in physics that the parity symmetry was conserved: if we
          repeated an experiment with the experimental apparatus mirror reversed, the results
          would be the same as for the initial set–up. This assessment is true for any experiment
          involving electromagnetism or strong interaction, but that is not the case for weak
          interaction.
          It was first proposed by Yang and Lee in 1956 that the weak interaction might indeed
          not respect P–symmetry [7]. This was observed in 1957 by Chien-Shiung Wu (“Madam
          Wu”) in the beta desintegration of cobalt 60 atoms [8]. Yang and Lee were then awarded
          the 1957 Nobel prize for their theoretical developments on this concept.
          Up until that period, the weak interaction, that shapes the decay of unstable nucleii,
          was described by the Fermi theory in which the fermions interact through a four–particles
          vertex. The discovery of the P–violation lead to the construction of an effective V − A
          theory where the tensor structure of the thory is correct and does respect the charge and
          parity violations. This V − A theory was later on replaced by the electroweak theory,
          see below.
          The quark description
          In the first half of the XXth century the pattern of elementary particles was simple: the
          electron (and its antiparticle the positron, postulated by Dirac in 1931 and discovered
          in 1932 by Anderson), the proton and the neutron were the only known elementary
          particles at that time. The neutrino, first postulated by Pauli in its famous letter in
          1930 to save the energy–momentum conservation in beta decay reactions2 was discovered
          only in 1956.
          Experimental particle physicists discovered numerous new particles (the “hadrons”)
          in the 1950s and 1960s after the discovery of the pion in 1947, predicted by Yukawa in
          1935, thus casting some doubts on the elementary nature both of the “older” particles
          2The original name was “neutron” for neutral particle. Chadwick discovered in 1932 what would be
          the neutron, thus Fermi proposed the name “neutrino” meaning “little neutral one” in italian.
          8 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
          such as the neutron and the proton and on the new zoo discovered. Gell–Man and Zweig
          proposed in 1964 a model of constituant particles of these hadrons and mesons that
          could explain the pattern seen by experimentalists, using only a limited number of new
          constituant particles: the quarks [9,10]. They introduce the SU(3) flavor symmetry with
          the three up, down and strange quarks. One year later the charm quark was proposed to
          improve the description of weak interactions between quarks, and in 1969 deep inelastic
          scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) discovered
          point–like objects within the proton [11], an experimental proof of the compositeness of
          the hadrons. It is interesting to note that the term used for these new point–like objects
          was “parton”, proposed by Feynman, as the community was not entirely convinced that
          they were indeed the Gell–Mann’s quarks. Nowadays “parton” is still a word used in
          particle physics to name the different constituants of the hadrons (the quarks, antiquarks
          and gluons, the later being the bosons of the strong interaction).
          The (nearly) final word on the quark model was given in 1974 when the J/Ψ meson
          was discovered [12, 13] and thus proved the existence of the charm quark, which was
          proposed by Glashow, Iliopoulos and Maiani in the GIM mechanism [14] in 1970 to explain the universality of weak interaction in the quark sector, preventing flavor changing
          neutral currents. The heaviest quark, that is the top quark, was finally discovered in
          1995 at the Fermilab Tevatron collider [15, 16].
          CP violation and the concept of generation
          To explain both the universality and the u ←→ d transitions in weak interactions,
          Cabibbo introduced in 1963 what is known as the Cabibbo angle [17] and was used
          to write in the mass eigenstates basis the weak eigenstate for the down quark d. A
          year later, Cronin and his collaborators discovered that not only C and P symmetries
          are broken by weak interactions, but also the combined CP symmetry [18], studing the
          K0K
          0
          oscillations: the probability of oscillating from K0
          state into K
          0
          state is different
          from that of the K
          0
          → K0
          , indicating that T time reversal symmetry is violated. As
          the combined CPT is assumed to be conserved, this means that CP is violated.
          As mentioned a few lines above, the GIM mechanism introduced a fourth quark, the
          charm quark c. It then restores universality in the weak coupling for the quarks, as we
          have now two weak eigenstates
          |d
          0
          i = cos θc|di + sin θc|si
          |s
          0
          i = − sin θc|di + cos θc|si (1.1)
          coupled to respectively the u quark and the c quark. We thus have two generations
          in the quark sector, the first one is the (u, d) doublet and the second one is the (c, s)
          1.1 – A brief history of the Standard Model 9
          doublet. However, as explained in 1973 by Kobayashi and Maskawa extending the work
          initiated by Cabibbo, this is not sufficient to explain the CP violation observed by the
          1964 experiment. Only with three generations could be introduced some CP violating
          effects through a phase angle, and thus extending the Cabbibo angle to what is known
          as the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix [19]. Kobayashi and Maskawa were
          awarded the 2008 Nobel prize for this result3
          .
          Yang–Mills theory and spontaneous symmetry breaking
          We have seen a few lines above that the Fermi theory describing the weak interactions
          had been refined by the V − A picture to take into account the P violation. Still the
          V − A theory was known to be an effective theory as the theory was not renormalizable
          and did not allow for calculations beyond the first order in perturbation theory. The only
          gauge theory that was available at that time was QED, an abelian gauge theory, which
          obviously is not the right description of weak processes as it describes only light–matter
          interactions.
          The first step toward the solution was set–up in 1954, when Yang and Mills developed a formulation of non–abelian gauge theories [20] in order to provide (initially) an
          explanation for the strong interaction at the hadron level (that we call nuclear interaction). Unfortunately the theory was not a success at first, as the gauge bosons must
          remain massless to preserve the symmetry of the theory, thus meaning that the weak
          interaction should be long–range; experimentally that is not the case.
          The key result to solve this contradiction and then still use the elegant description of
          gauge theory is given in 1964 by Brout, Englert, Higgs, Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble after
          some important work on the concept of symmetry breaking from Nambu and Goldstone:
          the spontaneously gauge symmetry breaking [21–24] described by the Brout–Englert–
          Higgs mechanism. This will be presented in the following in details, but we can already
          remind the reader that the most important result is that it allows for the use of a
          Yang–Mills theory together with a description of massive gauge bosons for any gauge
          theory.
          Interlude: from nuclear force to strong interaction
          Before arriving to the final electroweak description that constitutes the heart of the
          SM, we recall the road leading to the description of the strong interaction between the
          quarks.
          As stated above, Yang–Mills theory in 1954 was the first attempt to describe the
          interaction between the hadrons, that we call nuclear interaction, in a gauge formulation.
          3Unfortunately the Nobel committee failed to recognize the important pionnering work from
          Cabibbo.
          10 Symmetry principles and the zoology of the Standard Model
          After the introduction of the quark model by Gell–Mann in 1964 (see above) and the
          discovery of the quarks in 1969 (see above), it has been proposed that the quarks must
          have a new quantum charge, called color, to accomodate for the Pauli exclusion principle
          within some baryons [25]. This was experimentally observed in the SLAC experiments
          in 1969 which discovered point–like objects within the nucleon, as discussed earlier.
          With the help of the discovery of asymptotic freedom [26, 27] in 1973 by Wilczek,
          Gross and Politzer (who share the 2004 Nobel prize for this result), that states that at
          very high energy quarks are free, and with a SU(3) gauge Yang–Mills theory, Quantum
          ChromoDynamics (QCD) was firmly established in the 1970s as being the theory of
          the strong interactions, with the gluons as the gauge bosons. Evidence of gluons was
          discovered in three jet events at PETRA in 1979 [28], giving further credits to QCD.
          The nuclear interaction between the hadrons is then a residual force originating from
          the strong interaction between quarks (and gluons). However, as the strong coupling
          is indeed very strong at large distance (that is the confinement), preventing from the
          use of perturbation theory, an analytical description of the strong interaction within the
          hadrons at low energies is still to be found. This problem is now studied within the
          framework of lattice gauge theories which give spectacular results.
          The weak neutral currents and the path to electroweak theory
          As stated above it was known that the V − A theory for the weak interaction was
          an effective theory, with difficulties calculating beyond the first order in perturbation
          theory. With the advent of Yang–Mills theory and the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism,
          describing the weak interaction with a gauge theory and in the same time allowing for
          massive weak bosons as dictated by the experiments, the weak interaction being a short
          distance interaction, it would be possible to account for a renormalizable description of
          the weak interaction.
          During the 1960s there were many attempts to carry on this roadmap, trying lots of
          different gauge groups to account for the QED on the one hand, the weak interaction
          on the other hand, as both interactions play a role for lepton particles such as the
          electron. The gauge theory that did emerge was the SU(2) × U(1) model where the
          weak and electromagnetic interactions are unified in a single gauge theory description4
          ,
          with contributions notabely from Glashow [29], Salam [30] and Weinberg [31]. This
          model together with the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism predicts in particular that
          there should be a neutral weak boson Z
          0
          to be discovered and thus neutral currents.
          4
          It is actually not a complete unified theory the algebra describing the electroweak interaction is a
          product of two Lie algebras. Nevertheless as the decription of the weak and electromagnetic interactions
          are intimely connected through the pattern of the electroweak symmetry breaking, see below, this can
          be viewed as at least a partial unification.

    • #56738 Répondre
      françois bégaudeau
      Invité

      Bravo Demi-habile
      (ne jamais mépriser le fragile ; le valoriser ; l’encourager ; s’il vous chie sur la gueule, lui dire : merci de ne pas avoir chié sur la gueule de mes enfants)

      • #56741 Répondre
        Demi Habile
        Invité

        François: Tu n’aurais pas cherché à en rajouter une couche en prétendant que c’était parce que j’étais un méchant pas beau que Nox avait ragequit, je n’aurais plus jamais posté.

    • #56820 Répondre
      Mathieu
      Invité

      Déception aujourd’hui en voyant le deuxième film de Gustav Moller qui avait fait l’excellent thriller The Guilty, sur un policier danois en permanence téléphonique nocturne au commissariat qui tombait sur une femme prétendument prise en otage dans une voiture par son mari violent. J’avais adoré ce premier film, huis clos tendu, très bien écrit et joué, et j’attendais la suite qui tardait à venir. The Guilty date de 2018, a un gros succès, droit à un remake américain Netflix sans âme, et donc le second film, Sons, se fait attendre, 6 ans après. Pas bon signe.
      Eva est une surveillante de prison respectée qui demande à être transférée dans le quartier de haute sécurité lorsqu’un un mystérieux nouveau prisonnier y est incarcéré. On comprendra très vite que ce prisonnier, Mikkel, a tué, lors d’une précédente incarcération, son co-détenu, qui n’est autre que le fils d’Eva. Dès lors, pour venger la mort de son fils, Eva sadise Mikkel, lui refusant ses cigarettes, l’empêchant d’aller aux toilettes, crachant dans son plateau-repas, ou cachant volontairement un couteau et de la drogue dans sa cellule pour le faire accuser de trafic. Lors d’une fouille collective de la prison, Eva dépasse encore plus les bornes en tabassant Mikkel. Elle risque alors un procès, et Mikkel joue de cette situation, entamant un chantage contre différentes faveurs.
      Le problème fondamental du film, c’est qu’il repose sur une ficelle de scénario énorme que l’on voit dès ma première phrase de résumé: une surveillante de prison face au meurtrier de son fils. De cette situation, Moller ne tire qu’une escalade vaine et sans grand intérêt entre deux personnages totalement unidimensionnels – Eva n’est que vengeance, Mikkel n’est que haine et colère – le film est sans complexité, la tension est certes palpable entre les deux personnages, qui se détestent logiquement, mais il n’y a que ça. C’est toujours le même registre. Et le filmage n’est pas mieux, on ne peut plus académique, toujours en plan moyen sur le personnage principal qui a toujours la même expression intense et colérique, on dirait du Lukas Dhont sombre. Un film simpliste, scénario-centré et pour autant mal écrit (comment la juriste en charge du dossier de Mikkel n’enquête pas sur Eva? ), inintéressant sur ses personnages, et bien entendu, avec un pitch pareil, privilégiant l’exceptionnel au détriment de l’ordinaire, qui ne dit rien de la prison suédoise en tant qu’institution. Un ratage complet pour moi, et Möller rentre dans la catégorie tâcheron banal entre Dhont et Audiard.

      • #56821 Répondre
        Demi Habile
        Invité

        and also the definition of the unpolarized cross section to write
        X
        spins
        Z
        |M12→34|
        2
        (2π)
        4
        δ
        4
        (p1 + p2 − p3 − p4)
        d
        3p3
        (2π)
        32E3
        d
        3p4
        (2π)
        32E4
        =
        4F g1g2 σ12→34, (1.31)
        where F ≡ [(p1 · p2)
        2 − m2
        1m2
        2
        ]
        1/2
        and the spin factors g1, g2 come from the average
        over initial spins. This way, the collision term (1.29) is written in a more compact form
        g1
        Z
        C[f1]
        d
        3p1
        (2π)
        3
        = −
        Z
        σvMøl (dn1dn2 − dn
        eq
        1 dn
        eq
        2
        ), (1.32)
        where σ =
        P
        (all f)
        σ12→f is the total annihilation cross section summed over all the
        possible final states and vMøl ≡
        F
        E1E2
        . The so called Møller velocity, vMøl, is defined in
        such a way that the product vMøln1n2 is invariant under Lorentz transformations and,
        in terms of particle velocities ~v1 and ~v2, it is given by the expression
        vMøl =
        h
        ~v2
        1 − ~v2
        2

        2
        − |~v1 × ~v2|
        2
        i1/2
        . (1.33)
        Due to symmetry considerations, the distributions in kinetic equilibrium are proportional to those in chemical equilibrium, with a proportionality factor independent of
        the momentum. Therefore, the collision term (1.32), both before and after decoupling,
        can be written in the form
        g1
        Z
        C[f1]
        d
        3p1
        (2π)
        3
        = −hσvMøli(n1n2 − n
        eq
        1 n
        eq
        2
        ), (1.34)
        where the thermal averaged total annihilation cross section times the Møller velocity
        has been defined by the expression
        hσvMøli =
        R
        σvMøldn
        eq
        1 dn
        eq
        2
        R
        dn
        eq
        1 dn
        eq
        2
        . (1.35)
        We will come back to the thermal averaged cross section in the next subsection.
        We are, now, able to write the full integrated Boltzmann equation, using the expressions (1.28), (1.34) that we have derived for the Liouville and the collision term,
        respectively. In the simplified but interesting case of identical particles 1 and 2, the
        Boltzmann equation is, finally, written as
        n˙ + 3Hn = −hσvMøli(n
        2 − n
        2
        eq). (1.36)
        18 Dark Matter
        However, instead of using n, it is more convenient to take the expansion of the universe
        into account and calculate the number density per comoving volume Y , which can be
        defined as the ratio of the number and entropy densities: Y ≡ n/s. The total entropy
        density S = R3
        s (R is the scale factor) remains constant, hence we can obtain a
        differential equation for Y by dividing (1.36) by S. Before we write the final form
        of the Boltzmann equation that it is used for the relic density calculations, we have
        to change the variable that parametrizes the comoving density. In practice, the time
        variable t is not convenient and the temperature of the Universe (actually the photon
        temperature, since the photons were the last particles that went out of equilibrium) is
        used instead. However, it proves even more useful to use as time variable the quantity
        defined by x ≡ m/T with m the DM mass, so that Eq. (1.36) transforms into
        dY
        dx
        =
        1
        3H
        ds
        dx
        hσvMøli

        Y
        2 − Y
        2
        eq
        . (1.37)
        Last, using the Hubble parameter (1.2) for a radiation dominated Universe and the
        expressions (1.20), (1.21) for the energy and entropy density, the Boltzmann equation
        is written in its final form
        dY
        dx
        = −
        r
        45GN
        π
        g
        1/2
        ∗ m
        x
        2
        hσvMøli

        Y
        2 − Y
        2
        eq
        , (1.38)
        where the effective degrees of freedom g
        1/2
        ∗ have been defined by
        g
        1/2
        ∗ ≡
        heff
        g
        1/2
        eff

        1 +
        1
        3
        T
        heff
        dheff
        dT

        . (1.39)
        The equilibrium density per comoving volume Yeq ≡ neq/s can be expressed as
        Yeq(x) = 45g

        4
        x
        2K2(x)
        heff(m/x)
        , (1.40)
        with K2 the modified Bessel function of second kind.
        1.4.3 Thermal average of the annihilation cross section
        We are going to derive a simple formula that one can use to calculate the thermal
        average of the cross section times velocity, based again on the analysis of [38]. We will
        use the assumption that equilibrium functions follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, instead of the actual Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac. This is a well established
        assumption if the freeze out occurs after T ≃ m/3 or for x >∼ 3, which is actually the
        case for WIMPs. Under this assumption, the expression (1.35) gives, in the cosmic
        comoving frame,
        hσvMøli =
        R
        vMøle
        −E1/T e
        −E2/T d
        3p1d
        3p2
        R
        e
        −E1/T e
        −E2/T d
        3p1d
        3p2
        . (1.4
        1.4.3 Thermal average of the annihilation cross section 19
        The volume element can be written as d3p1d
        3p2 = 4πp1dE14πp2dE2
        1
        2
        cos θ, with θ the
        angle between ~p1 and ~p2. After changing the integration variables to E+, E−, s given
        by
        E+ = E1 + E2, E− = E1 − E2, s = 2m2 + 2E1E2 − 2p1p2 cos θ, (1.42)
        (with s = −(p1 − p2)
        2 one of the Mandelstam variables,) the volume element becomes
        d
        3p1d
        3p2 = 2π
        2E1E2dE+dE−ds and the initial integration region
        {E1 > m, E2 > m, | cos θ| ≤ 1i
        transforms into
        |E−| ≤
        1 −
        4m2
        s
        1/2
        (E
        2
        + − s)
        1/2
        , E+ ≥

        s, s ≥ 4m2
        . (1.43)
        After some algebraic calculations, it can be found that the quantity hσvMøliE1E2
        depends only on s, specifically vMølE1E2 =
        1
        2
        p
        s(s − 4m2
        ). Hence, the numerator of the expression (1.41), which after changing the integration variables reads

        2
        R
        dE+
        R
        dE−
        R
        dsσvMølE1E2e
        −E+/T , can be written, eventually, as
        Z
        vMøle
        −E1/T e
        −E2/T = 2π
        2
        Z ∞
        4m2
        dsσ(s − 4m2
        )
        Z
        dE+e
        −E+/T (E
        2
        + − s)
        1/2
        . (1.44)
        The integral over E+ can be written with the help of the modified Bessel function of
        the first kind K1 as √
        s T K1(

        s/T). The denominator of (1.41) can be treated in a
        similar way, so that the thermal average is, finally, given by the expression
        hσvMøli =
        1
        8m4TK2
        2
        (x)
        Z ∞
        4m2
        ds σ(s)(s − 4m2
        )

        s K1(

        s/T). (1.45)
        Eqs. (1.38)–(1.40) along with this last Eq. (1.45) are all we need in order to calculate
        the relic density of a WIMP, if its total annihilation cross section in terms of the
        Mandelstam variable s is known.
        In many cases, in order to avoid the numerical integration in Eq. (1.45), an approximation for hσvMøli can be used. The thermal average is expanded in powers of x
        −1
        (or, equivalently, in powers of the squared WIMP velocity):
        hσvMøli = a + bx−1 + . . . . (1.46)
        (The coefficient a corresponds to the s-wave contribution to the cross section, the
        coefficient b to the p-wave contribution, and so on.) This partial wave expansion gives
        a quite good approximation, provided there are no s-channel resonances and thresholds
        for the final states [39].
        In [40], it was shown that, after expanding the integrands of Eq. (1.41) in powers
        of x
        −1
        , all the integrations can be performed analytically. As we saw, the expression
        20 Dark Matter
        vMølE1E2 depends on momenta only through s. Therefore, one can form the Lorentz
        invariant quantity
        w(s) ≡ σ(s)vMølE1E2 =
        1
        2
        σ(s)
        p
        s(s − 4m2
        ). (1.47)
        The integration involves the Taylor expansion of this quantity w around s/4m2 = 1
        and the general formula for the partial wave expansion of the thermal average is [40]
        hσvMøli =
        1
        m2

        w −
        3
        2
        (2w − w

        )x
        −1 +
        3
        8
        (16w − 8w
        ′ + 5w
        ′′)x
        −2

        5
        16
        (30w − 15w
        ′ + 3w
        ′′ − 7x
        ′′′)x
        −3 + O(x
        −4
        )

        s/4m2=1
        , (1.48)
        where primes denote derivatives with respect to s/4m2 and all quantities have to be
        evaluated at s = 4m2
        .
        1.5 Direct Detection of DM
        Since the beginning of 1980s, it has been realized that besides the numerous facts showing evidence for the existence of these new dark particles, it is also possible to detect
        them directly. Already in 1985, two pioneering articles [41, 42] appeared, describing
        the detection methods for WIMPs. Since WIMPs are expected to cluster gravitationally together with ordinary stars in the Milky Way halo, they would pass also through
        Earth and, in principle, they can be detected through scattering with the nuclei in a
        detector’s material. In practice, one has to measure the recoil energy deposited by this
        scattering.
        However, although one can deduce from rotation curves that DM dominates the
        dark halo in the outer parts of our galaxy, it is not so obvious from direct measurements
        whether there is any substantial amount of DM inside the solar radius R0 ≃ 8 kpc.
        Using indirect methods (involving the determination of the gravitational potential,
        through the measuring of the kinematics of stars, both near the mid-plane of the
        galactic disk and at heights several times the disk thickness), it is almost certain
        that the DM is also present in the solar system, with a local density ρ0 = (0.3 ±
        0.1) GeV cm−3
        [43].
        This value for the local density implies that for a WIMP mass of order ∼ 100 GeV,
        the local number density is n0 ∼ 10−3
        cm−3
        . It is also expected that the WIMPs
        velocity is similar to the velocity with which the Sun orbits around the galactic center
        (v0 ≃ 220 km s−1
        ), since they are both moving under the same gravitational potential.
        These two quantities allow to estimate the order of magnitude of the incident flux
        of WIMPs on the Earth: J0 = n0v0 ∼ 105
        cm−2
        s
        −1
        . This value is manifestly large,
        but the very weak interactions of the DM particles with ordinary matter makes their
        detection a difficult, although in principle feasible, task. In order to compensate for
        the very low WIMP-nucleus scattering cross section, very large detectors are required.
        1.5.1 Elastic scattering event rate 21
        1.5.1 Elastic scattering event rate
        In the following, we will confine ourselves to the elastic scattering with nuclei. Although
        inelastic scattering of WIMPs off nuclei in a detector or off orbital electrons producing
        an excited state is possible, the event rate of these processes is quite suppressed. In
        contrast, during an elastic scattering the nucleus recoils as a whole.
        The direct detection experiments measure the number of events per day and per
        kilogram of the detector material, as a function of the amount of energy Q deposited
        in the detector. This event rate would be given by R = nWIMP nnuclei σv in a simplified
        model with WIMPs moving with a constant velocity v. The number density of WIMPs
        is nWIMP = ρ0/mX and the number density of nuclei is just the ratio of the detector’s
        mass over the nuclear mass mN .
        For accurate calculations, one should take into account that the WIMPs move in the
        halo not with a uniform velocity, but rather following a velocity distribution f(v). The
        Earth’s motion in the solar system should be included into this distribution function.
        The scattering cross section σ also depends on the velocity. Actually, the cross section
        can be parametrized by a nuclear form factor F(Q) as
        dσ =
        σ
        4m2
        r
        v
        2
        F
        2
        (Q)d|~q|
        2
        , (1.49)
        where |~q|
        2 = 2m2
        r
        v
        2
        (1 − cos θ) is the momentum transferred during the scattering,
        mr =
        mXmN
        mX+mN
        is the reduced mass of the WIMP – nucleus system and θ is the scattering
        angle in the center of momentum frame. Therefore, one can write a general expression
        for the differential event rate per unit detector mass as
        dR =
        ρ0
        mX
        1
        mN
        σF2
        (Q)d|~q|
        2
        4m2
        r
        v
        2
        vf(v)dv. (1.50)
        The energy deposited in the detector (transferred to the nucleus through one elastic
        scattering) is
        Q =
        |~q|
        2
        2mN
        =
        m2
        r
        v
        2
        mN
        (1 − cos θ). (1.51)
        Therefore, the differential event rate over deposited energy can be written, using the
        equations (1.50) and (1.51), as
        dR
        dQ
        =
        σρ0

        πv0mXm2
        r
        F
        2
        (Q)T(Q), (1.52)
        where, following [37], we have defined the dimensionless quantity T(Q) as
        T(Q) ≡

        π
        2
        v0
        Z ∞
        vmin
        f(v)
        v
        dv, (1.53)
        with the minimum velocity given by vmin =
        qQmN
        2m2
        r
        , obtained by Eq. (1.51). Finally,
        the event rate R can be calculated by integrating (1.52) over the energy
        R =
        Z ∞
        ET
        dR
        dQ
        dQ. (1.54)
        22 Dark Matter
        The integration is performed for energies larger than the threshold energy ET of the
        detector, below which it is insensitive to WIMP-nucleus recoils.
        Using Eqs. (1.54) and (1.52), one can derive the scattering cross section from the
        event rate. The experimental collaborations prefer to give their results already in terms
        of the scattering cross section as a function of the WIMP mass. To be more precise,
        the WIMP-nucleus total cross section consists of two parts: the spin-dependent (SD)
        cross section and the spin-independent (SI) one. The former comes from axial current
        couplings, whereas the latter comes from scalar-scalar and vector-vector couplings.
        The SD cross section is much suppressed compared to the SI one in the case of heavy
        nuclei targets and it vanishes if the nucleus contains an even number of nucleons, since
        in this case the total nuclear spin is zero.
        We see that two uncertainties enter the above calculation: the exact value of the
        local density ρ0 and the exact form of the velocity distribution f(v). To these, one
        has to include one more. The cross section σ that appears in the previous expressions
        concerns the WIMP-nucleon cross section. The couplings of a WIMP with the various
        quarks that constitute the nucleon are not the same and the WIMP-nucleon cross
        section depends strongly on the exact quark content of the nucleon. To be more
        precise, the largest uncertainty lies on the strange content of the nucleon, but we shall
        return to this point when we will calculate the cross section in a specific particle theory,
        the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, in Sec. 3.5.1.
        1.5.2 Experimental status
        The situation of the experimental results from direct DM searches is a bit confusing. The null observations in most of the experiments led them to set upper limits
        on the WIMP-nucleon cross section. These bounds are quite stringent for the spinindependent cross section7
        , especially in the regime of WIMP masses of the order of
        100 GeV. However, some collaborations have already reported possible DM signals,
        mainly in the low mass regime. The preferred regions of these experiments do not
        coincide, while some of them have been already excluded by other experiments. The
        present picture, for WIMP masses ranging from 5 to 1000 GeV, is summarized in Fig.
        1.5, 1.6.
        Fig. 1.5 mainly presents upper bounds coming from XENON100 [44]. XENON100
        [46] is an experiment located at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory in Italy. It
        contains in total 165 kg of liquid Xenon, with 65 kg acting as target mass and the
        rest shielding the detector from background radiation. For these upper limits, 225
        live days of data were used. The minimum value for the predicted upper bounds on
        the cross section is 2 · 10−45 cm2
        for WIMP mass ∼ 55 GeV (at 90% confidence level),
        almost one order of magnitude lower than the previously released limits [47] by the
        same collaboration, using 100 live days of data.
        The stringent upper bounds up-to-date (at least for WIMP mass larger than about
        7 GeV) come from the first results of the LUX experiment (see Fig. 1.6), after the first
        7For the spin-dependent scattering, the exclusion limits are quite relaxed. Hence, we will focus on
        the SI cross sections.
        1.5.2 Experimental status 23
        Figure 1.5: The XENON100 exclusion limit (thick blue line), along with the expected
        sensitivity in green (1σ) and yellow (2σ) band. Other upper bounds are also shown as
        well as detection claims. From [44].
        85.3 live-days of its operation [45]. LUX [53] is a detector containing liquid Xenon, as
        XENON100, but in larger quantity, with total mass 370 kg. Its operation started on
        April 2013 with a goal to clearly detect or exclude WIMPs with a spin independent
        cross section ∼ 2 · 10−46 cm2
        .
        In Fig. 1.5, except of the XENON100 bounds and other experimental limits on larger
        WIMP-nucleon cross section, some detection claims also appear. These come from
        DAMA [48,49], CoGeNT [50] and CRESST-II [51] experiments. The first positive result
        came from DAMA [52], back in 2000. Since then, the experiment has accumulated 1.17
        ton-yr of data over 13 years of operation. DAMA consists of 250 kg of radio pure NaI
        scintillator and looks for the annual modulation of the WIMP flux in order to reduce
        the influence of the background.
        The annual modulation of the DM flux (see [54] for a recent review) is due to the
        Earth’s orbital motion relative to the rotation of the galactic disk. The galactic disk
        rotation through an essentially non-rotating DM halo, creates an effective DM wind in
        the solar frame. During the earth’s heliocentric orbit, this wind reaches a maximum
        when the Earth is moving fastest in the direction of the disk rotation (this happens
        in the beginning of June) and a minimum when it is moving fastest in the opposite
        direction (beginning of December).
        DAMA claims an 8.9σ annual modulation with a minimum flux on May 26±7 days,
        consistent with the expectation. Since the detector’s target consists of two different
        nuclei and the experiment cannot distinguish between sodium and iodine recoils, there
        24 Dark Matter
        Figure 1.6: The LUX 90% confidence exclusion limit (blue line) with the 1σ range
        (shaded area). The XENON100 upper bound is represented by the red line. The inset
        shows also preferred regions by CoGeNT (shaded light red), CDMS II silicon detector
        (shaded green), CRESST II (shaded yellow) and DAMA (shaded gray). From [45].
        is no model independent way to determine the exact region in the cross section versus
        WIMP mass plane to which the observed modulation corresponds. However, one can
        assume two cases: one that the WIMP scattering off the sodium nucleus dominates the
        recoil energy and the other with the iodine recoils dominating. The former corresponds
        [55] to a light WIMP (∼ 10 GeV) and quite large scattering cross section and the latter
        to a heavier WIMP (∼ 50 to 100 GeV) with smaller cross section (see Fig. 1.5).
        The positive result of DAMA was followed many years later by the ones of CoGeNT
        and CRESST-II, and more recently by the silicon detector of CDMS [56] (Fig. 1.7).
        The discrepancy of the results raised a lot of debates among the experiments (for
        example, [64–67]) and by some the positive results are regarded as controversial. On
        the other hand, it also raised an effort to find a physical explanation behind this
        inconsistency (see, for example, [68–71]).
        1.6 Indirect Methods for DM Detection
        The same annihilation processes that determined the DM relic abundance in the early
        Universe also occur today in galactic regions where the DM concentration is higher.
        This fact rises the possibility of detecting potential WIMP pair annihilations indirectly
        through their imprints on the cosmic rays. Therefore, the indirect DM searches aim
        at the detection of an excess over the known astrophysical background of charged
        particles, photons or neutrinos.
        Charged particles – electrons, protons and their antiparticles – may originate from
        direct products (pair of SM particles) of WIMP annihilations, after their decay and
        1.6 Indirect Methods for DM Detection 25
        Figure 1.7: The blue contours represent preferred regions for a possible signal at 68%
        and 90% C.L. using the silicon detector of CMDS [56]. The blue dotted line represents
        the upper limit obtained by the same analysis and the blue solid line is the combined
        limit with the silicon CDMS data set reported in [57]. Other limits also appear:
        from the CMDS standard germanium detector (light and dark red dashed line, for
        standard [58] and low threshold analysis [59], respectively), EDELWEISS [60] (dashed
        orange), XENON10 [61] (dash-dotted green) and XENON100 [44] (long-dash-dotted
        green). The filled regions identify possible signal regions associated with data from
        CoGeNT [62] (dashed yellow, 90% C.L.), DAMA [49,55] (dotted tan, 99.7% C.L.) and
        CRESST-II [51, 63] (dash-dotted pink, 95.45% C.L.) experiments. Taken from [56].
        through the process of showering and hadronization. Although the exact shape of the
        resulting spectrum would depend on the specific process, it is expected to show a steep
        cutoff at the WIMP mass. Once produced in the DM halo, the charged particles have
        to travel to the point of detection through the turbulent galactic field, which will cause
        diffusion. Apart from that, a lot of processes disturb the propagation of the charged
        particles, such as bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering with CMB photons and
        many others. Therefore, the uncertainties that enter the propagation of the charged
        flux until it reaches the telescope are important (contrary to the case of photons and
        neutrinos that propagate almost unperturbed through the galaxy).
        As in the case of direct detection, the experimental status of charged particle detection concerning the DM is confusing. After some hints from HEAT [72] and AMS01 [73] (the former a far-infrared telescope in Antarctica, the latter a spectrometer,
        prototype for AMS-02 mounted on the International Space Station [74]), the PAMELA
        satellite observed [75, 76] a steep increase in the energy spectrum of positron fraction
        e
        +/(e
        + + e
        −)
        8
        . Later FERMI satellite [77] and AMS-02 [78] confirmed the results up
        8The searches for charged particles focus on the antiparticles in order to have a reduced background,
        26 Dark Matter
        Figure 1.8: A compilation of data of charged cosmic rays, together with plausible but
        uncertain astrophysical backgrounds, taken from [79]. Left: Positron flux. Center:
        Antiproton flux. Right: Sum of electrons and positrons.
        to energies of ∼ 200 GeV. However, the excess of positrons is not followed by an excess
        of antiprotons, whose flux seems to coincide with the predicted background [75]. In
        Fig. 1.8, three plots summarizing the situation are shown [79].
        The observed excess is very difficult to explain in terms of DM [79]. To begin with,
        the annihilation cross section required to reproduce the excess is quite large, many
        orders of magnitude larger than the thermal cross section. Moreover, an “ordinary”
        WIMP with large annihilation cross section giving rise to charged leptons is expected
        to give, additionally, a large number of antiprotons, a fact in contradiction with the
        observations. Although a lot of work has been done to fit a DM particle to the observed
        pattern, it is quite possible that the excesses come from a yet unknown astrophysical
        source. We are not going to discuss further this matter, but we end with a comment.
        If this excess is due to a source other than DM, then a possible DM positron excess
        would be lost under this formidable background.
        A last hint for DM came from the detection of highly energetic photons. However,
        we will interrupt this discussion, since this signal and a possible explanation is the
        subject of Ch. 4. There, we will also see the upper bounds on the annihilation cross
        section being set due to the absence of excesses in diffuse γ radiation.
        since they are much less abundant than the corresponding particles.
        CHAPTER 2
        PARTICLE PHYSICS
        Since the DM comprises of particles, it should be explained by a general particle physics
        theory. We start in the following section by describing the Standard Model (SM) of
        particle physics. Although the SM describes so far the fundamental particles and their
        interactions quite accurately, it cannot provide a DM candidate. Besides, the SM
        suffers from some theoretical problems, which we discuss in Sec. 2.2. We will see that
        these problems can be solved if one introduces a new symmetry, the supersymmetry,
        which we describe in Sec. 2.3. We finish this chapter by briefly describing in Sec. 2.4 a
        supersymmetric extension of the SM with the minimal additional particle content, the
        Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM).
        2.1 The Standard Model of Particle Physics
        The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics1
        consists of two well developed theories,
        the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the electroweak (EW) theory. The former
        describes the strong interactions among the quarks, whereas the latter describes the
        electroweak interactions (the weak and electromagnetic interactions in a unified context) between fermions. The EW theory took its final form in the late 1960s by the
        introduction by S. Weinberg [85] and A. Salam [86] of the Higgs mechanism that gives
        masses to the SM particles, which followed the unification of electromagnetic and weak
        interactions [87,88]. At the same time, the EW model preserves the gauge invariance,
        making the theory renormalizable, as shown later by ’t Hooft [89]. On the other hand,
        QCD obtained its final form some years later, after the confirmation of the existence
        of quarks. Of course, the history of the SM is much longer and it can be traced back to
        1920s with the formulation of a theoretical basis for a Quantum Field Theory (QFT).
        Since then, the SM had many successes. The SM particle content was completed with
        the discovery of the heaviest of the quarks, the top quark [90,91], in 1995 and, recently,
        with the discovery of the Higgs boson [92, 93].
        1There are many good textbooks on the SM and Quantum Field Theory, e.g. [80–84].
        28 Particle Physics
        The key concept within the SM, as in every QFT, is that of symmetries. Each
        interaction respects a gauge symmetry, based on a Lie algebra. The strong interaction is
        described by an SU(3)c symmetry, where the subscript c stands for color, the conserved
        charge of strong interactions. The EW interactions, on the other hand, are based on
        a SU(2)L × U(1)Y Lie algebra. Here, as we will subsequently see, L refers to the
        left-handed fermions and Y is the hypercharge, the conserved charge under the U(1).
        SU(2)L conserves a quantity known as weak isospin I. Therefore, the SM contains the
        internal symmetries of the unitary product group
        SU(2)L × U(1)Y × SU(3)c. (2.1)
        2.1.1 The particle content of the SM
        We mention for completeness that particles are divided into two main classes according
        to the statistics they follow. The bosons are particles with integer spin and follow the
        Bose-Einstein distribution, whereas fermions have half-integer spin and follow the
        Dirac-Einstein statistics, obeying the Pauli exclusion principle. In the SM, all the
        fermions have spin 1/2, whereas the bosons have spin 1 with only exception the Higgs
        boson, which is a scalar (spin zero). We begin the description of the SM particles with
        the fermions.
        Each fermion is classified in irreducible representations of each individual Lie algebra, according to the conserved quantum numbers, i.e. the color C, the weak isospin
        I and the hypercharge Y . A first classification of fermions can be done into leptons
        and quarks, which transform differently under the SU(3)c. Leptons are singlets under
        this transformation, while quarks act as triplets (the fundamental representation of
        this group). The EW interactions violate maximally the parity symmetry and SU(2)L
        acts only on states with negative chirality (left-handed). A Dirac spinor Ψ can be
        decomposed into left and right chirality components using, respectively, the projection
        operators PL =
        1
        2
        (1 − γ5) and PR =
        1
        2
        (1 + γ5):
        ΨL = PLΨ and ΨR = PRΨ. (2.2)
        Left-handed fermions have I = 1/2, with a third component of the isospin I3 = ±1/2.
        Fermions with positive I3 are called up-type fermions and those with negative are
        called down-type. These behave the same way under SU(2)L and form doublets with
        one fermion of each type. On the other hand, right-handed fermions have I = 0 and
        form singlets that do not undergo weak interactions. The hypercharge is written in
        terms of the electric charge Q and the third component of the isospin I3 through the
        Gell-Mann–Nishijima relation:
        Q = I3 + Y/2. (2.3)
        Therefore, left- and right-handed components transform differently under the U(1)Y ,
        since they have different hypercharge.
        The fermionic sector of the SM comprises three generations of fermions, transforming as spinors under Lorentz transformations. Each generation has the same structure.
        For leptons, it is an SU(2)L doublet with components consisting of one left-handed
        2.1.2 The SM Lagrangian 29
        charged lepton and one neutrino (neutrinos are only left-handed in the SM), along
        with a gauge singlet right-handed charged lepton. The quark doublet consists of an
        up- (u) and a down-type (d) (left-handed) quark and the pattern is completed by the
        two corresponding SU(2)L singlet right-handed quarks. We write these representations
        as
        Quarks: Q ≡

        u
        i
        L
        d
        i
        L
        !
        , ui
        R, di
        R Leptons: L ≡

        ν
        i
        L
        e
        i
        L
        !
        , ei
        R, (2.4)
        with i = 1, 2, 3 the generation index.
        Having briefly described the fermionic sector, we turn to the bosonic sector of
        the SM. It consists of the gauge bosons that mediate the interactions and the Higgs
        boson that gives masses to the particles through a spontaneous symmetry breaking,
        the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) [94–98], which we shall describe in Sec.
        2.1.3. Before the EWSB, these bosons are
        • three Wa
        µ
        (a = 1, 2, 3) weak bosons, associated with the generators of SU(2)L,
        • one neutral Bµ boson, associated with the generator of U(1)Y ,
        • eight gluons Ga
        µ
        (a = 1, . . . , 8), associated with the generators of SU(3)c, and
        • the complex scalar Higgs doublet Φ =
        φ
        +
        φ
        0
        !
        .
        After the EWSB, the EW boson states mix and give the two W± bosons, the neutral
        Z boson and the massless photon γ. From the symmetry breaking, one scalar degree of
        freedom remains which is the famous (neutral) Higgs boson [97–99]. We will return to
        the mixed physical states, after describing the Higgs mechanism for symmetry breaking.
        A complete list of the SM particles (the physical states after EWSB) is shown in Table
        2.1.
        2.1.2 The SM Lagrangian
        The gauge bosons are responsible for the mediation of the interactions and are associated with the generators of the corresponding symmetry. The EW gauge bosons Bµ
        and Wa
        µ
        are associated, respectively, with the generator Y of the U(1)Y and the three
        generators T
        a
        2
        of the SU(2)L. The latter are defined as half of the Pauli matrices τ
        a
        (T
        a
        2 =
        1
        2
        τ
        a
        ) and they obey the algebra

        T
        a
        2
        , Tb
        2

        = iǫabcT
        c
        2
        , (2.5)
        where ǫ
        abc is the fully antisymmetric Levi-Civita tensor. The eight gluons are associated
        with an equal number of generators T
        a
        3
        (Gell-Mann matrices) of SU(3)c and obey the
        Lie algebra

        T
        a
        3
        , Tb
        3

        = if abcT
        c
        3
        , with Tr
        T
        a
        3 T
        b
        3

        =
        1
        2
        δ
        ab
        , (2.6)
        30 Particle Physics
        Name symbol mass charge (|e|) spin
        Leptons
        electron e 0.511 MeV −1 1/2
        electron neutrino νe 0 (<2 eV) 0 1/2
        muon µ 105.7 MeV −1 1/2
        muon neutrino νµ 0 (<2 eV) 0 1/2
        tau τ 1.777 GeV −1 1/2
        tau neutrino ντ 0 (<2 eV) 0 1/2
        Quarks
        up u 2.7
        +0.7
        −0.5 MeV 2/3 1/2
        down d 4.8
        +0.7
        −0.3 MeV −1/3 1/2
        strange s (95 ± 5) MeV −1/3 1/2
        charm c (1.275 ± 0.025) GeV 2/3 1/2
        bottom b (4.18 ± 0.03) GeV −1/3 1/2
        top t (173.5 ± 0.6 ± 0.8) GeV 2/3 1/2
        Bosons
        photon γ 0 (<10−18 eV) 0 (<10−35) 1
        W boson W± (80.385 ± 0.015) GeV ±1 1
        Z boson Z (91.1876 ± 0.0021) GeV 0 1
        gluon g 0 (.O(1) MeV) 0 1
        Higgs H
        (125.3 ± 0.4 ± 0.5) GeV
        0 0
        (126.0 ± 0.4 ± 0.4) GeV
        Table 2.1: The particle content of the SM. All values are those given in [100], except of
        the Higgs mass that is taken from [92, 93] (up and down row, respectively), assuming
        that the observed excess corresponds to the SM Higgs. The u, d and s quark masses
        are estimates of so-called “current-quark masses” in a mass-independent subtraction
        scheme as MS at a scale ∼ 2 GeV. The c and b quark masses are the running masses
        in the MS scheme. The values in the parenthesis are the current experimental limits.
        with f
        abc the structure constants of the group.
        Using the structure constants of the corresponding groups, we define the field
        strengths for the gauge bosons as
        Bµν ≡ ∂µBν − ∂νBµ, (2.7a)
        Wµν ≡ ∂µWa
        ν − ∂νWa
        µ + g2ǫ
        abcWb
        µWc
        ν
        (2.7b)
        and
        G
        a
        µν ≡ ∂µG
        a
        ν − ∂νG
        a
        µ + g3f
        abcG
        b
        µG
        c
        ν
        . (2.7c)
        2.1.2 The SM Lagrangian 31
        We use the notation g1, g2 and g3 for the coupling constants of U(1)Y , SU(2)L and
        SU(3)c, respectively. As in any Yang-Mills theory, the non-abelian gauge groups lead
        to self-interactions, which is not the case for the abelian U(1)Y group.
        Before we finally write the full Lagrangian, we have to introduce the covariant
        derivative for fermions, which in a general form can be written as
        DµΨ =
        ∂µ − ig1
        1
        2
        Y Bµ − ig2T
        a
        2 Wa
        µ − ig3T
        a
        3 G
        a
        µ

        Ψ. (2.8)
        This form has to be understood as that, depending on Ψ, only the relevant terms
        apply, hence for SU(2)L singlet leptons only the two first terms inside the parenthesis
        are relevant, for doublet leptons the three first terms and for the corresponding quark
        singlets and doublets the last term also participates. We also have to notice that in
        order to retain the gauge symmetry, mass terms are forbidden in the Lagrangian. For
        example, the mass term mψψ¯ = m

        ψ¯
        LψR + ψ¯
        RψL

        (with ψ¯ ≡ ψ
        †γ
        0
        ) is not invariant
        under SU(2)L. This paradox is solved by the introduction of the Higgs scalar field
        (see next subsection). The SM Lagrangian can be now written2
        , split for simplicity in
        three parts, each describing the gauge bosons, the fermions and the scalar sector,
        LSM = Lgauge + Lfermion + Lscalar, (2.9)
        with
        Lgauge = −
        1
        4
        G
        a
        µνG
        µν
        a −
        1
        4
        Wa
        µνWµν
        a −
        1
        4
        BµνB
        µν
        , (2.10a)
        Lfermion = iL¯Dµγ
        µL + ie¯RDµγµeR
        + iQ¯Dµγ
        µQ + iu¯RDµγ
        µuR + i
        ¯dRDµγ
        µ
        dR

        heL¯ΦeR + hdQ¯ΦdR + huQ¯ΦeuR + h.c.

        (2.10b)
        and
        Lscalar = (DµΦ)†
        (DµΦ) − V (Φ†Φ), (2.10c)
        where
        V (Φ†Φ) = µ

        †Φ + λ

        Φ
        †Φ
        2
        (2.11)
        is the scalar Higgs potential. Φ is the conjugate of Φ, related to the charge conjugate e
        by Φ =e iτ2Φ

        , with τi the Pauli matrices. The covariant derivative acting on the Higgs
        scalar field gives
        DµΦ =
        ∂µ − ig1
        1
        2
        Y Bµ − ig2T
        a
        2 Wa
        µ

        Φ. (2.12)
        Before we proceed to the description of the Higgs mechanism, a last comment concerning the SM Lagrangian is in order. If we restore the generation indices, we see that
        2For simplicity, from now on we are going to omit the generations indice
        32 Particle Physics
        the Yukawa couplings h are 3 × 3, in general complex, matrices. As any complex matrix, they can be diagonalized with the help of two unitary matrices VL and VR, which
        are related by VR = U
        †VL with U again a unitary matrix. The diagonalization in the
        quark sector to the mass eigenstates induces a mixing among the flavors (generations),
        described by the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix [101, 102]. The CKM
        matrix is defined by
        VCKM ≡ V
        u
        L

        V
        d
        L

        , (2.13)
        where V
        u
        L
        , V
        d
        L
        are the unitary matrices that diagonalize the Yukawa couplings Hu
        , Hd
        ,
        respectively. This product of the two matrices appears in the charged current when it
        is expressed in terms of the observable mass eigenstates.
        2.1.3 Mass generation through the Higgs mechanism
        We will start by examining the scalar potential (2.11). The vacuum expectation value
        (vev) of the Higgs field hΦi ≡ h0|Φ|0i is given by the minimum of the potential. For
        µ
        2 > 0, the potential is always non-negative and Φ has a zero vev. The hypothesis of
        the Higgs mechanism is that µ
        2 < 0. In this case, the field Φ will acquire a vev
        hΦi =
        1
        2

        0
        v
        !
        with v =
        r

        µ2
        λ
        . (2.14)
        Since the charged component of Φ still has a zero vev, the U(1)Q symmetry of quantum
        electrodynamics (QED) remains unbroken.
        We expand the field Φ around the minima v in terms of real fields, and at leading
        order we have
        Φ(x) =
        θ2(x) + iθ1(x)

        1
        2
        (v + H(x)) − iθ3(x)
        !
        =
        1

        2
        e
        iθa(x)τ
        a

        0
        v + H(x)
        !
        . (2.15)
        We can eliminate the unphysical degrees of freedom θa, using the fact that the theory
        remains gauge invariant. Therefore, we perform the following SU(2)L gauge transformation on Φ (unitary gauge)
        Φ(x) → e
        −iθa(x)τ
        a
        Φ(x), (2.16)
        so that
        Φ(x) = 1

        2

        0
        v + H(x)
        !
        . (2.17)
        We are going to use the following definitions for the gauge fields

        µ ≡
        1
        2

        W1
        µ ∓ iW2
        µ

        , (2.18a)
        Zµ ≡
        1
        p
        g
        2
        1 + g
        2
        2

        g2W3
        µ − g1Bµ

        , (2.18b)
        Aµ ≡
        1
        p
        g
        2
        1 + g
        2
        2

        g1W3
        µ + g2Bµ

        , (2.1
        2.2 Limits of the SM and the emergence of supersymmetry 33
        Then, the kinetic term for Φ (see Eq. (2.10c)) can be written in the unitary gauge as
        (DµΦ)†
        (D
        µΦ) = 1
        2
        (∂µH)
        2 + M2
        W W+
        µ W−µ +
        1
        2
        M2
        ZZµZ
        µ
        , (2.19)
        with
        MW ≡
        1
        2
        g2v and MZ ≡
        1
        2
        q
        g
        2
        1 + g
        2
        2
        v. (2.20)
        We see that the definitions (2.18) correspond to the physical states of the gauge bosons
        that have acquired masses due to the non-zero Higgs vev, given by (2.20). The photon
        has remained massless, which reflects the fact that after the spontaneous breakdown of
        SU(2)L × U(1)Y the U(1)Q remained unbroken. Among the initial degrees of freedom
        of the complex scalar field Φ, three were absorbed by W± and Z and one remained as
        the neutral Higgs particle with squared mass
        m2
        H = 2λv2
        . (2.21)
        We note that λ should be positive so that the scalar potential (2.11) is bounded from
        below.
        Fermions also acquire masses due to the Higgs mechanism. The Yukawa terms in
        the fermionic part (2.10b) of the SM Lagrangian are written, after expanding around
        the vev in the unitary gauge,
        LY = −
        1

        2
        hee¯L(v + H)eR −
        1

        2
        hd
        ¯dL(v + H)dR −
        1

        2
        huu¯L(v + H)uR + h.c. . (2.22)
        Therefore, we can identify the masses of the fermions as
        me
        i =
        h
        i
        e
        v

        2
        , md
        i =
        h
        i
        d
        v

        2
        , mui =
        h
        i
        u
        v

        2
        , (2.23)
        where we have written explicitly the generation indices.
        2.2 Limits of the SM and the emergence of supersymmetry
        2.2.1 General discussion of the SM problems
        The SM has been proven extremely successful and has been tested in high precision
        in many different experiments. It has predicted many new particles before their final
        discovery and also explained how the particles gain their masses. Its last triumph was
        of course the discovery of a boson that seems to be very similar to the Higgs boson of
        the SM. However, it is generally accepted that the SM cannot be the ultimate theory. It
        is not only observed phenomena that the SM does not explain; SM also faces important
        theoretical issues.
        The most prominent among the inconsistencies of the SM with observations is the
        oscillations among neutrinos of different generations. In order for the oscillations to
        34 Particle Physics
        φ φ
        k
        Figure 2.1: The scalar one-loop diagram giving rise to quadratic divergences.
        occur, neutrinos should have non-zero masses. However, minimal modifications of the
        SM are able to fit with the data of neutrino physics. Another issue that a more complete theory has to face is the matter asymmetry, the observed dominance of matter
        over antimatter in the Universe. In addition, in order to comply with the standard
        cosmological model, it has to provide the appropriate particle(s) that drove the inflation. Last, but not least, we saw that in order to explain the DM that dominates the
        Universe, a massive, stable weakly interacting particle must exist. Such a particle is
        not present in the SM.
        On the other hand, the SM also suffers from a theoretical perspective. For example,
        the SM counts 19 free parameters; one expects that a fundamental theory would have
        a much smaller number of free parameters. Simple modifications of the SM have been
        proposed relating some of these parameters. Grand unified theories (GUTs) unify
        the gauge couplings at a high scale ∼ 1016 GeV. However, this unification is only
        approximate unless the GUT is embedded in a supersymmetric framework. Another
        serious problem of the SM is that of naturalness. This will be the topic of the following
        subsection.
        2.2.2 The naturalness problem of the SM
        The presence of fundamental scalar fields, like the Higgs, gives rise to quadratic divergences. The diagram of Fig. 2.1 contributes to the squared mass of the scalar
        δm2 = λ
        Z Λ
        d
        4k
        (2π)
        4
        k
        −2
        . (2.24)
        This contribution is approximated by δm2 ∼ λΛ
        2/(16π
        2
        ), quadratic in a cut-off Λ,
        which should be finite. For the case of the Higgs scalar field, one has to include its
        couplings to the gauge fields and the top quark3
        . Therefore,
        δm2
        H =
        3Λ2

        2v
        2

        4m2
        t − 2M2
        W − M2
        Z − m2
        H

        + O(ln Λ
        µ
        )

        , (2.25)
        where we have used Eq. (2.21) and m2
        H ≡ m2
        0 + δm2
        H.
        3Since the contribution to the squared mass correction are quadratic in the Yukawa couplings (or
        quark masses), the lighter quarks can be neglected
        2.2.3 A way out 35
        Taking Λ as a fundamental scale Λ ∼ MP l ∼ 1019 GeV we have
        m2
        0 = m2
        H −
        3Λ2

        2v
        2

        4m2
        t − 2M2
        W − M2
        Z − m2
        H

        (2.26)
        and we can see that m2
        0 has to be adjusted to a precision of about 30 orders of magnitude
        in order to achieve an EW scale Higgs mass. This is considered as an intolerable finetuning, which is against the general belief that the observable properties of a theory
        have to be stable under small variations of the fundamental (bare) parameters. It is
        exactly the above behavior that is considered as unnatural. Although the SM could
        be self-consistent without imposing a large scale, grand unification of the parameters
        introduce a hierarchy problem between the different scales.
        A more strict definition of naturalness comes from ’t Hooft [103], which we rewrite
        here:
        At an energy scale µ, a physical parameter or set of physical parameters
        αi(µ) is allowed to be very small only if the replacement αi(µ) = 0 would
        increase the symmetry of the system.
        Clearly, this is not the case here. Although mH is small compared to the fundamental
        scale Λ, it is not protected by any symmetry and a fine-tuning is necessary.
        2.2.3 A way out
        The naturalness in the ’t Hooft sense is inspired by quantum electrodynamics, which is
        the archetype for a natural theory. For example, the corrections to the electron mass
        me are themselves proportional to me, with a dimensionless proportionality factor that
        behaves like ∼ ln Λ. In general, fermion masses are protected by the chiral symmetry; small values (compared to the fundamental scale) of these masses enhances the
        symmetry.
        If a new symmetry exists in nature, relating fermion fields to scalar fields, then each
        scalar mass would be related somehow to the corresponding fermion mass. Therefore,
        the scalar mass itself can be naturally small compared to Λ, since this would mean
        that the fermion mass is small, which enhances the chiral symmetry. Such a symmetry,
        relating bosons to fermions and vice versa, is known as supersymmetry [104, 105].
        Actually, as we will see later, if this new symmetry remains unbroken, the masses of
        the conjugate bosons and fermions would have to be equal.
        In order to make the above statement more concrete, we consider a toy model with
        two additional complex scalar fields feL and feR. We will discuss only the quadratic
        divergences that come from corrections to the Higgs mass due to a fermion. The
        generalization for the contributions from the gauge bosons or the self-interaction is
        straightforward. The interactions in this toy model of the new scalar fields with the
        Higgs are described by the Lagrangian
        Lfefφe = λfe|φ|
        2

        |feL|
        2 + |feR|
        2

        . (2.27
        36 Particle Physics
        It can be easily checked that the quadratic divergence coming from a fermion at one
        loop is exactly canceled, as long as the new quartic coupling λfe obeys the relation
        λfe = −λ
        2
        f
        (λf is the Yukawa coupling for the fermion f).
        2.3 A brief summary of Supersymmetry
        Supersymmetry (SUSY) is a symmetry relating fermions and bosons. The supersymmetry transformation should turn a boson state into a fermion state and vice versa. If
        Q is the operator that generates such transformations, then
        Q |bosoni = |fermioni Q |fermioni = |bosoni. (2.28)
        Due to commutation and anticommutation rules of bosons and fermions, Q has to
        be an anticommuting spinor operator, carrying spin angular momentum 1/2. Since
        spinors are complex objects, the hermitian conjugate Q†
        is also a symmetry operator4
        .
        There is a no-go theorem, the Coleman-Mandula theorem [106], that restricts the
        conserved charges which transform as tensors under the Lorentz group to the generators
        of translations Pµ and the generators of Lorentz transformations Mµν. Although this
        theorem can be evaded in the case of supersymmetry due to the anticommutation
        properties of Q, Q†
        [107], it restricts the underlying algebra of supersymmetry [108].
        Therefore, the basic supersymmetric algebra can be written as5
        {Q, Q†
        } = P
        µ
        , (2.29a)
        {Q, Q} = {Q

        , Q†
        } = 0, (2.29b)
        [P
        µ
        , Q] = [P
        µ
        , Q] = 0. (2.29c)
        In the following, we summarize the basic conclusions derived from this algebra.
        • The single-particle states of a supersymmetric theory fall into irreducible representations of the SUSY algebra, called supermultiplets. A supermultiplet contains
        both fermion and boson states, called superpartners.
        • Superpartners must have equal masses: Consider |Ωi and |Ω

        i as the superpartners, |Ω

        i should be proportional to some combination of the Q and Q† operators
        acting on |Ωi, up to a space-time translation or rotation. Since −P
        2
        commutes
        with Q, Q† and all space-time translation and rotation operators, |Ωi, |Ω

        i will
        have equal eigenvalues of −P
        2 and thus equal masses.
        • Superpartners must be in the same representation of gauge groups, since Q, Q†
        commute with the generators of gauge transformations. This means that they
        have equal charges, weak isospin and color degrees of freedom.
        4We will confine ourselves to the phenomenologically more interesting case of N = 1 supersymmetry, with N referring to the number of distinct copies of Q, Q†
        .
        5We present a simplified version, omitting spinor indices in Q and Q†
        .
        2.3 A brief summary of Supersymmetry 37
        • Each supermultiplet contains an equal number of fermion and boson degrees of
        freedom (nF and nB, respectively): Consider the operator (−1)2s
        , with s the spin
        angular momentum, and the states |ii that have the same eigenvalue p
        µ of P
        µ
        .
        Then, using the SUSY algebra (2.29) and the completeness relation P
        i
        |ii hi| =
        1, we have P
        i
        hi|(−1)2sP
        µ
        |ii = 0. On the other hand, P
        i
        hi|(−1)2sP
        µ
        |ii =
        p
        µTr [(−1)2s
        ] ∝ nB − nF . Therefore, nF = nB.
        As addendum to the last point, we see that two kind of supermultiplets are possible
        (neglecting gravity):
        • A chiral (or matter or scalar ) supermultiplet, which consists of a single Weyl
        fermion (with two spin helicity states, nF = 2) and two real scalars (each with
        nB = 1), which can be replaced by a single complex scalar field.
        • A gauge (or vector ) supermultiplet, which consists of a massless spin 1 boson
        (two helicity states, nB = 2) and a massless spin 1/2 fermion (nF = 2).
        Other combinations either are reduced to combinations of the above supermultiplets
        or lead to non-renormalizable interactions.
        It is possible to study supersymmetry in a geometric approach, using a space-time
        manifold extended by four fermionic (Grassmann) coordinates. This manifold is called
        superspace. The fields, in turn, expressed in terms of the extended set of coordinates
        are called superfields. We are not going to discuss the technical details of this topic
        (the interested reader may refer to the rich bibliography, for example [109–111]).
        However, it is important to mention a very useful function of the superfields, the
        superpotential. A generic form of a (renormalizable) superpotential in terms of the
        superfields Φ is the following b
        W =
        1
        2
        MijΦbiΦbj +
        1
        6
        y
        ijkΦbiΦbjΦbk. (2.30)
        The Lagrangian density can always be written according to the superpotential. The
        superpotential has also to fulfill some requirements. In order for the Lagrangian to
        be supersymmetric invariant, W has to be holomorphic in the complex scalar fields
        (it does not involve hermitian conjugates Φb† of the superfields). Conventionally, W
        involves only left chiral superfields. Instead of the SU(2)L singlet right chiral fermion
        fields, one can use their left chiral charge conjugates.
        As we mentioned before, the members of a supermultiplet have equal masses. This
        contradicts our experience, since the partners of the light SM particles would have been
        detected long time ago. Hence, the supersymmetry should be broken at a large energy
        scale. The common approach is that SUSY is broken in a hidden sector, very weakly
        coupled to the visible sector. Then, one has to explain how the SUSY breaking mediated to the visible sector. The two most popular scenarios are the gravity mediation
        scenario [112–114] and the Gauge-Mediated SUSY Breaking (GSMB) [113, 115–117],
        where the mediation occurs through gauge interactions.
        There are two approaches with which one can address the SUSY breaking. In the
        first approach, one refers to a GUT unification and determines the supersymmetric
        38 Particle Physics
        breaking parameters at low energies through the renormalization group equations.
        This approach results in a small number of free parameters. In the second approach,
        the starting point is the low energy scale. In this case, the SUSY breaking has to be
        parametrized by the addition of breaking terms to the low energy Lagrangian. This
        results in a larger set of free parameters. These terms should not reintroduce quadratic
        divergences to the scalar masses, since the cancellation of these divergences was the
        main motivation for SUSY. Then, one talks about soft breaking terms.
        2.4 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
        One can construct a supersymmetric version of the standard model with a minimal
        content of particles. This model is known as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard
        Model (MSSM). In a SUSY extension of the SM, each of the SM particles is either in a
        chiral or in a gauge supermultiplet, and should have a superpartner with spin differing
        by 1/2.
        The spin-0 partners of quarks and leptons are called squarks and sleptons, respectively (or collectively sfermions), and they have to reside in chiral supermultiplets.
        The left- and right-handed components of fermions are distinct 2-component Weyl
        fermions with different gauge transformations in the SM, so that each must have its
        own complex scalar superpartner. The gauge bosons of the SM reside in gauge supermultiplets, along with their spin-1/2 superpartners, which are called gauginos. Every
        gaugino field, like its gauge boson partner, transforms as the adjoint representation of
        the corresponding gauge group. They have left- and right-handed components which
        are charge conjugates of each other: (λeL)
        c = λeR.
        The Higgs boson, since it is a spin-0 particle, should reside in a chiral supermultiplet. However, we saw (in the fermionic part of the SM Lagrangian, Eq. (2.10b))
        that the Y = 1/2 Higgs in the SM can give mass to both up- and down-type quarks,
        only if the conjugate Higgs field with Y = −1/2 is involved. Since in the superpotential there are no conjugate fields, two Higgs doublets have to be introduced. Each
        Higgs supermultiplet would have hypercharge Y = +1/2 or Y = −1/2. The Higgs
        with the negative hypercharge gives mass to the down-type fermions and it is called
        down-type Higgs (Hd, or H1 in the SLHA convention [118]) and the other one gives
        mass to up-type fermions and it is called up-type Higgs (Hu, or H2).
        The MSSM respects a discrete Z2 symmetry, the R-parity. If one writes the most
        general terms in the supersymmetric Lagrangian (still gauge-invariant and holomorphic), some of them would lead to non-observed processes. The most obvious constraint
        comes from the non-observed proton decay, which arises from a term that violates both
        lepton and baryon numbers (L and B, respectively) by one unit. In order to avoid these
        terms, R-parity, a multiplicative conserved quantum number, is introduced, defined as
        PR = (−1)3(B−L)+2s
        , (2.31)
        with s the spin of the particle.
        The R even particles are the SM particles, whereas the R odd are the new particles
        introduced by the MSSM and are called supersymmetric particles. Due to R-parity,
        2.4 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model 39
        if it is exactly conserved, there can be no mixing among odd and even particles and,
        additionally, each interaction vertex in the theory can only involve an even number of
        supersymmetric particles. The phenomenological consequences are quite important.
        First, the lightest among the odd-parity particles is stable. This particle is known
        as the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). Second, in collider experiments, supersymmetric particles can only be produced in pairs. The first of these consequences
        was a breakthrough for the incorporation of DM into a general theory. If the LSP is
        electrically neutral, it interacts only weakly and it consists an attractive candidate for
        DM.
        We are not going to enter further into the details of the MSSM6
        . Although MSSM
        offers a possible DM candidate, there is a strong theoretical reason to move from the
        minimal model. This reason is the so-called µ-problem of the MSSM, with which we
        begin the discussion of the next chapter, where we shall describe more thoroughly the
        Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.
        6We refer to [110] for an excellent and detailed description of MSSM.
        40 Particle Physics
        Part II
        Dark Matter in the
        Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric
        Standard Model

        CHAPTER 3
        THE NEXT-TO-MINIMAL
        SUPERSYMMETRIC STANDARD
        MODEL
        The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM) is an extension of
        the MSSM by a chiral, SU(2)L singlet superfield Sb (see [119, 120] for reviews). The
        introduction of this field solves the µ-problem1
        from which the MSSM suffers, but
        also leads to a different phenomenology from that of the minimal model. The scalar
        component of the additional field mixes with the scalar Higgs doublets, leading to three
        CP-even mass eigenstates and two CP-odd eigenstates (as in the MSSM a doublet-like
        pair of charged Higgs also exists). On the other hand, the fermionic component of the
        singlet (singlino) mixes with gauginos and higgsinos, forming five neutral states, the
        neutralinos.
        Concerning the CP-even sector, a new possibility opens. The lightest Higgs mass
        eigenstate may have evaded the detection due to a sizeable singlet component. Besides,
        the SM-like Higgs is naturally heavier than in the MSSM [123–126]. Therefore, a SMlike Higgs mass ∼ 125 GeV is much easier to explain [127–141]. The singlet component
        of the CP-odd Higgs also allows for a potentially very light pseudoscalar with suppressed couplings to SM particles, with various consequences, especially on low energy
        observables (for example, [142–145]). The singlino component of the neutralino may
        also play an important role for both collider phenomenology and DM. This is the case
        when the neutralino is the LSP and the lightest neutralino has a significant singlino
        component.
        We start the discussion about the NMSSM by describing the µ-problem and how
        this is solved in the context of the NMSSM. In Sec. 3.2 we introduce the NMSSM
        Lagrangian and we write the mass matrices of the Higgs sector particles and the su1However, historically, the introduction of a singlet field preceded the µ-problem, e.g. [104, 105,
        121, 122].
        44 The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
        persymmetric particles, at tree level. We continue by examining, in Sec. 3.3, the DM
        candidates in the NMSSM and particularly the neutralino. The processes which determine the neutralino relic density are described in Sec. 3.4. The detection possibilities
        of a potential NMSSM neutralino as DM are discussed in (Sec. 3.5). We close this
        chapter (Sec. 3.6) by examining possible ways to include non-zero neutrino masses and
        the additional DM candidates that are introduced.
        3.1 Motivation – The µ-problem of the MSSM
        As we saw, the minimal extension of the SM, the MSSM, contains two Higgs SU(2)L
        doublets Hu and Hd. The Lagrangian of the MSSM should contain a supersymmetric
        mass term, µHuHd, for these two doublets. There are several reasons, which we will
        subsequently review, that require the existence of such a term. On the other hand,
        the fact that |µ| cannot be very large, actually it should be of the order of the EW
        scale, brings back the problem of naturalness. A parameter of the model should be
        much smaller than the “natural” scale (the GUT or the Planck scale) before the EW
        symmetry breaking. This leads to the so-called µ-problem of the MSSM [146].
        The reasons that such a term should exist in the Lagrangian of the MSSM are
        mainly phenomenological. The doublets Hu and Hd are components of chiral superfields that also contain fermionic SU(2)L doublets. Their electrically charged components mix with the superpartners of the W± bosons, forming two charged Dirac
        fermions, the charginos. The unsuccessful searches for charginos in LEP have excluded
        charginos with masses almost up to its kinetic limit (∼ 104 GeV) [147]. Since the µ term
        determines the mass of the charginos, µ cannot be zero and actually |µ| >∼ 100 GeV,
        independently of the other free parameters of the model. Moreover, µ = 0 would result
        in a Peccei-Quinn symmetry of the Higgs sector and an undesirable massless axion.
        Finally, there is one more reason for µ 6= 0 related to the mass generation by the Higgs
        mechanism. The term µHuHd will be accompanied by a soft SUSY breaking term
        BµHuHd. This term is necessary so that both neutral components of Hu and Hd are
        non-vanishing at the minimum of the potential.
        The Higgs mechanism also requires that µ is not too large. In order to generate
        the EW symmetry breaking, the Higgs potential has to be unstable at its origin Hu =
        Hd = 0. Soft SUSY breaking terms for Hu and Hd of the order of the SUSY breaking
        scale generate such an instability. However, the µ induced squared masses for Hu,
        Hd are always positive and would destroy the instability in case they dominate the
        negative soft mass terms.
        The NMSSM is able to solve the µ-problem by dynamically generating the mass
        µ. This is achieved by the introduction of an SU(2)L singlet scalar field S. When S
        acquires a vev, a mass term for the Hu and Hd emerges with an effective mass µeff of
        the correct order, as long as the vev is of the order of the SUSY breaking scale. This
        can be obtained in a more “natural” way through the soft SUSY breaking terms.
        3.2 The NMSSM Lagrangian 45
        3.2 The NMSSM Lagrangian
        All the necessary information for the Lagrangian of the NMSSM can be extracted from
        the superpotential and the soft SUSY breaking Lagrangian, containing the soft gaugino and scalar masses, and the trilinear couplings. We begin with the superpotential,
        writing all the interactions of the NMSSM superfields, which include the MSSM superfields and the additional gauge singlet chiral superfield2 Sb. Hence, the superpotential
        reads
        W = λSbHbu · Hbd +
        1
        3
        κSb3
        + huQb · HbuUbc
        R + hdHbd · QbDbc
        R + heHbd · LbEbc
        R.
        (3.1)
        The couplings to quarks and leptons have to be understood as 3 × 3 matrices and the
        quark and lepton fields as vectors in the flavor space. The SU(2)L doublet superfields
        are given (as in the MSSM) by
        Qb =

        UbL
        DbL
        !
        , Lb =

        νb
        EbL
        !
        , Hbu =

        Hb +
        u
        Hb0
        u
        !
        , Hbd =

        Hb0
        d
        Hb −
        d
        !
        (3.2)
        and the product of two doublets is given by, for example, Qb · Hbu = UbLHb0
        u − Hb +
        u DbL.
        An important fact to note is that the superpotential given by (3.1) does not include all possible renormalizable couplings (which respect R-parity). The most general
        superpotential would also include the terms
        W ⊃ µHbu · Hbd +
        1
        2
        µ
        ′Sb2 + ξF s, b (3.3)
        with the first two terms corresponding to supersymmetric masses and the third one,
        with ξF of dimension mass2
        , to a tadpole term. However, the above dimensionful
        parameters µ, µ
        ′ and ξF should be of the order of the SUSY breaking scale, a fact
        that contradicts the motivation behind the NMSSM. Here, we omit these terms and
        we will work with the scale invariant superpotential (3.1). The Lagrangian of a scale
        invariant superpotential possesses an accidental Z3 symmetry, which corresponds to a
        multiplication of all the components of all chiral fields by a phase ei2π/3
        .
        The corresponding soft SUSY breaking masses and couplings are
        −Lsof t = m2
        Hu
        |Hu|
        2 + m2
        Hd
        |Hd|
        2 + m2
        S
        |S|
        2
        + m2
        Q|Q|
        2 + m2
        D|DR|
        2 + m2
        U
        |UR|
        2 + m2
        L
        |L|
        2 + m2
        E|ER|
        2
        +

        huAuQ · HuU
        c
        R − hdAdQ · HdD
        c
        R − heAeL · HdE
        c
        R
        +λAλHu · HdS +
        1
        3
        κAκS
        3 + h.c.

        +
        1
        2
        M1λ1λ1 +
        1
        2
        M2λ
        i

        i
        2 +
        1
        2
        M3λ
        a

        a
        3
        ,
        (3.4)
        2Here, the hatted capital letters denote chiral superfields, whereas the corresponding unhatted
        ones indicate their complex scalar components.
        46 The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
        where we have also included the soft breaking masses for the gauginos. λ1 is the U(1)Y
        gaugino (bino), λ
        i
        2 with i = 1, 2, 3 is the SU(2)L gaugino (winos) and, finally, the λ
        a
        3
        with a = 1, . . . , 8 denotes the SU(3)c gaugino (gluinos).
        The scalar potential, expressed by the so-called D and F terms, can be written
        explicitly using the general formula
        V =
        1
        2

        D
        aD
        a + D
        ′2

        + F

        i Fi
        , (3.5)
        where
        D
        a = g2Φ

        i T
        a
        ijΦj (3.6a)
        D
        ′ =
        1
        2
        g1YiΦ

        i Φi (3.6b)
        Fi =
        ∂W
        ∂Φi
        . (3.6c)
        We remind that T
        a are the SU(2)L generators and Yi the hypercharge of the scalar
        field Φi
        . The Yukawa interactions and fermion mass terms are given by the general
        Lagrangian
        LY ukawa = −
        1
        2

        2W
        ∂Φi∂Φj
        ψiψj + h.c.
        , (3.7)
        using the superpotential (3.1). The two-component spinor ψi
        is the superpartner of
        the scalar Φi
        .
        3.2.1 Higgs sector
        Using the general form of the scalar potential, the following Higgs potential is derived
        VHiggs =

        λ

        H
        +
        u H

        d − H
        0
        uH
        0
        d

        + κS2

        2
        +

        m2
        Hu + |λS|
        2

        H
        0
        u

        2
        +

        H
        +
        u

        2

        +

        m2
        Hd + |λS|
        2

        H
        0
        d

        2
        +

        H

        d

        2

        +
        1
        8

        g
        2
        1 + g
        2
        2

        H
        0
        u

        2
        +

        H
        +
        u

        2

        H
        0
        d

        2

        H

        d

        2
        2
        +
        1
        2
        g
        2
        2

        H
        +
        u H
        0
        d

        + H
        0
        uH

        d

        2
        + m2
        S
        |S|
        2 +

        λAλ

        H
        +
        u H

        d − H
        0
        uH
        0
        d

        S +
        1
        3
        κAκS
        3 + h.c.

        .
        (3.8)
        The neutral physical Higgs states are defined through the relations
        H
        0
        u = vu +
        1

        2
        (HuR + iHuI ), H0
        d = vd +
        1

        2
        (HdR + iHdI ),
        S = s +
        1

        2
        (SR + iSI ),
        3.2.1 Higgs sector 47
        where vu, vd and s are, respectively, the real vevs of Hu, Hd and S, which have to be
        obtained from the minima of the scalar potential (3.8), after expanding the fields using
        Eq. (3.9). We notice that when S acquires a vev, a term µeffHbu · Hbd appears in the
        superpotential, with
        µeff = λs, (3.10)
        solving the µ-problem.
        Therefore, the Higgs sector of the NMSSM is characterized by the seven parameters
        λ, κ, m2
        Hu
        , m2
        Hd
        , m2
        S
        , Aλ and Aκ. One can express the three soft masses by the three
        vevs using the minimization equations of the Higgs potential (3.8), which are given by
        vu

        m2
        Hu + µ
        2
        eff + λ
        2
        v
        2
        d +
        1
        2
        g
        2

        v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d

        − vdµeff(Aλ + κs) = 0
        vd

        m2
        Hd + µ
        2
        eff + λ
        2
        v
        2
        u +
        1
        2
        g
        2

        v
        2
        d − v
        2
        u

        − vuµeff(Aλ + κs) = 0
        s

        m2
        S + κAκs + 2κ

        2 + λ
        2

        v
        2
        u + v
        2
        d

        − 2λκvuvd

        − λAλvuvd = 0,
        (3.11)
        where we have defined
        g
        2 ≡
        1
        2

        g
        2
        1 + g
        2
        2

        . (3.12)
        One can also define the β angle by
        tan β =
        vu
        vd
        . (3.13)
        The Z boson mass is given by MZ = gv with v
        2 = v
        2
        u + v
        2
        d ≃ (174 GeV)2
        . Hence, with
        MZ given, the set of parameters that describes the Higgs sector of the NMSSM can be
        chosen to be the following
        λ, κ, Aλ, Aκ, tan b and µeff. (3.14)
        CP-even Higgs masses
        One can obtain the Higgs mass matrices at tree level by expanding the Higgs potential
        (3.8) around the vevs, using Eq. (3.9). We begin by writing3
        the squared mass matrix
        M2
        S
        of the scalar Higgses in the basis (HdR, HuR, SR):
        M2
        S =

        
        g
        2
        v
        2
        d + µ tan βBeff (2λ
        2 − g
        2
        ) vuvd − µBeff 2λµvd − λ (Aλ + 2κs) vu
        g
        2
        v
        2
        u +
        µ
        tan βBeff 2λµvu − λ (Aλ + 2κs) vd
        λAλ
        vuvd
        s + κAκs + (2κs)
        2

         ,
        (3.15)
        where we have defined Beff ≡ Aλ + κs (it plays the role of the B parameter of the
        MSSM).
        3For economy of space, we omit in this expression the subscript from µ
        48 The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
        Although an analytical diagonalization of the above 3 × 3 mass matrix is lengthy,
        there is a crucial conclusion that comes from the approximate diagonalization of the
        upper 2 × 2 submatrix. If it is rotated by an angle β, one of its diagonal elements
        is M2
        Z
        (cos2 2β +
        λ
        2
        g
        2 sin2
        2β) which is an upper bound for its lightest eigenvalue. The
        first term is the same one as in the MSSM. The conclusion is that in the NMSSM
        the lightest CP-even Higgs can be heavier than the corresponding of the MSSM, as
        long as λ is large and tan β relatively small. Therefore, it is much easier to explain
        the observed mass of the SM-like Higgs. However, λ is bounded from above in order
        to avoid the appearance of the Landau pole below the GUT scale. Depending on the
        other free parameters, λ should obey λ <∼ 0.7.
        CP-odd Higgs masses
        For the pseudoscalar case, the squared mass matrix in the basis (HdI , HuI , SI ) is
        M2
        P =

        
        µeff (Aλ + κs) tan β µeff (Aλ + κs) λvu (Aλ − 2κs)
        µeff
        tan β
        (Aλ + κs) λvd (Aλ − 2κs)
        λ (Aλ + 4κs)
        vuvd
        s − 3κAκs

         . (3.16)
        One eigenstate of this matrix corresponds to an unphysical massless Goldstone
        boson G. In order to drop the Goldstone boson, we write the matrix in the basis
        (A, G, SI ) by rotating the upper 2 × 2 submatrix by an angle β. After dropping the
        massless mode, the 2 × 2 squared mass matrix turns out to be
        M2
        P =
        2µeff
        sin 2β
        (Aλ + κs) λ (Aλ − 2κs) v
        λ (Aλ + 4κs)
        vuvd
        s − 3Aκs
        !
        . (3.17)
        Charged Higgs mass
        The charged Higgs squared mass matrix is given, in the basis (H+
        u
        , H−
        d

        ), by
        M2
        ± =

        µeff (Aλ + κs) + vuvd

        1
        2
        g
        2
        2 − λ

        cot β 1
        1 tan β
        !
        , (3.18)
        which contains one Goldstone boson and one physical mass eigenstate H± with eigenvalue
        m2
        ± =
        2µeff
        sin 2β
        (Aλ + κs) + v
        2

        1
        2
        g
        2
        2 − λ

        . (3.19)
        3.2.2 Sfermion sector
        The mass matrix for the up-type squarks is given in the basis (ueR, ueL) by
        Mu =

        m2
        u + h
        2
        u
        v
        2
        u −
        1
        3
        (v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d
        ) g
        2
        1 hu (Auvu − µeffvd)
        hu (Auvu − µeffvd) m2
        Q + h
        2
        u
        v
        2
        u +
        1
        12 (v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d
        ) (g
        2
        1 − 3g
        2
        2
        )
        !
        , (3.20)
        3.2.3 Gaugino and higgsino sector 49
        whereas for down-type squarks the mass matrix reads in the basis (deR, deL)
        Md =

        m2
        d + h
        2
        d
        v
        2
        d −
        1
        6
        (v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d
        ) g
        2
        1 hd (Advd − µeffvu)
        hd (Advd − µeffvu) m2
        Q + h
        2
        d
        v
        2
        d +
        1
        12 (v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d
        ) (g
        2
        1 − 3g
        2
        2
        )
        !
        . (3.21)
        The off-diagonal terms are proportional to the Yukawa coupling hu for the up-type
        squarks and hd for the down-type ones. Therefore, the two lightest generations remain
        approximately unmixed. For the third generation, the mass matrices are diagonalized
        by a rotation by an angle θT and θB, respectively, for the stop and sbottom. The mass
        eigenstates are, then, given by
        et1 = cos θT
        etL + sin θT
        etR, et2 = cos θT
        etL − sin θT
        etR, (3.22)
        eb1 = cos θB
        ebL + sin θB
        ebR, eb2 = cos θB
        ebL − sin θB
        ebR. (3.23)
        In the slepton sector, for a similar reason, only the left- and right-handed staus are
        mixed and their mass matrix
        Mτ =

        m2
        E3 + h
        2
        τ
        v
        2
        d −
        1
        2
        (v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d
        ) g
        2
        1 hτ (Aτ vd − µeffvu)
        hτ (Aτ vd − µeffvu) m2
        L3 + h
        2
        τ
        v
        2
        d −
        1
        4
        (v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d
        ) (g
        2
        1 − g
        2
        2
        )
        !
        (3.24)
        is diagonalized after a rotation by an angle θτ . Their mass eigenstates are given by
        τe1 = cos θτ τeL + sin θτ τeR, τe2 = cos θτ τeL − sin θτ τeR. (3.25)
        Finally, the sneutrino masses are
        mνe = m2
        L −
        1
        4

        v
        2
        u − v
        2
        d
        g
        2
        1 + g
        2
        2

        . (3.26)
        3.2.3 Gaugino and higgsino sector
        The gauginos λ1 and λ
        3
        2 mix with the neutral higgsinos ψ
        0
        d
        , ψ
        0
        u
        and ψS to form neutral
        particles, the neutralinos. The 5 × 5 mass matrix of the neutralinos is written in the
        basis
        (−iλ1, −iλ3
        2
        , ψ0
        d
        , ψ0
        u
        , ψS) ≡ (B, e W , f He0
        d
        , He0
        u
        , Se) (3.27)
        as
        M0 =

        
        M1 0 − √
        1
        2
        g1vd √
        1
        2
        g1vu 0
        M2 √
        1
        2
        g2vd − √
        1
        2
        g2vu 0
        0 −µeff −λvu
        0 −λvd
        2κs

        
        . (3.28)
        The mass matrix (3.28) is diagonalized by an orthogonal matrix Nij . The mass eigenstates of the neutralinos are usually denoted by χ
        0
        i
        , with i = 1, . . . , 5, with increasing
        masses (i = 1 corresponds to the lightest neutralino). These are given by
        χ
        0
        i = Ni1Be + Ni2Wf + Ni3He0
        d + Ni4He0
        u + Ni5S. e (3.2
        50 The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
        We use the convention of a real matrix Nij , so that the physical masses mχ
        0
        i
        are real,
        but not necessarily positive.
        In the charged sector, the SU(2)L charged gauginos λ
        − = √
        1
        2

        1
        2 + iλ2
        2
        ), λ
        + =

        1
        2

        1
        2 − iλ2
        2
        ) mix with the charged higgsinos ψ

        d
        and ψ
        +
        u
        , forming the charginos ψ
        ±:
        ψ
        ± =

        −iλ±
        ψ
        ±
        u
        !
        . (3.30)
        The chargino mass matrix in the basis (ψ
        −, ψ+) is
        M± =

        M2 g2vu
        g2vd µeff !
        . (3.31)
        Since it is not symmetric, the diagonalization requires different rotations of ψ
        − and
        ψ
        +. We denote these rotations by U and V , respectively, so that the mass eigenstates
        are obtained by
        χ
        − = Uψ−, χ+ = V ψ+. (3.32)
        3.3 DM Candidates in the NMSSM
        Let us first review the characteristics that a DM candidate particle should have. First,
        it should be massive in order to account for the missing mass in the galaxies. Second,
        it must be electrically and color neutral. Otherwise, it would have condensed with
        baryonic matter, forming anomalous heavy isotopes. Such isotopes are absent in nature. Finally, it should be stable and interact only weakly, in order to fit the observed
        relic density.
        In the NMSSM there are two possible candidates. Both can be stable particles if
        they are the LSPs of the supersymmetric spectrum. The first one is the sneutrino (see
        [148,149] for early discussions on MSSM sneutrino LSP). However, although sneutrinos
        are WIMPs, their large coupling to the Z bosons result in a too large annihilation cross
        section. Hence, if they were the DM particles, their relic density would have been very
        small compared to the observed value. Exceptions are very massive sneutrinos, heavier
        than about 5 TeV [150]. Furthermore, the same coupling result in a large scattering
        cross section off the nuclei of the detectors. Therefore, sneutrinos are also excluded by
        direct detection experiments.
        The other possibility is the lightest neutralino. Neutralinos fulfill successfully, at
        least in principle, all the requirements for a DM candidate. However, the resulting
        relic density, although weakly interacting, may vary over many orders of magnitude as
        a function of the free parameters of the theory. In the next sections we will investigate
        further the properties of the lightest neutralino as the DM particle. We begin by
        studying its annihilation that determines the DM relic density.
        3.4 Neutralino relic density 51
        3.4 Neutralino relic density
        We remind that the neutralinos are mixed states composed of bino, wino, higgsinos
        and the singlino. The exact content of the lightest neutralino determines its pair
        annihilation channels and, therefore, its relic density (for detailed analyses, we refer
        to [151–154]). Subsequently, we will briefly describe the neutralino pair annihilation
        in various scenarios. We classify these scenarios with respect to the lightest neutralino
        content.
        Before we proceed, we should mention another mechanism that affects the neutralino LSP relic density. If there is a supersymmetric particle with mass close to the
        LSP (but always larger), it would be abundant during the freeze-out and LSP coannihilations with this particle would contribute to the total annihilation cross section.
        This particle, which is the Next-to-Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (NLSP), is most
        commonly a stau or a stop. In the above sense, coannihilations refer not only to the
        LSP–NLSP coannihilations, but also to the NLSP–NLSP annihilations, since the latter
        reduce the number density of the NLSPs [155].
        • Bino-like LSP
        In principle, if the lightest neutralino is mostly bino-like, the total annihilation
        cross section is expected to be small. Therefore, a bino-like neutralino LSP would
        have been overabundant. The reason for this is that there is only one available
        annihilation channel via t-channel sfermion exchange, since all couplings to gauge
        bosons require a higgsino component. The cross section is even more reduced
        when the sfermion mass is large.
        However, there are still two ways to achieve the correct relic density. The first one
        is using the coannihilation effect: if there is a sfermion with a mass slightly larger
        (some GeV) than the LSP mass, their coannihilations can be proved to reduce
        efficiently the relic density to the desired value. The second one concerns a binolike LSP, with a very small but non-negligible higgsino component. In this case,
        if in addition the lightest CP-odd Higgs A1 is light enough, the annihilation to a
        pair A1A1 (through an s-channel CP-even Higgs Hi exchange) can be enhanced
        via Hi resonances. In this scenario a fine-tuning of the masses is necessary.
        • Higgsino-like LSP
        A mostly higgsino LSP is as well problematic. The strong couplings of the higgsinos to the gauge bosons lead to very large annihilation cross section. Therefore,
        a possible higgsino LSP would have a very small relic density.
        • Mixed bino–higgsino LSP
        In this case, as it was probably expected, one can easily fit the relic density to
        the observed value. This kind of LSP annihilates to W+W−, ZZ, W±H∓, ZHi
        ,
        HiAj
        , b
        ¯b and τ

        − through s-channel Z or Higgs boson exchange or t-channel
        neutralino or chargino exchange. The last two channels are the dominant ones
        when the Higgs coupling to down-type fermions is enhanced, which occurs more
        commonly in the regime of relatively large tan β. The annihilation channel to a
        52 The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
        pair of top quarks also contributes to the total cross section, if it is kinematically
        allowed. However, in order to achieve the correct relic density, the higgsino
        component cannot be very large.
        • Singlino-like LSP
        Since a mostly singlino LSP has small couplings to SM particles, the resulting relic
        density is expected to be large. However, there are some annihilation channels
        that can be enhanced in order to reduce the relic density. These include the
        s-channel (scalar or pseudoscalar) Higgs exchange and the t-channel neutralino
        exchange.
        For the former, any Higgs with sufficient large singlet component gives an important contribution to the cross section, increasing with the parameter κ (since
        the singlino-singlino-singlet coupling is proportional to κ). Concerning the latter
        annihilation, in order to enhance it, one needs large values of the parameter λ.
        In this case, the neutralino-neutralino-singlet coupling, which is proportional to
        λ, is large and the annihilation proceeds giving a pair of scalar HsHs or a pair
        of pseudoscalar AsAs singlet like Higgs.
        As in the case of bino-like LSP, one can also use the effect of s-channel resonances
        or coannihilations. In the latter case, an efficient NLSP can be the neutralino
        χ
        0
        2
        or the lightest stau τe1. In the case that the neutralino NLSP is higgsinolike, the LSP-NLSP coannihilation through a (doublet-like) Higgs exchange can
        be proved very efficient. A stau NLSP reduces the relic density through NLSPNLSP annihilations, which is the only possibility in the case that both parameters
        κ and λ are small. We refer to [156,157] for further discussion on this possibility.
        Assuming universality conditions the wino mass M2 has to be larger than the bino
        mass M1 (M2 ∼ 2M1). This is the reason that we have not considered a wino-like LSP.
        3.5 Detection of neutralino DM
        3.5.1 Direct detection
        Since neutralinos are Majorana fermions, the effective Lagrangian describing their
        elastic scattering with a quark in a nucleon can be written, in the Dirac fermion
        notation, as [158]
        Leff = a
        SI
        i χ¯
        0

        0
        1
        q¯iqi + a
        SD
        i χ¯
        0
        1γ5γµχ
        0
        1
        q¯iγ5γ
        µ
        qi
        , (3.33)
        with i = u, d corresponding to up- and down-type quarks, respectively. The Lagrangian has to be understood as summing over the quark generations.
        In this expression, we have omitted terms containing the operator ψγ¯
        5ψ or a combination of ψγ¯
        5γµψ and ψγ¯
        µψ (with ψ = χ, q). This is a well qualified assumption:
        Due to the small velocity of WIMPs, the momentum transfer ~q is very small compared
        3.5.1 Direct detection 53
        to the reduced mass of the WIMP-nucleus system. In the extreme limit of zero momentum transfer, the above operators vanish4
        . Hence, we are left with the Lagrangian
        (3.33) consisting of two terms, the first one corresponding to spin-independent (SI)
        interactions and the second to spin-dependent (SD) ones. In the following, we will
        focus again only to SI scattering, since the detector sensitivity to SD scattering is low,
        as it has been already mentioned in Sec. 1.5.1.
        The SI cross section for the neutralino-nucleus scattering can be written as [158]
        (see, also, [159])
        σ
        SI
        tot =
        4m2
        r
        π
        [Zfp + (A − Z)fn]
        2
        . (3.34)
        mr is the neutralino-nucleus reduced mass mr =
        mχmN
        mχ+mN
        , and Z, A are the atomic and
        the nucleon number, respectively. It is more common, however, to use an expression
        for the cross section normalized to the nucleon. In this case, on has for the neutralinoproton scattering
        σ
        SI
        p =
        4
        π

        mpmχ
        0
        1
        mp + mχ
        0
        1
        !2
        f
        2
        p ≃
        4m2
        χ
        0
        1
        π
        f
        2
        p
        , (3.35)
        with a similar expression for the neutron.
        The form factor fp is related to the couplings a to quarks through the expression
        (omitting the “SI” superscripts)
        fp
        mp
        =
        X
        q=u,d,s
        f
        p
        T q
        aq
        mq
        +
        2
        27
        fT G X
        q=c,b,t
        aq
        mq
        . (3.36)
        A similar expression may be obtained for the neutron form factor fn, by the replacement
        p → n in the previous expression (henceforth, we focus to neutralino-proton scattering).
        The parameters fT q are defined by the quark mass matrix elements
        hp| mqqq¯ |pi = mpfT q, (3.37)
        which corresponds to the contribution of the quark q to the proton mass and the
        parameter fT G is related to them by
        fT G = 1 −
        X
        q=u,d,s
        fT q. (3.38)
        The above parameters can be obtained by the following quantities
        σπN =
        1
        2
        (mu + md)(Bu + Bd) and σ0 =
        1
        2
        (mu + md)(Bu + Bd − 2Bs,) (3.39)
        with Bq = hN| qq¯ |Ni, which are obtained by chiral perturbation theory [160] or by
        lattice simulations. Unfortunately, the uncertainties on the values of these quantities
        are large (see [161], for more recent values and error bars).
        4While there are possible circumstances in which the operators of (3.33) are also suppressed and,
        therefore, comparable to the operators omitted, they are not phenomenologically interesting.
        54 The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
        χ
        0
        1
        χ
        0
        1
        χ
        0
        1 χ
        0
        1
        qe
        q q
        q q
        Hi
        Figure 3.1: Feynman diagrams contributing to the elastic neutralino-quark scalar scattering amplitude at tree level.
        The SI neutralino-nucleon interactions arise from t-channel Higgs exchange and
        s-channel squark exchange at tree level (see Fig. 3.1), with one-loop contributions from
        neutralino-gluon interactions. In practice, the s-channel Higgs exchange contribution
        to the scattering amplitude dominates, especially due to the large masses of squarks.
        In this case, the effective couplings a are given by
        a
        SI
        d =
        X
        3
        i=1
        1
        m2
        Hi
        C
        1
        i Cχ
        0

        0
        1Hi
        , aSI
        u =
        X
        3
        i=1
        1
        m2
        Hi
        C
        2
        i Cχ
        0

        0
        1Hi
        . (3.40)
        C
        1
        i
        and C
        2
        i
        are the Higgs Hi couplings to down- and up-type quarks, respectively, given
        by
        C
        1
        i =
        g2md
        2MW cos β
        Si1, C2
        i =
        g2mu
        2MW sin β
        Si2, (3.41)
        with S the mixing matrix of the CP-even Higgs mass eigenstates and md, mu the
        corresponding quark mass. We see from Eqs. (3.36) and (3.41) that the final cross
        section (3.35) is independent of each quark mass. We write for completeness the
        neutralino-neutralino-Higgs coupling Cχ
        0

        0
        1Hi
        :

        0

        0
        1Hi =

        2λ (Si1N14N15 + Si2N13N15 + Si3N13N14) −

        2κSi3N
        2
        15
        + g1 (Si1N11N13 − Si2N11N14) − g2 (Si1N12N13 − Si2N12N14), (3.42)
        with N the neutralino mixing matrix given in (3.29).
        The resulting cross section is proportional to m−4
        Hi
        . In the NMSSM, it is possible
        for the lightest scalar Higgs eigenstate to be quite light, evading detection due to its
        singlet nature. This scenario can give rise to large values of SI scattering cross section,
        provided that the doublet components of th

    • #56972 Répondre
      ..Graindorge
      Invité

      Quelqu’un.e recommanderait le western Eurêka de Lisandro Alonso svp?

      • #57076 Répondre
        François
        Invité

        C’est un film magnifique. Dans la continuité de Jauja, parce qu’il y a Viggo Mortensen dans un rôle similaire, évidemment, mais surtout pour son caractère hybride : ce n’est pas tellement un western, ce n’est pas tellement un film fantastique, ce n’est pas tellement un drame social. C’est tout cela à la fois, c’est ce qui faisait la beauté de Jauja et cela prend ici de l’ampleur. Sans trop en dire, on suit des gens qui se sentent seuls et qui espèrent voir un horizon à travers les rayons du soleil, à travers le blizzard, à travers la jungle. A ce niveau-là, le personnage de la policière est l’un des plus beaux de l’année et sa trajectoire se termine avec un plan d’une épure et d’une puissance rares.

        • #57079 Répondre
          ..Graindorge
          Invité

          Un grand merci François!
          Tu m’as vraiment donné envie d’aller le voir!
          J’irai samedi et je te dirai

        • #57560 Répondre
          Seldoon
          Invité

          Très beau film. Merci de nous l’avoir signalé.

          • #57567 Répondre
            ..Graindorge
            Invité

            Merci Seldoon pour ton retour!
            Là, on est sur la route vers Santa Cruz pour aller le voir car hier on a pas pu

        • #57653 Répondre
          graindorge
          Invité

          @François
          Ce film m’a ensorcelée
          C’est vrai, François que c’est beaucoup de choses : western, documentaire, drames… ( dans la réserve, 20 policiers pour 40000 à 70000 personnes – ils ne sont pas recensés- information donnée par Lisandro Alonso)
          Les paysages sont aussi des personnages : routes, train de marchandise, neige, forêt, rochers, ciel, fleuves, arbres, racines des arbres. Je n’ai pas vu le temps passé. Les mots du grand-père de Sadie « Le temps n’existe pas, seul l’espace… » avant de l’aider à disparaître…
          L’OISEAU…
          Et cette phrase « les arbres créent la pluie et la pluie crée les arbres » dite dans la forêt brésilienne par un de ses éléments.
          Et ces visages, celui de Alaina la policière, celui de Sadie, sa fille sont aussi des paysages que je contemple sans lassitude, que je lis. Le visage du frère, le visage de Lili…
          Je n’ai pas tout compris sans trouver ça important. Au contraire
          L’impact sur mon corps après cette plongée lorsque l’écran redevient blanc : jubilation.
          Malgré la misère absolue, les fatigues, les persévérances sans fin qui finissent par finir comme celle d’Alaina ou celle de Sadie : la Beauté, la Magie, le Pouvoir, la Puissance de la Vie , indestructibles
          EUREKA !

    • #57140 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Je recommande Dos madres, film espagnol évoquant de façon très originale le trafic de bébés sous Franco. Le film tenté beaucoup de choses, contourne au maximum la bêtise du mélodrame almodovarien et la lourdeur du film dossier. Pas entièrement convaincant mais tente vraiment de renouveler un genre par la forme, expérimental dans ce sens-là. A voir.

      • #57155 Répondre
        ..Graindorge
        Invité

        @Charles
        De qui est le film Dos madres stp?

        • #57163 Répondre
          ..Graindorge
          Invité

          Je n’ai pas trouvé Dos madres mais Madres paralelas de Almodovar Si c’est celui là, ça ne me tente pas vraiment mais s’ils l’ont à la médiathèque de TEA, je le verrais. « A caballo regalado… »

    • #57453 Répondre
      I.G.Y
      Invité

      A signaler : G. Orignac et M. Joudet à propos de « Depardieu et les années 70 » sur Hors-Série

      • #57504 Répondre
        Tony
        Invité

        Passionnant en effet,on sort enfin des lieux communs féministes sur la culture du viol,le male gaze ainsi que des discours moraux sur la mysogynie et la domination pour mettre au jour des problématiques assez complexes,par exemple,sur le consentement,en partant de l’analyse de la fameuse séquence du train dans les valseuses,le conflit entre désir et volonté et la difficulté,pour une femme,dans une société patriarcale,d’affirmer son désir,l’expression du consentement devenant,elle aussi,une violence patriarcale.Ce qui est intéressant aussi,chez Orignac, c’est que pour éviter le procès simpliste en mysogynie il passe par un concept de civilité sexuel assez éclairant pour décrire cette masculinité déchue.

        • #57518 Répondre
          I.G.Y
          Invité

          J’ai trouvé Orignac intéressant, mais n’est-il pas plus intéressant que les séquences analysées elles-mêmes? (que ce soit des Valseuses ou des films de Ferreri). Je n’ai pas vu les longs métrages en question et ces extraits m’ont peu donné envie. Et d’une certaine façon, pour m’éclairer sur cette réticence, Orignac est très convaincant : il souligne comment dans les Valseuses Blier travaille avant tout des archétypes, de façon un peu artificielle (la scène du train avec B. Fossey illustre parfaitement mon ressenti sur ce point).
          .
          En matière de film qui joue sur les troubles, film « sulfureux », je trouve par exemple l’Eté Dernier de Breillat cent fois supérieur à ce que j’ai vu là. Mais je n’ai pas d’exemples « années 70 » qui me viennent (j’aurais éventuellement « Sauve qui peut, La Vie » qui traite de façon assez crue/ »sulfureuse » des rapports de domination homme/femme mais… c’est pile 1980).

          • #57526 Répondre
            Tony
            Invité

            Sur les années 70 je suis assez team Joudet,je crois aussi que se rejoue aujourd’hui,de façon plus institutionnelle et plus bourgeoise,ce qui s’est passé dans ces années là, d’ailleurs on a souvent dit que Macron était une autre version de ce que fut Giscard.Pour en revenir aux films cités dans l’émission,sur Les Valseuses l’idée d’Orignac sur le fait que le film ne serait pas réaliste mais s’appuirait sur des archétypes et filmerait la psyché de l’époque me paraît juste et n’enlève rien à la qualité cinématographique du film, d’autant plus que ces archétypes sont incarnés par des corps d’acteurs et quels corps!le réalisme au cinéma passe essentiellement par les corps,ce qui n’est pas réaliste dans Les Valseuses c’est autre chose, c’est plutôt l’invisibilation du corps social et, pourtant,on le ressent sans le voir,on est bien dans la psyché.Je te conseille quand-même de le regarder si t’en as l’occasion, c’est un incontournable du cinéma français et, peut-être,le sommet de Blier,avec Trop belle pour toi et Tenue de soirée.Moi celui que j’ai envie de voir c’est la dernière femme, très envie de voir aussi les autres films de Ferreri que je n’ai pas encore vus.

            • #57545 Répondre
              I.G.Y
              Invité

              J’ai un souvenir assez vague de Buffet Froid dont j’avais aimé « l’ambiance » (mais j’avais 15 ans, c’est flou pour moi).

              Je sens bien ce que tu veux dire par « invisibilisation du corps social », rien qu’avec les extraits montrés ici. Mais ce matin j’ai regardé la scène du train des Valseuses en entier, c’est-à-dire avec la première partie qui n’est pas montrée dans l’émission. Elle me donne encore plus l’impression d’une grande artificialité, je n’y crois pas du tout. Je trouve qu’Orignac la sauve par une sorte de brio intellectuel sur l’ambivalence du désir que je ne vois pas dans la scène, qui m’apparaît beaucoup plus pauvre sur ce point que ce qu’il en dit. Prise dans sa globalité, je comprends mieux pourquoi B. Fossey dit elle-même qu’elle ne peut plus la voir.

              Prise sous l’angle de l’argent et du rapport à la prostitution dans le rapport homme/femme, je pourrais y trouver un intérêt.
              .
              En revanche oui, Depardieu est un corps et un verbe, ça il n’y a pas de doute !

              • #57546 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                D’accord avec toi. Je trouve Orignac très intéressant au début mais assez faible sur l’analyse de la scène du train – il est d’ailleurs curieux de prétendre montrer la scène en entier alors qu’on tronque le début. Il commence par dire qu’il s’agit d’un viol pour ensuite dire que la scène est ambigue parce qu’il y a une transaction financière et un geste de tendresse etc. sans préciser la situation dans laquelle se trouve la femme dans la scène. Je comprends qu’il veuille se détacher d’une approche purement féministe mais il est dommage de ne pas se la coltiner, c’est-à-dire de l’ignorer complètement. La scène me semble être d’une ambiguité en réalité complètement factice qui tient surtout au point de vue masculin (je parle pas du male gaze) adopté et qui permet d’en limiter la violence. C’est avant tout un fantasme masculin qui s’exprime : l’épouse et mère, au mari moche (relevé en passant par Joudet) est au fond une putain comme une autre.

                • #57550 Répondre
                  Tony
                  Invité

                  On pourrait aussi soutenir, comme le fait Orignac,que la transaction financière est factice, qu’elle permet au personnage féminin d’accorder sa volonté à son désir,on est bien emmerdé avec cette scène car les arguments féministes sont solides et, pourtant,quand on découvre son mari sur le quai,on se dit que ce désir n’est peut-être pas si invraisemblable que ça,qu’il s’agisse d’un fantasme masculin c’est indéniable mais que sait-on de ses fantasmes à elle?

                  • #57551 Répondre
                    I.G.Y
                    Invité

                    On en sait effectivement rien. Mais je ne ressens ici peu de chose de vraiment complexe sur ce point. On ressent même quasi exclusivement le contraire, dans toute la partie qui n’est pas montrée dans l’émission, elle cherche surtout à fuir.

                    Une scène qui ressemble à ce qu’Orignac ou toi dites pourrait s’imaginer. Une scène qui explore une vraie zone grise (qui est à mon avis loin d’être le cas majoritaire dans les agressions sexuelles, mais dont je peux concevoir l’existence locale). Mais je n’ai pas l’impression de voir cela

                    • #57636 Répondre
                      Tony
                      Invité

                      En complément, j’ai relu la critique des Valseuses écrite par Pauline Kael en 1978,je ne sais pas si elle était féministe mais c’était la critique américaine la plus influente à son époque, un extrait sur la scène du train:
                      ‘Quand Les Valseuses est sorti en 1974,il a été accueilli par des termes tels que »sordide », »détestable »,et »dégoûtant »,avant d’être retiré de la chaîne privée HBO au mois de mars suite aux plaintes des diffuseurs.Mais qu’a donc ce film de si répréhensible?Sans doute le fait que les spectateurs se retrouvent à rire de choses qui les choquent.Lors d’une scène,les deux jeunes brutes montent dans un train et s’assoient en face d’une jeune mère belle et innocente,qui donne le sein à son enfant dans un wagon vide.Ils proposent à cette madone un peu d’argent afin qu’ils puissent également téter,et, apparemment terrifiés à l’idée de leur dire non,elle accepte.Quand elle sort du train,son mari,un soldat dégingandé au teint blafard,l’attend,et alors qu’elle se lève pour le rejoindre,son visage rosi affiche un sourire bêtement heureux.Le public s’est fait aux mauvaises blagues de Bunuel;le temps,les récompenses,les journaux l’ont élevé au rang d’art.Mais l’humour de Blier est tellement inconscient que celui de Bunuel semble écrit, presque pédant dans sa démesure.Blier utilise le genre de blagues qui ne peuvent être exprimées de manière implicite ou symbolique;elles doivent être totalement explicites.Jusqu’alors cet humour restait cantonné au domaine de la parole,mais Blier le met en images, comme si c’était la chose la plus naturelle au monde(…)Les Valseuses est une farce incroyablement drôle et érotique,une célébration et une satire des fantasmes masculins,et beaucoup de gens trouvent cela révoltant,tout comme l’incroyable force comique de l’outrance sexuelle de Henry Miller,dans Tropique du Cancer,les revulsait jadis.’

                      • #57640 Répondre
                        I.G.Y.
                        Invité

                        Très intéressant ce texte. Je n’avais pas du tout envisagé cette possibilité. Mais à mon avis, soit ça n’est pas du tout ce qu’a voulu faire/fait Blier (je penche pour ce côté), soit il faut vraiment que je remette en cause tout mon sens de l’humour et de l’absurde (que je pensais assez développé! Flûte… ).

                        Je peux comprendre le côté drôlatique de la première scène, où Depardieu fonce en caddie le doigt pointé en avant vers le derrière de Madame (ça ne m’a pas fait « rire », il m’en faut peut-être beaucoup je reconnais, mais disons qu’il y a bien du comique là dedans, je peux sourire). Mais alors pour la scène du train…
                        .
                        Ce qui m’intéresse est d’imaginer une « scène du train » qui correspondrait au texte de Mme Kael^^ Inutile de dire qu’elle ne ressemblerait pas du tout à celle de Blier !

    • #57477 Répondre
      ..Graindorge
      Invité

      The lesson, film bulgare de Kristina Grozeva et Petar Valchanov. 2015
      Un grand petit film. J’ai tout pris, rien jeter.
      Au début, mouais… une prof d’anglais qui fait la leçon et puis…peu à peu bam, bam, bam! Quel jeu! Et je me disais  » c’est tellement ça  »

    • #57532 Répondre
      jacques sceptes
      Invité

      https://tiermaker.com/create/ralisateurs-franais-672251

      N’hésitez pas à partager votre liste !!!

    • #57585 Répondre
      Claire N
      Invité

      Merci pour la recommandation du documentaire
      Sur TENK
      « Les oubliés de la belle étoiles « 
      Suivant l’organisation d’anciens enfants martyr d’un centre de redressement pour «  petits batards « et portant a connaissance leur témoignage
      ( spoil)
      La scène finale donnée par le ciel est dingue

      • #57621 Répondre
        Mélanie
        Invité

        Vu aussi et je recommande aussi
        Courageuse démarche qu’ils font là

        • #57627 Répondre
          Claire N
          Invité

          Oui , ce que le documentaire montre
          De leur vie ensemble à nouveau dans cette maison / quartier général m’a beaucoup plu
          La scène où il mangent la croix en nougatine est particulièrement savoureuse
          J’ai beaucoup aimé et ris aussi (même si c’est absolument tragique) la lecture du CV judiciaire de Dede
          L’évêque a aussi été mis à nu par la caméra du documentaire – j’ai aimé qu’ils lui opposent résistance

          • #57628 Répondre
            Claire N
            Invité

            Et le dialogue qui tue «  je vous offre les brioches que vous avez faites vous même «  lors de la rencontre avec l’évêque – dans un documentaire !

            • #57868 Répondre
              Mélanie
              Invité

              Moi aussi j’ai beaucoup aimé leur amitié
              Ça se sent solide
              L’évêque est assez zéro face à leur courage, à dire oui mais une plaque, ça pourrait déranger…

    • #57854 Répondre
      Papo2ooo
      Invité

      Un film vu récemment et que je recommande chaudement c’est Models de Ulrich Seidl (vu sur Univers Ciné)
      On y suit un groupe de jeunes femmes qui habitent à Vienne et exercent la profession de mannequin. C’est une dénommée Vivian dont on sera le/la plus intime dans le film.
      Assez déroutant, au départ on s’y perd un peu, les personnages paraissent assez interchangeables, toutes dans une même quête fébrile et fatiguante de recherche de perfection physique. On observe très précisément et cruellement à quel point la quête de beauté est quelque chose de dévorant, un peu la même idée que dans Neon Demon peut être (que je n’ai pas revu depuis la sortie au ciné)
      Au fur et à mesure, les femmes se distinguent les unes des autres. On les identifie parfaitement, on les comprend aussi de plus en plus.
      Les hommes qui sont très en retrait, voire hors champ, pendant la première moitié du film apparaissent aussi de plus en plus, on les voit agir, parfois très violemment, ajoutant une couche de complexité.
      A voir.

      QU’est-ce qu’on pense de Seidl ici ?

      • #57861 Répondre
        Tony
        Invité

        Je l’ai pas vu celui là,j’en ai vu 3,Paradis amour,Paradis Foi et Import Export,c’est un bon cinéaste, j’avais envie d’en voir d’autres et,en même temps, j’avais un peu l’impression d’en avoir fait le tour, c’est toujours des personnages plutôt médiocres et insauvables,assez caricaturaux,on pourrait aussi lui reprocher un racisme évident et une vision des choses assez droitière,par exemple dans Paradis Foi l’histoire,complètement improbable,est celle d’une chrétienne,très croyante,qui passe ses vacances à faire du porte à porte dans les quartiers,où vivent des immigrés,pour les évangéliser!Jusqu’au jour où son mari,un turc musulman qu’elle a épousé pour d’obscures raisons lors de vacances en Turquie, débarque chez elle,il est en chaise roulante et il veut lui imposer de vivre selon la foi musulmane…

        • #57864 Répondre
          Papo2ooo
          Invité

          Merci Tony.
          Je n’ai pas vu cette « trilogie ».
          Dans Models les personnages sont assez caricaturaux (il faudrait voir si ce parti pris ne peut pas être intéressant aussi) et s’ils sont condamnés, ils ne sont pas insauvables. On voudrait qu’ils puissent être sauvés.
          C’est peut être puéril, je ne sais pas, mais je trouve assez fort ce sentiment de vouloir sauver les personnages.
          Il y a aussi un personnage de photographe prédateur, qui est très très convaincant. Ca peut donner l’impression d’une nouvelle caricature, mais je n’avais pas encore vu de film où les méthodes de prédation sexuelle dans le milieu de la mode étaient montrées de façon aussi froide et précise.
          Autre point fort pour moi: il échappe vraiment à la « fonctionnalité » des scènes dans un scénario d’ensemble. Il se disperse un peu partout, se répète, va quelque part de très précis, puis revient ailleurs.

          Il m’a fait l’impression d’un gauchiste quand j’ai vu ce film.
          Il faudrait que je vois les trois films dont tu parles. Je sais que l’un des trois s’intéresse à une situation de tourisme sexuel au Kenya.
          Sans les images à l’appui, ce que tu me dis de Paradis: Foi ne me choque pas sur la base de ces quelques éléments de scénario.
          Il a fait beaucoup de films en rapport avec le Kenya (y a aussi le documentaire Safari), il faudrait qu’il soit un drôle de tordu pour être foncièrement raciste et se lancer là dedans, mais encore une fois, c’est tout à fait possible et ce serait pas le premier à le faire. Je vais essayer de les regarder, ils sont trouvables facilement ceux là !

          • #57865 Répondre
            Tony
            Invité

            A mon avis il nage un peu dans les mêmes eaux que Houellebecq,on a l’impression en effet qu’il pourrait s’agir d’une critique de gauche du monde occidental, c’est souvent assez drôle,mais,par exemple,dans Paradis Foi le personnage du musulman est détestable,on finit presque par ressentir des affects racistes, c’est ce qui me fait dire qu’il y a un racisme évident,bon je l’ai vu l’année dernière,mes souvenirs ne sont pas très précis mais oui j’aimerais bien avoir ton ressenti sur ce film là en particulier.

            • #57869 Répondre
              Papo2ooo
              Invité

              Oui, on peut faire un rapprochement dans le contenu avec Houellebecq (entre autres) notamment sur la façon dont il représente les contraintes qu’on inflige à son corps. Il y a une forme d’ironie dans sa façon de montrer par exemple une machine à UV installée au dessus de la douche d’une des mannequins (ça m’a bien fait rire) ou les machines de sports qui font un peu penser à des machines de tortures.
              Par contre il y a quelques différences importantes. D’une il y a des trous dans son film. Plus que dans les romans de Houellebecq, dont j’ai le mieux en tête les Particules Elementaires, dont le résultat est quand même assez proche d’une « cartographie », pas tellement d’espace laissé vierge. Dans Models on voit des femmes apparemment superficielles (dont on ne sait jamais au bout du compte si elles sont superficielles ou non, en tous cas il y a aussi des moments où elles ont une réelle densité, en tant que personnage et dans la captation filmée), donc des personnages féminins forts. Il y a aussi des machos (mais pas que) dont on voit le côté brutasse. Mais le rapport entre d’une part une certaine forme de féminité très poussée et sous contrôle et par ailleurs une domination masculine n’est jamais souligné. Les deux sont scindés dans le film. Et n’apparaissent d’ailleurs pas en même temps. Il y a un vrai espace pour le spectateur.
              Si la critique de civilisation occidentale est présente, il reste avant tout proche des interactions humaines, des gestes, des personnes. Parfois quelques trucs un peu facile, comme le fait de mettre une espèce de techno excessivement robotique comme musique qui accompagnent les filles dans leurs sorties. Musique très minoritaire pour illustrer ce qui serait une tendance civilisationnelle. M’enfin peut être que des trucs comme Kraftwerk ont touché très juste, là je me perds un peu, je connais trop mal ces musiques.

              Je vais commencer par Rimini/Sparta, que j’ai au chaud, mais dans un second temps je vais me lancer dans Paradis:foi !
              Je te dirai ce que j’en pense !

              • #57870 Répondre
                Tony
                Invité

                Ok et moi je vais essayer de regarder Rimini si je le trouve quelque part,ce week-end peut-être.

                • #57874 Répondre
                  Papo2ooo
                  Invité

                  Rimini est pas trop pénible à trouver,
                  je peux t’aiguiller au besoin.

                  • #58017 Répondre
                    Tony
                    Invité

                    Salut Papo2000 j’ai vu Rimini, maintenant je suis impatient de t’entendre!

                    • #58029 Répondre
                      Tony
                      Invité

                      A ne pas lire si tu ne l’as pas encore vu!
                      Après avoir vu Rimini on se dit que Seidl est certainement un sale type qui se délecte de tout ce qu’il peut y avoir de dégueulasse et de sordide dans l’existence et,quand même,un sacré artiste, c’est un drôle de défi d’être spectateur d’un tel film,c’est un bon cinéaste,on est captivé par sa science du cadrage,la composition des plans,la beauté de la photo,la richesse des teintes,des couleurs,leur matérialité est un régal pour les yeux,on pourrait extraire un tableau de chaque plan et le regarder pendant des heures et, pourtant,le film n’est pas réductible à cette esthétique purement formelle et picturale,il arrive aussi à être vivant grâce à des situations souvent hilarantes et des acteurs brillants,en particulier celui qui joue Richie Bravo,de tous les plans, et réellement drôle,fascinant.
                      Ce qui est compliqué,en tant que spectateur, c’est que cette esthétique est au service d’un discours nauséabond.
                      Le film s’ouvre par la descente d’un train du personnage,on le voit faire rouler sa valise dans les allées de la gare et,ensuite,dans des rues désertes, jusqu’à ce qu’il croise un groupe de femmes voilées et on l’entend dire,de façon ironique,’ Allah est grand’, ça nous met, dès le début,la puce à l’oreille sur ce que le film ne va cesser de nous montrer, à savoir la déchéance de l’homme blanc occidental,une civilisation qui touche à sa fin et son remplacement inéluctable.Ce chanteur de charme,Richie Bravo(!),vieillissant et ringard,n’a pour seul public que des retraitées allemandes ennamourées qui se bercent de ses chansons d’amour sirupeuses tandis que le père de Richie, atteint d’Alzheimer, végète dans un EHPAD et chantonne soit des chants nazis(!) ou,et c’est déchirant,une chanson que lui chantait sa mère quand il était enfant,le vieil homme pleure et crie’maman ou es-tu?’.
                      Le film arrive à être très drôle,une drôlerie mêlée de malaise,par exemple le running gag des migrants allongés sur les trottoirs quand Richie arpente la cité balnéaire,sa fille,escortée par son fiancé,un syrien,et venant lui réclamer ses arriérés de pension alimentaire,la sex tape qu’il va réaliser avec une de ses fans(T’es fan de Richie?Tu l’aimes?Prends-le,il est à toi lui dit-il après avoir ouvert sa braguette!)pour lui soutirer de l’argent…

                      • #58056 Répondre
                        Papo2ooo
                        Invité

                        Hello Tony,
                        J’ai eu le temps de le voir aussi, merci pour ton retour !
                        Je passe rapidement, une première fois, pour donner quelques premières impressions aussi.
                        J’ai été très emballé par le film, qui est peut être un peu moins original que Models, mais assurément plus abouti.

                        Sur la forme je te rejoins totalement. Très beau cadrage, à quasiment chaque plan, parfois avec une grande profondeur de champ, et qui je trouve montre un rapport très intéressant de Seidl à l’espace filmé. Il y a peut être même trop de cadres, mais je trouve assez profond le rapport esthétique qu’il noue avec cette côté Adriatique et ses hôtels. Il capte quelque chose de cette côté, de cet environnement. Il y a une vraie passion pour l’espace, dès la première scène avec le père qui erre complètement désorienté dans son EHPAD. C’est drôle, mais pas au dépend du père d’ailleurs, que l’on comprend d’être paumé.
                        Beaucoup de choses très intéressantes. La carrière de chanteur de Richie Bravo, comment les textes sont en rapport avec la réalité qu’il vit, mais en sont une traduction complètement inversée, idéalisée, aveuglement positive, là où la réalité n’est pas du tout dans cet idéal. Ces chansons qui parlent d’amour, d’espoir, de liberté, même une chanson sur Winnitou lol C’est assez intéressant d’explorer cette dichotomie, entre ces chansons et la vie vécue. Mais personne n’est dupe non plus, la ringardise, les corps âgé et complètement hors-standard, tout cela est aussi en quelque sorte assumé par Richi Bravo et les autres.
                        Les personnages sont plutôt complexe je trouve. Ils ont clairement des failles, et sont moralement douteux, mais pas seulement. Ils sont beaux et « déglingué » en même temps. Je pense particulièrement à ces scènes dans l’hotel vide, où Emilia, Annie et RIchi se racontent un secret. Quel secret, c’est drôle et terrible en même temps. Puis la scène avec le téléphone, la déception ressentie face à ce que fait RIchi, la façon dont le mari de Emilia l’envoie chier avec ces trucs minables.

                        J’ai un peu pensé au début du film, qu’il pouvait y avoir des dog whistle islamophobes ou anti-immigration, mais au final je ne pense plus du tout. Je pense que le spectateur y verra ce qu’il y verra, mais qu’on ne peut pas projeter un discours dans ce film. Je pense même que Seidl cherche volontairement a annuler le discours et y substituer le fait de seulement montrer.
                        Je pense que le fait de rassembler les migrants et ce personnage certes racistes, complètement coupé d’eux et incapable de faire le moindre pas vers eux, mais qui finit quand même par croiser leur route régulièrement, est une très bonne idée de cinéma.
                        Je ne pense pas que Seidl montre une déchéance de l’homme blanc. Une forme de « déchéance » individuelle due au vieillissement naturel, pourquoi pas, mais Richi n’a jamais été quelqu’un de bon et glorieux, son père non plus. Je pense que Seidl ne se fait pas d’illusion sur les personnes et une prétendue qualité des blancs.
                        Je ne pense pas que Seidl soit quelqu’un de nauséabond, au contraire. Mais je vais continuer à découvrir.
                        Merci pour cet échange Tony.

                      • #58058 Répondre
                        Papo2ooo
                        Invité

                        J’ai aussi vu une interview avec Seidl dans laquelle on trouve des infos biographiques qui permettront peut être d’éclairer un peu son cinéma.
                        Il a grandi dans un bled autrichien, tout prêt de la frontière tchèque. Ses parents étaient très pieux et conservateurs, famille nombreuse, ils le prédestinaient à devenir prêtre. En grandissant, Seidl a été dérangé par ce qu’il appelle l’hypocrisie du clergé et une « autorité faussée ». Il n’aime pas cette autorité qui s’applique à tous nonobstant les grandes variations des individus. Il trouve que l’église culpabilise et écrase l’individu. Il se brouillera avec sa famille, qui considérait d’ailleurs qu’artiste n’était pas un métier, et vivra de petits boulots.
                        C’est seulement à 30 ans qu’il entrera dans une école de cinéma, dont il fut d’ailleurs exclu deux ans plus tard pour avoir réalisé un film sur ces terres d’enfance qui « nuit à l’image de l’école ».
                        Il dit vouloir montrer ce qui est tabou et souhaite faire des films qui révèlent à chacun une part de sa propre humanité. Ils travaillent avec des marginaux, mais dont il pense qu’ils ont quelque chose à nous dire à tous et ne veut surtout pas posé un regard moral sur ce qu’il montre.

                      • #58070 Répondre
                        Tony
                        Invité

                        Merci pour ton retour Papo2000, merci aussi pour la découverte de ce film,en fait ce qui est notable aussi c’est le côté comédie italienne, Richie Bravo rappelle ces personnages interprétés en leur temps par Sordi, Gassman ou Manfredi,des personnages vicieux,menteurs,cupides et pour lesquels on a toujours de l’empathie, d’ailleurs la scène de secret que tu évoques est assez géniale,on se demande quelle idée il a derrière la tête quand il les ramène dans sa chambre,on se doute qu’il espère tirer profit de cette situation,mais comment?en fait,on le devine, la sextape paraît préméditée pour pouvoir rembourser la dette qu’il doit à sa fille,on ne peut pas lui en vouloir, c’est toujours comme ça dans les comédies Italiennes les personnages sont toujours abjects et, malgré ça,conservent leur innocence.
                        Ensuite sur l’ambiguité morale de Seidl je ne sais pas quoi en penser,ce que je constate quand-même c’est que la figure de l’arabe,du musulman, semble un peu l’obséder,ici on ne peut pas dire que les réfugiés syriens aient droit à une quelconque complexité,on les voit couchés,que ce soit dans la rue ou dans la maison de Richie qu’ils finissent par envahir sans que la parole leur soit donnée,on n’arrive pas à les distinguer les uns des autres,donc cette représentation questionne un peu…

                      • #58085 Répondre
                        Papo2ooo
                        Invité

                        Sur la comédie italienne, je n’ai pas fait le rapprochement, mais si tu l’as vu, c’est qu’il doit y avoir quelque chose.
                        J’ai pensé à Red Rocket en voyant le film. On pourrait faire quelques rapprochements entre les protagonistes principaux, même si le personnage interprété par Simon Rex ne montre pas la même fragilité et est plus habile que Richie Bravo.
                        Le deuxième film auquel j’ai pensé c’est Happy End de Haneke, où le fait d’être à Calais lui a donné la bonne idée d’inclure des réfugiés dans le film, mais qui n’ont pas non plus droit à la parole ou a un traitement équivalent à la famille d’huppert. Ils sont en périphérie.
                        Je te rejoins sur le fait que les réfugiés n’ont pas droit à la même attention que Richie et qu’ils restent très à distance. Le film épouse le point de vue occidental, celui des allemands ou des italiens, mais sans faire des réfugiés une figure de repoussoir non plus.
                        Je pense que c’est un aspect du réel que Seidl a voulu intégrer à son film, le montrer, et imaginer comment c’est pour un blanc d’être sur un territoire où arrivent des réfugiés sans aucune ressource.
                        On est pas étonné de voir que les syriens de 30 ans ne s’intéresse pas à Richie et ne souhaite que se servir de son toit/sa terrasse. Ils prennent ce qu’il y a à prendre et l’ignorent, comprenant sans doute qu’ils ne sont pas du même monde. Il n’est pas non plus dit que les femmes voilées comprennent ce que Richie raconte quand il fait un pas vers elle pour leur demander si elles ont chaud et fait la suggestion douteuse de retirer leurs voiles.

                      • #58093 Répondre
                        Tony
                        Invité

                        Oui il y a une vraie parenté entre Richie Bravo et Red Rocket,deux loosers qui courent après l’argent et vivent de l’exploitation des femmes,par contre avec Happy End le dispositif est inverse,dans ce dernier on devine la présence des migrants sans réellement les voir, comme une menace invisible.

      • #57872 Répondre
        I.G.Y
        Invité

        Models est dispo sur Mubi aussi, j’y jetterai un œil !

        • #57873 Répondre
          Papo2ooo
          Invité

          Curieux de savoir ce que tu vas en penser !

    • #58151 Répondre
      graindorge
      Invité

      vu ces 2 films et je les recommande.
      Lettres au Père Jacob (Postia pappi Jaakobille) est un film finlandais réalisé par Klaus Härö, Leila, condamnée à perpétuité pour un crime dont on ignore la nature vient d’être mystérieusement graciée. Le service pénitentiaire lui propose un travail de réinsertion, qu’elle accepte à contre cœur. Le père Jacob chez qui Leila est envoyée est un vieux prêtre aveugle et solitaire,. Chaque jour, elle est chargée de lui lire la correspondance abondante qu’il entretient avec des personnes en détresse.
      Asghar Farhadi « Nader et Simin, une séparation ». Un chef-d’œuvre
      Des acteurs extraordinaires.

    • #58152 Répondre
      graindorge
      Invité

      Quelqu’un.e ici recommanderait le film de Hong Sang- soo  » Notre jour »? Je traduis le titre espagnol. C’est peut-être un autre titre en français

    • #58181 Répondre
      Leny
      Invité

      Bonjours,

      Je suis un néo-cinéphile et je suis tombé amoureux du genre naturaliste et je cherche à en manger plus. J’ai pour l’instant séché presque l’ensemble des films de Letourneur, Brac, Hong sang-soo, Reichardt, Kechiche, Rohmer, thomas salvador.. j’en veux plus svp j’ai trop la dalle c’est vraiment la vie tel quelle est, ces films. Est-ce que vous pouvez me donner des réal de ce genre, de toute période mais si possible contemporains ? merci !!

      • #58197 Répondre
        toni Erdmann
        Invité

        Si tu veux du contemporain, voici quelques premiers films français récents qui rendent optimiste pour le futur du naturalisme : Shéhérazade, Rien à Foutre, Tu mérites un amour.
        Sean Baker, dont certains films passent au cinéma actuellement.
        Et après t’as les tauliers : Pialat, Kiarostami, Eustache.
        Ma recommandation ultime en ce moment, c’est Passe Montagne de Stevenin. Je l’ai découvert récemment et dans le genre « vraiment la vie telle qu’elle est », j’ai jamais vu aussi fort en fiction.

        • #58218 Répondre
          Leny
          Invité

          Merci !!! J’irais voir ça 🙂

    • #58198 Répondre
      ..Graindorge
      Invité

      Quelqu’un.e ici recommanderait « Notre jour » de Hang Sang -soo?

      • #58201 Répondre
        ..Graindorge
        Invité

        Isidro de Tea vient de me dire que oui, Notre jour de Sang-soo est à voir🍀

    • #58381 Répondre
      Malice
      Invité

      Est-ce que quelqu’un(e) a vu la trilogie de Ti West dont le dernier volet, Maxxine sort en salles ces jours-ci?
      Et recommande?

      • #58392 Répondre
        Tony
        Invité

        Très déçu par Maxxine que j’attendais avec impatience, creux et vain,on est dans l’imagerie années 80 et c’est tout,rien n’a d’importance,on se fout du personnage comme de l’intrigue,je l’ai vu le jour de sa sortie et je l’ai déjà complètement oublié(j’avoue m’être endormi une dizaine de minutes…), pourtant j’étais fan de X,un peu moins de Pearl.

        • #58403 Répondre
          Malice
          Invité

          Ah dommage pour Maxxine…
          J’ai commencé à regarder X, pour l’instant je n’en suis pas aux scènes d’horreur et je dois dire que j’apprécie le rythme calme. Certains plans sont vraiment beaux, ceux du film dans le film mais aussi la séquence où l’héroïne va se promener et se baigner. J’ai pensé à Rohmer quand elle s’éloigne de la ferme et que la caméra filme des cimes d’arbres! Et la vue aérienne qui montre la jeune femme nager vers le ponton, suivie par le crocodile, aussi doucement que dans un Miyazaki, j’ai trouvé ça très bien ( pas de jump scare, pas de plans alternant les points de vue sur la bête et la belle). La vieille dame qui épie l’actrice de très loin, réduite à une silhouette presque floue, m’a paru une belle citation des  » Innocents  » de Jack Clayton, où le même procédé fait apparaître un « fantôme » sur la rive d’un étang.

          • #58406 Répondre
            Tony
            Invité

            Oui X est un petit chef d’oeuvre(chut,faut pas que François m’entende…), pour moi tout est réussi et en plus y a de l’humour,de la gêne et c’est sanglant comme il faut.

            • #58466 Répondre
              Malice
              Invité

              La partie sanglante m’interroge, finalement les avances sexuelles de la vieille dame provoquent bien plus d’émotion; mais j’aime l’idée ( attention spoiler)
              que le vieux couple retrouve sa libido dans la complicité criminelle.
              La séquence où l’actrice porno chante  » Landslide » de Fleetowood Mac m’a fait plaisir aussi.

        • #58404 Répondre
          Malice
          Invité

          Le vidéo club du monsieur, on y apprend qu’il a été l’élève de Kelly Reichardt!
          Et il cite Jean-Luc.

          • #58405 Répondre
            Malice
            Invité

            C’est mieux avec le lien : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPpijmVilow

            • #58664 Répondre
              Leo Landru
              Invité

              J’ai écrit un pavé sur Ti West que le site a mangé. Tant pis. Pour résumer, j »y développais ce que j’aimais chez lui (la modestie, la minutie, la surprise) et ce qu’il a perdu à partir du bien fade et prétentieux X (la subversion). Pearl pas mieux, c’est Joker en plus assumé mais ça reste Joker quand même – « on vit dans une société ». Maxxxine pas vu, faut pas charrier.
              Sa trilogie du cul me laisse donc très déçu. Si tu fais du genre ça peut devenir du cinéma, mais si tu réalises du genre en méprisant le genre, tentant de l’élever au rang de cinéma, ce n’est ni l’un ni l’autre, c’est au mieux du divertissement.
              Je recommande plutôt de lui The Innkeepers et House of the devil (et plutôt The Innkeepers).

    • #58596 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Enfin vu Kinds of kindness. Je suis globalement d’accord avec ce qui s’est dit ici, sauf sur la dernière partie.
      Le film est un concentré de Lanthimos mais avec une outrance parfois pénible à supporter et un manque d’approfondissement scénaristique. Il n’est pas complètement faux que le film donne l’impression d’assister à une séance d’arrachage d’ailes de mouche ou de pattes de fourmi par un gamin désoeuvré. On peut avoir l’impression que Lanthimos fait tout pour qu’on se sente aussi éloignés que possible de ses personnages dont l’humanité ou la simple normalité doit être absolument résiduelle.
      Dans le premier épisode, le plus sous-développé, j’aurais aimé qu’on aille plus loin dans l’histoire entre Stone et Plemmons alors qu’elle est rapidement évacuée et n’est qu’un moyen pour renouer avec Defoe. Comme dans les autres épisodes, on a à peine le temps de sa familiariser avec les règles et les délires des personnages, on va trop vite à la conclusion.
      Le deuxième épisode est le plus original car c’est le seul où on est du côté du dominateur, où le partage des rôles est le plus trouble – dans les autres récits, les dominateurs joués par Defoe sont très secondaires. C’est peut-être aussi celui qui fonctionne le moins bien ou le plus indécidable car on ne sait pas trop où il va. Toutes les relations entre les personnages sont bizarres, c’est vraiment l’épisode le plus étrange et peut-être le plus drôle (les discussions gênées autour de la sextape).
      Le troisième épisode m’intéresse car même s’il explicite ou littéralise ce que les autres récits évoquent je trouve que cette figuration de la secte n’est pas cliché. Personne n’empêche Stone de retrouver sa famille, Plemmons lui dit même qu’elle en a tout à fait le droit, et cette secte fonctionne davantage comme une sorte de club exclusif duquel on risque l’exclusion à tout moment. Et j’aime assez que le monde extérieur, figuré par la famille de Stone, soit montré comme tout autant si ce n’est plus dangereux et détraqué tout en renvoyant à une forme de réalité bien connue (le viol sous GHB). Le mari est un salaud mais c’est un salaud pas délirant ou bizarre comme les autres personnages, ce qui en fait un contrepoint intéressant à la secte. Néanmoins, la fin très abrupte apparait comme une facilité, une forme de ricanement cruel à peu de frais.
      Tous les acteurs sont bons ,et dans tous les épisodes, même Stone, habituellement en surrégime, qui met ici la pédale douce sur son jeu. Le film a été tourné très rapidement, durant la post-production de Poor things. On imagine bien qu’il ne représente pas un gros enjeu pour ces acteurs, qu’il s’agit plus d’un terrain de jeu qu’une course à l’Oscar ou à la performance. Cela donne aussi un peu de légèreté au film.
      Bref, le film n’est pas inintéressant mais in fine assez frustrant et pas toujours très digeste.

    • #58731 Répondre
      MA
      Invité

      Le documentaire Mohamed Ali en « 4 rounds » sur arte replay est remarquable, en particulier pour la qualité de ses archives.

      • #58773 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Je note
        J’avais la tentation de revoir le Ali de Mann, disponible quelque part, mais je vais me faire le docu plutot.

        • #58785 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Oui il est dispo sur Arte. T’as vu les téléfilms de Haneke, également sur Arte? Pour l’instant, je n’ai vu que la Rébellion, adaptation d’un roman de Joseph Roth. Très différent dans la forme que ses films, plus hybride, un peu moins raide dans les plans (moins de plans fixes par exemple), il expérimente davantage. Très original dans sa mise en scène mais un récit romanesque assez classique, le personnage principal est très réussi. Inutile de préciser qu’on ne se fend pas exactement la poire en le regardant.

      • #68231 Répondre
        Carpentier
        Invité

        Bonjour les gastronomes de ciné,
        Ugc propose une sélection d’avant-premières sur un thème: je lis leur mail et rien ne m’aimante en particulier.
        Quelqu’un.e repère quelque-chose dans leur liste de films? un.e réal dont on suivrait le travail en particulier? un film dont on pressent/craint/sait qu’on y perdra surtout son temps? une reco peut-être?
        – CHALLENGER de Varante Soudjian

        – EN FANFARE de Emmanuel Courcol

        – FLOW de Gints Zilbalodis

        – L’HISTOIRE DE SOULEYMANE de Boris Lojkine

        – LE FIL de Daniel Auteuil

        – MONSIEUR AZNAVOUR de Mehdi Idir Et Grand Corps Malade

        – NI CHAÎNES NI MAÎTRES de Simon Moutaïrou

        – RIVERBOOM de Claude Baechtold

    • #58734 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Un peu déçu par le Ravissement, qu’on avait loué ici. L’histoire est forte, Herzi est vertigineuse mais c’est tout. La voix-off ressemble au début à de l’audio-description pour sourds puis devient scolaire et inutile. Le personnage du chauffeur de bus – qui écrit à ses heures perdues…sans doute pour justifier la voix-off plus soutenue que les dialogues qu’on lui met dans la bouche – me semble improbable et son origine ethnique sent trop le folklore censé rehausser des scènes un peu fades. L’amitié entre les deux femmes n’est pas crédible, on se demande bien ce qui peut les réunir. La mécanique scénaristique est parfois assez habile (dans les retrouvailles à l’hôpital avec le chauffeur de bus par exemple ou avec cette rupture initiale abrupte, déclencheuse ou pas de ce qui va suivre) mais globalement ça ressemble trop à un premier film Femis. Sur un sujet aussi énorme, il fallait sans doute quelqu’un avec des épaules plus solides (on peut pas ne pas penser aux Filles d’avril, comparaison forcément cruelle).

      • #58774 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Hafsia est vertigineuse. Oui. Or Hafsia est de tous les plans. Ca suffit à faire le film.

      • #58792 Répondre
        ..Graindorge
        Invité

        Charles bonjour: Abril/ Avril est le prénom de la mère donc Avril avec le A majuscule.

      • #58883 Répondre
        Mathieu
        Invité

        Je viens de regarder le Ravissement aussi et j’ai vraiment aimé. Je m’attendais comme Charles à un film Fémis un peu chiant et au contraire, le film m’a tenu en haleine comme un film de suspense. Je n’ai pas vu Les Filles d’Avril mais le film m’a surtout fait penser à Chanson Douce de Lucie Borleteau dans sa façon de tresser du suspense avec l’enfant. Hafsia est effectivement vertigineuse mais c’est surtout son personnage et son mensonge qui l’est. Quelle grande idée de scénario, à la fois géniale et folle, et bien menée jusqu’au bout ( la rencontre-surprise avec la « belle-famille », très bonne séquence). Je peux vous dire que devant mon écran, j’étais un peu jaloux.
        Et à la voix off est certes un peu trop écrite mais elle tient aux aguets. Au moment où je commençais à me faire chier, Manenti parle de procès. Ha tiens, je suis piqué, un procès, kézako? Et puis des indices sur la personnalité bizarre du personnage de Herzi sont bien disséminés au fil du film, surtout dans cette très bonne scène d’accouchement. Qu’est ce que c’est que cette obstination de Herzi à ne pas demander de l’aide, à ne pas avoir recours aux forceps ou à la césarienne, au point de potentiellement perdre le bébé, la mère ou les deux? Très bonne scène de suspense encore. J’étais happé.

        • #58967 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Vois les filles d’avril si tu peux, c’est encore plus fort (parce qu’avec des plans et un scénario plus riche).

          • #59027 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            C’est sûr
            Mais comparer un film avec un Franco n’est pas un service à lui rendre
            Au passage il est recommandé d’aller voir « Le roman de Jim », qui rencontre une unanimité urgente à penser.

            • #59030 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              François, c’est la même unanimité que pour les Enfants des autres, non?

              • #59035 Répondre
                Zyrma
                Invité

                ça fait deux films ratés où le personnage principal est photographe

                les Larrieu n’ont pas su adapter le livre, il n’ont restitué que que les éléments marquants de la vie d’Aymeric, la dramaturgie. Manquent le temps long qui a fait de lui un père, son attachement à la montagne où il vit par rapport à la ville où il survit, la grand-mère est là pour faire joli. On ne voit pas comment le géniteur s’installe vraiment.
                Ce que j’ai aimé dans le livre c’est la description et l’autoanalyse du cheminement psychique du personnage, là on a le visage de Leklou.
                plein d’éléments sont dans les dialogues et pas dans les situations
                Les scènes de montagne avec le duo père/fils en comparaison avec le dernier Hamaguchi, ça fait mal.

                Bon après, il y a à peine une semaine, je découvrais Jeanne Dielman à l’Archipel, alors

                • #59058 Répondre
                  françois bégaudeau
                  Invité

                  -sans avoir lu le livre j’ai ressenti tout ça – qui est d’ailleurs le fait de bien des adaptations
                  -L’autre film c’est A son image?
                  -De toute façon dans Le roman de Jim la photo ne produit rien.
                  -J’en dirai plus quand d’autres l’auront vu
                  -Les enfants des autres n’a pas suscité pareille unanimité. Et surtout pareilles confidences émotionnelles. Ca me rappelle le pan pénible du succès de L’amour.

                  • #59061 Répondre
                    Charles
                    Invité

                    C’est vrai que les enfants des autres c’était pas mal un film France inter alors que là c’est France inter-Libé-les Cahiers les Inrocks etc. Mais c’est un sujet voisin qui appelle le même genre de sentimentalisme, non?

                    • #59062 Répondre
                      Charles
                      Invité

                      Ce que je dis est inexact puisque Libé et les Inrocks avaient en réalité loué le Zlotowski, seuls les Cahiers y avaient résisté.

                      • #59063 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Le sentimentalisme ici développé est d’une nature plus braquienne. Mais vois le film.

                      • #59659 Répondre
                        Bernard
                        Invité

                        Je ne comprends pas l’engouement autour de film à mon sens complètement raté !
                        Tout est téléguidé par un scénario à la fois invraisemblable et inintéressant (quelqu’un peut m’expliquer à quoi sert le vol initial et le passage par la case prison si ce n’est à rajouter une couche superficielle dans la dure vie du gentil Aymeric ?). Tout est sur-surligné. Exemple : la scène où la méchante Cécile est détruite par Laetitia Dosch suivie d’une partie de foot improvisée; la voix off vient alors littéralement expliciter ce à quoi on vient d’assister en nous assénant « l’assassinat en règle de Cécile et le foot ressoudèrent notre trio ». Là j’ai failli quitter la salle.
                        Par dessus le marché, le jeu des acteurs est pour le moins discutable mais je ne leur en veux pas : les dialogues qu’on leur a écrits ne tiennent pas la route !

                        Recommandation pour échapper à ce désastre : aller voir Here de Bas Devos. Une petite merveille.

                      • #59660 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Ce que le film ne peut pas raconter comme le roman le fait, il le fait assumer par les personnages. Plutot que des scènes, nous avons donc des personnages qui se racontent, ou qui racontent le film. Ce qui donne mécaniquement des dialogues lourdauds, et un jeu au diapason.
                        Je comptais voir Here.

                      • #59892 Répondre
                        K. comme mon Code
                        Invité

                        J’ai uniquement lu le livre, mais je me suis demandé pourquoi éviter de raconter la différence d’âge entre le personnage principal et la mère de Jim — il aurait suffi de caster une actrice plus âgée pour rendre ce décalage visible. Dans le roman, j’aime le quotidien d’intérimaire menée par le personnage principal, on sent que Bailly a eu cette vie-là ; d’ailleurs, la photographie, c’est moins une passion qu’un autre job, et c’est un job qui l’a aussi mené en prison, donc c’est un fil rouge secondaire du roman : quel job faire ? Quant à Jim, il existe à peine dans le livre : on pourrait dire que c’est un défaut, mais j’ai plutôt aimé cela ; le fait que le lien avec l’enfant n’est pas vraiment un rapport humain, ou réel ; il s’en occupe et voilà ; il est attaché, mais bon… j’exagère sans doute l’intention de Bailly, mais le roman a l’avantage sur le film sur ce point là, car Jim dans les pages n’est pas incarné. Quand un gamin est à l’écran, c’est différent.

                      • #59894 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Il ne fait pas de doute que le roman est beaucoup plus fin, et assurément plus concret, y compris socialement concret, que le film.

                      • #59884 Répondre
                        lison
                        Invité

                        Moi la scène finale m’a rappeler l’existence de Mickael Hers, et ce n’est pas un compliment .

                      • #59889 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Oui on tient un axe Brac-Hertz-Larrieu

                • #68495 Répondre
                  Carpentier
                  Invité

                  Le roman de Jim, l’adaptation du roman au ciné:
                  …. On ne voit pas comment le géniteur s’installe vraiment.
                  Ce que j’ai aimé dans le livre c’est la description et l’autoanalyse du cheminement psychique du personnage*/…
                  Oui, * pour le père éducatif aussi d’ailleurs; j’ai par exemple encore à l’esprit le moment où Aymeric, dans ses premières sessions de pêche à la sioux avec Jim, entreprend, au retour, de réparer leurs outils/cannes/bâtons taillés et autres accessoires.
                  Les lignes de Bailly pour dire le questionnement gêné d’être entre hommes dans un lieu genré (l’atelier de bricolage) sont douces et justes (simples, genre ‘ qu’est-ce que je suis en train de faire ici avec ce petit gars, je lui dis/montre quoi, là. en fait?’)
                  Je reprendrai ce bouquin à la bibli, même après spoils éventuels par le film. il me faut en finir la lecture,enfin.)

          • #59028 Répondre
            ..Graindorge
            Invité

            Les filles d’Avril. A majuscule

            • #59029 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              Je m’en fous.

              • #59031 Répondre
                ..Graindorge
                Invité

                Moi non💫

    • #58777 Répondre
      propater
      Invité

      Pour ceux qui sont sur Bruxelles ou alentours, le cinéma Nova (https://www.nova-cinema.org/?lang=fr) a prévu une rétrospective Rabah Ameur Zaïmeche pour la rentrée (mi-septembre?), avec Le gang du bois du temple, Terminal Sud, Les chants de Mandrin et Dernier Maquis de ce que j’ai pu voir. Le programme n’est pas encore en ligne mais j’essaierai de remettre un petit message ici quand ce sera le cas.
      Profitons-en pour célébrer la réussite du financement de leur coopérative pour le rachat du bail emphytéotique de leurs locaux (ils acceptent encore les dons pour les travaux ^_^)

      • #58789 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        on note ces bonnes nouvelles

        • #58791 Répondre
          propater
          Invité

          Et dans les bonnes nouvelles, Memory de Franco est enfin sorti en Belgique et j’ai donc pu le voir. Le film n’a effectivement rien à voir avec le ton suggéré par la bande annonce (même si je l’ai trouvé beaucoup plus doux que ceux que j’ai pu voir précédemment). J’en suis sorti tout excité.

          • #58793 Répondre
            ..Graindorge
            Invité

            😫

            • #58798 Répondre
              propater
              Invité

              ?

              • #58848 Répondre
                ..Graindorge
                Invité

                Pardon propater, je n’ai pas pu clarifier avant
                Juste que dans mon coin, il y a bien Memory mais en version espagnol et pas en VOS. C’est rageant. Et je ne peux donc pas aller le voir. Et c’est très douloureux
                Contente aussi que tu l’as/aies aimé car définitivement Michel Franco c’est grand

                • #58865 Répondre
                  propater
                  Invité

                  Je compatis.

                • #59145 Répondre
                  Mélanie
                  Invité

                  Graindorge je t’ai envoyé un mail, tu ne l’as pas reçu ?

                  • #59150 Répondre
                    ..Graindorge
                    Invité

                    Mélanie
                    je le vois pas. Il s’est peut-être égaré dans les spams.
                    régulièrement j’efface les spams. Tu peux me le renvoyer?

    • #58965 Répondre
      LeMicroPenisDeJeanMonnaie
      Invité

      Quelqu’un a vu/compte aller voir Alien Romulus ici? J’en attends pas grand chose mais on sait jamais…

      • #59407 Répondre
        Cyril
        Invité

        Je l’ai vu, et si le début était plutôt prometteur, le film s’avère pas terrible. Une grosse demi-heure d’ennui total, un soubresaut d’intérêt à la fin.
        Les formes clip, bande-annonce, série etc. ont déjà contaminé le cinéma mais là ce qui m’a le plus frappé c’est la contamination par le mème. Il y a beaucoup de moments où l’on sent que c’est pensé pour être découpé en extraits de 3 secondes destinés à alimenter internet de mèmes et participer à la promotion du film.

        • #59408 Répondre
          Cyril
          Invité

          Comme si le film ne devait pas être qu’un moment passé en salle, voir une discussion avec les copains, mais continuer d’infuser dans cet espace mental collectif qu’est le web, comme s’il était plus important que le film existe de manière ambiante que lors de sa projection.

          • #59895 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            Je suis d’accord
            Incroyable aussi comme tous les éventuels enjeux (philosophiques, scientifiques, politiques) portés par l’action des premiers Aliens sont ici complètement évacués.
            Importe seul de rejouer encore et encore la même scène qui fascina tant : ces créatures organiques géniales (et aux resources visuelles inépuisables) accablant ces pauvres humains. Il n’y a là qu’un plaisir de la reprise – comme on se réécouterait un vieux morceau aimé.

    • #59090 Répondre
      Ym
      Invité

      Des gens ont vu le Napoléon restauré de Abel Gance ? Ça donne comment ?

      • #59327 Répondre
        Adamou
        Invité

        Comme plusieurs films restaurés sortis en grande pompe, j’ai l’impression que le film est un peu surévalué par tout le marketing autour (où l’on utilise tous les arguments quantitatifs à la con comme le nombre impressionnant de figurants, le coup de la prouesse technique pour l’époque etc).

        A propos du film lui même, je n’ai vu que la première partie et c’est sûr que c’est autrement plus dense que le film du Ridley. Notamment sur la prise de Toulon, c’est pas réglé en 3 plans, il pleut, ça patauge et ça dure, on voit le froid, l’épuisement, le chaos réel que devaient être ces batailles.

      • #59534 Répondre
        MA
        Invité

        Bonne nouvelle: il sera diffusé sur Fr 5 le 8 septembre à 21h et sera dispo en replay.

    • #59137 Répondre
      MA
      Invité

      Quel beau film que La mélancolie de Takuya Kato.

      • #59142 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        vraiment?
        on ira, alors

        • #59263 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          on y est allé
          et on n’a pas regretté
          merci, MA

    • #59267 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité
      • #59269 Répondre
        Inconnus
        Invité

        Mort d’Alain Delon.
        Il prend le large…
        …et devient Alain Deloin.

        • #59270 Répondre
          ..Graindorge
          Invité

          Alain Deloin C’est la maman de François B qui dit disait ça  » tu ressembles à Alain de loin »
          Paix à son âme

          • #59273 Répondre
            Inconnus
            Invité

            Tu viens d’utiliser ton unique post autorisé par jour.
            On va être tranquilles jusqu’à 00h01.

            • #59274 Répondre
              ..Graindorge
              Invité

              Désolée Inconnus. Tu n’as pas bien lu. Retourne si tu veux au fil où je dis que
              1) je commence lundi
              2) j’ai dit à FB 3 par jour + un fil rien qu’à moi où j’écrirai tout ce que bon ou pas me semble et où tu n’auras pas à t’infliger la souffrance de me lire ni à perdre ton précieux temps à m’écrire du venin inutile
              3) Bon dimanche

              • #59275 Répondre
                françois bégaudeau
                Invité

                tu disais qu’il me revenait de décider
                j’ai dit 1 par jour, et n’ai absolument pas validé l’idée de l’espace à toi

                • #59278 Répondre
                  graindorge
                  Invité

                  B. pour ne pas monopoliser l’entrée Cinéma j’ouvre une entrée Lettre ouverte pour te répondre

                  • #67726 Répondre
                    Carpentier
                    Invité

                    peu lu (yeux de merde en ce moment) mais réussi à poser les fesses dans des salles de ciné pour y mater:
                    – le roman de Jim
                    – la prisonnière de Bordeaux
                    – la belle affaire
                    j’en oublie un, il me semble, ce qui, chez moi, veut pas toujours dire que j’ai pas aimé
                    mais mince, j’en ai vu 3 ou plus?
                    PS: t’as fait une lettre ouverte à qui, dis?
                    ici? naaaan?

                    • #67727 Répondre
                      Carpentier
                      Invité

                      arrggh
                      et Emilia Perez.

                    • #67837 Répondre
                      Carpentier
                      Invité

                      Quelqu’un.e peut-être qui, tout comme moi, aurait vu La belle affaire peut-être?

                      [j’aime beaucoup ce qui est dit, plus bas, de La prisonnière de Bordeaux, qui, une fois delestée du grand tableau-collage affectif, en part enfin en camping car] et je suis plutôt en accord avec ce qu’écrit Mathieu notamment, à propos (mêmes rires dans les dialogues qu’il extrait)
                      – le ’ moment câlin ’ avec Huppert sur les genoux d’Herzi m’a, en revanche et à proprement parler, indisposé total; par sa fausseté, son inconfort, son cinéma.
                      Seuls, le sourire possiblement embarassé/amusé (?) et le pragmatisme d’Hafsia, qui range sa natte de cheveux pour laisser place à Huppert et à sa tête, m’ont cueillie dans ce moment de gêne.
                      Herzi, c’est quand même quelque chose: sa façon d’y être, comme dans l’usine – c’en est une, t’as vu le débit? dans les chu, on les voit les bâtiments, parfois à part du reste même – dans l’usine à nettoyer le linge donc, ses gestes, sa posture, à l’aise, concentrée, au travail, quoi.
                      Tout comme lorsqu’on la voit insister sur le tissu avec son fer, dans le pressing classique des scènes précédentes.
                      Et puis sa disponibilité aimante quand Mazuy la cadre en plan comme dédié à son mari, quand le maton ouvre la petite pièce, au parloir.
                      Elle est magnifique.]

                      • #67839 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        Quant à ce qu’Eliot en dit à propos …. 🙂
                        -> La prisonnière de Bordeaux: une propal pour le Top 30 des trucs mous?

                    • #67852 Répondre
                      Carpentier
                      Invité

                      je lis aussi, à propos du moribond Mazuy (on lui donne dix jours) que la Maître des clefs d’ici en donnera les coulisses une fois atteinte sa fin de vie: on en fera donc la propale dans le Top 30 des trucs mous dans une dizaine jours.

    • #59330 Répondre
      Tony
      Invité

      Avant de revoir le samouraï ce soir, je me demandais si après tant d’années le film continuerait à me fasciner et à conserver son aura de mystère,comme on le sait nos goûts s’affinent avec le temps,l’expérience et certains films aimés vieillissent plus vite que d’autres ou deviennent parfois irregardables,d’autres aussi ont tellement été copiés qu’ils ont fini par perdre leur secret initial ainsi que leur beauté, devenue quelconque.En le revoyant j’ai été surpris de le voir à nouveau comme si c’était la première fois, comme si je ne l’avais jamais vu et je crois que ce sentiment vient du fait que le scénario est minimaliste,sans complexité psychologique,sans intrigue secondaire,sans véritable personnage hors celui de Jeff Costello,pure fiction que Delon réussit à faire exister par sa seule présence,une présence spectrale,froide, mutique qui ne l’empêche pas,et c’est très beau,de dire adieu à sa compagne,sans un mot,en la prenant dans ses bras tendrement avant le dernier rendez-vous,celui dont on ne revient pas.

      • #59333 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        C’est le film de Melville qui tient. Les autres j’ai de plus en plus de mal.

    • #59384 Répondre
      I.G.Y
      Invité

      Il semblerait qu’une rétrospective Jacques Rozier se prépare, pour le 4 septembre.

      Très, très enthousiasmé par Maine Ocean il y a peu (sur la Cinetek). Des avis sur un ou deux autres à voir en priorité ?

      • #59391 Répondre
        Tony
        Invité

        Bien d’accord sur Maine Ocean, c’est un sommet et,en plus,quelle fin éblouissante( quand on voit le personnage marcher longuement sur le rivage et se fondre dans la ligne d’horizon!),en deuxième je mettrai Du côté d’Orouet puis les naufragés et Adieu Philippine.

        • #59395 Répondre
          Anna H
          Invité

          Et aussi La rentrée des classes, son court-métrage de 1956.

          • #59403 Répondre
            I.G.Y
            Invité

            C’est noté !

            @Tony oui le film gagne en puissance au fil de l’eau, et le travelling sur Menez en bord de lagune est superbe. Le seul point d’interrogation est pour moi le personnage de l’avocate, réduit petit à petit au statut de pot de fleur. Sinon…

    • #59402 Répondre
      Delphine
      Invité

      Il se dit dans les médias que la gauche est silencieuse depuis le décès d’Alain Delon. Le côté icône du cinéma français serait laissé de côté parce qu’il exposait clairement ses positions droitieres, voire d’extrême-droite. Alors que les artistes seraient traditionnellement de gauche. Cela fait penser à Michel Sardou, également proche de la droite, ou alors le chanteur Faudel, qui a été boycotté en affichant son soutien à la droite. Probablement un lien entre art et politique, relation compréhensible dans le cas de chansons engagées.

      • #59750 Répondre
        essaisfragiles
        Invité

        Ou simplement une application du principe de dissociation entre l’homme et l’oeuvre.
        J’aime (j’adore) la plupart des chansons de Sardou, notamment celles des années 1970 (année 78 !!) qui m’accompagnent depuis lors, j’aime par-dessous tout sa voix, son coffre, sa présence sur scène, mais chaque fois que je l’entends parler en son nom j’ai envie de lui décrocher la mâchoire ou de l’amputer des cordes vocales.
        On a le droit d’être un acteur de génie comme Delon et un connard patenté (et pas que pour ses opinions politiques). La réserve de la gauche actuelle pourrait exprimer une certaine retenue destinée à ne pas noircir « l’hommage national ».
        Par exemple encore, Bégaudeau, j’adore son oeuvre ; mais on m’a dit que l’homme était bof, avec ses blagues de gros beauf buveur de bière qui fait roter. Alors.

        • #59756 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          Moi c’est le contraire : j’adore ses rots, mais alors ses livres non merci.

          • #59757 Répondre
            essaisfragiles
            Invité

            Ah ah, excellent !

        • #59770 Répondre
          ..Graindorge
          Invité

          Delon un acteur de génie? Ah

        • #59792 Répondre
          Bécasse
          Invité

          La dissociation entre l’homme et l’œuvre me laisse toujours pantois. Là, on atteint le sommet et je reste quasi coi. Seule chose à dire, c’est comment avancer et ce dans une même phrase, que Delon était un acteur et Sardou chanteur !

          • #59796 Répondre
            essaisfragiles
            Invité

            Si j’apprends demain que le boulanger de mon quartier qui fait les meilleurs petits pains au chocolat de la ville a baigné dans de sordides histoires de pédophilie et de viol, je prendrai la décision de ne plus aller dans cette boulangerie — et encore, ce n’est même pas sûr, si tant est qu’il est arrêté et que la boutique change de mains (je ne voudrais pas faire payer à son personnel ses exactions).
            Par contre, il faisait les meilleurs petits pains au chocolat de la ville. Et cela, c’est vrai, pour l’éternité. Et ma décision n’y changera rien. Ce n’est pas une question de morale. C’est une question de fait et de vérité.
            Sur ce rapport entre l’homme et l’oeuvre, j’attends le dernier opus de François, puisque j’ai cru comprendre que ce thème sera abordé dans son livre.
            La question de l’actorat au cinéma est une non-question : bon ou mauvais, ce qui compte, c’est le film (qui n’est pas du théâtre). Certains réalisateurs ont d’ailleurs choisi de « faire mal jouer » (Rohmer, Godard). Un grand artiste donne toujours à voir, à entendre, à apprécier autre chose que lui-même, sans quoi l’art n’existerait pas. Mais je le dirais de tout métier et de toute personne. J’appelle cela l’existence.
            Quant à la question de savoir si Sardou est un chanteur, je me dis à part moi que j’aimerais avoir sa voix ; mais évidemment, cela ne tient pas pour mes amis amateurs d’art lyrique.

            • #59803 Répondre
              Delphine
              Invité

              Je suis toujours un peu surprise par les amalgames qui, dans le cas de l’art, ne font pas la distinction entre la prestation purement artistique et ce qui se cache derrière les artistes, et je n’adhère pas vraiment à ce mélange. Quand je regarde un film, je juge si l’histoire me plaît ou pas, si tel acteur ou actrice m’a émue, mais je ne m’occupe pas de savoir, au moment où j’apprécie une œuvre, si les interprètes « traînent des « casseroles », ou alors si leurs opinions politiques sont morales. Quand j’écoute une chanson, c’est pareil : ce qui m’importe, c’est que la mélodie me plaise et/ou que je trouve le texte bien écrit. Quand je lis un livre, je suis emportée par l’histoire, j’accroche à l’histoire et/ou au style d’écriture, mais je ne m’occupe pas des opinions de l’auteur, même si, quand on suit un peu l’auteur à travers ses livres et/ou ses interventions médiatiques, les positionnements peuvent transparaître plus ou moins explicitement (le positionnement social, politique, anticapitaliste dans les livres de François, par exemple). Cet amalgame entre personne et prestation artistique me fait penser à une anecdote. Au tout début des années 2000, j’étais allée voir la pièce de théâtre « Vol au-dessus d’un nid de coucou » avec Bernard Tapie qui, au passage, a peut-être loupé sa vocation artistique (je l’avais trouvé également performant dans des téléfilms, quelques années plus tard). J’avais beaucoup aimé la prestation de Bernard Tapie (réussir à jouer un rôle difficile – de fou, je crois) dans la pièce de théâtre. J’avais fait part de mon enthousiasme quant à cette performance artistique à une collègue, qui avait connu des licenciements, et m’avait lancé : « Je n’irai jamais voir sur scène une personne qui a licencié des centaines de personnes ! » (en lien avec les affaires de Bernard Tapie). Cette réaction m’avait étonnée parce que je ne parlais que de la pièce de théâtre (du côté artistique), du fait que je ne m’attendais pas à voir Bernard Tapie dans ce genre de pièce, et que j’avais été époustouflée, agréablement surprise par sa prestation.

              • #59804 Répondre
                Bécasse
                Invité

                Tes affects politiques ne sont peut-être pas au rdv avec l’art. Peut-être ne sont-ils jamais au rdv.
                Tes mots sur le thread des noirs en disaient longs et étaient très questionnants.
                Ça te regarde de ne pas mêler l’affect politique aux autres affects. Pour autant, tu n’es pas obligée de donner une leçon de morale à savoir qui doit aimer quoi et comment.

                • #59806 Répondre
                  essaisfragiles
                  Invité

                  S’il s’agit de parler d’affects, autant leur laisser une chance de naître et de se déployer comme affects. Si je décide a priori, ou a posteriori, de condamner quelqu’un et son oeuvre (ou son travail) pour des motifs moraux — ce que j’ai bien le droit de faire –, je n’appelerai pas cela un affect, mais une idée. Et ce n’est pas la même chose.
                  Si d’aventure il m’arrive d’être surpris au point d’être ému par le sourire et le regard de Marine Le Pen (et il m’arrive souvent de l’être, je le dis), j’appelerai cela un affect, car je sais que s’y exprime quelque chose du sourire et du regard qui dépasse la personne de Marine Le Pen. Je pourrai même vouloir exprimer une forme de gratitude à l’égard de ce qui m’est donné là et que je reçois comme une manifestation d’humanité.

                  • #59812 Répondre
                    Bécasse
                    Invité

                    Oui , cela rejoint bien ce que je dis plus bas.
                    Mon espèce d’hypersensibles politisées à outrance n’est pas doté de moyens de dissociations.
                    Par contre, tu vas vite en besogne quand tu dis de donner du temps aux affects afin qu’ils naissent.
                    Je n’ai pas pour habitude de me laisser piéger par des affects dès lors où ceux-ci sont peu joyeux.
                    Mais, la constitution d’un corps politisé et je ne suis pas seul a du mal en effet à agir froidement devant le pen, Sardou et la clique.

                    • #59814 Répondre
                      essaisfragiles
                      Invité

                      « Mon espèce d’hypersensibles politisées à outrance n’est pas doté de moyens de dissociations. »
                      *
                      Politisés, mon cul ! Hyper moralisateurs, oui !
                      Ma question était bien de savoir si tu aimes les pains au chocolat. Mais tu n’as jamais mangé de pain au chocolat.
                      Tu aurais été où en janvier et août 1857, lorsque s’ouvre le procès de Flaubert, puis de Baudelaire ? Certainement pas du côté de l’art.
                      Tu me parles de sensibilité, et j’entends inculture, absence de goût, incurie artistique.
                      Bye bye love.

                      • #59815 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        En effet grand sachant, je n’aime pas l’art et je déteste les pains au chocolat. Trop gras, trop tout pour moi.
                        Presque aussi gras que toi et ta psyché ou le ventre et les joues de Flauvert.
                        T’as l’air bien au taquet.

              • #59805 Répondre
                essaisfragiles
                Invité

                @ Delphine
                Oui, il faut toujours se méfier de notre précipitation à nous sentir offensés, à voir de l’offense partout. D’une part, parce que c’est toujours se donner le beau rôle — et j’aimerais que les objurgateurs de l’incorruptible vertu prennent le temps de nous dire en quoi consistent leur vie, leurs actes et leurs pensées, bonnes et mauvaises, les affects, grands et petits, qui le traversent, les offenses dont ils sont eux-mêmes porteurs. D’autre part, parce que cela induit toujours une réaction de type recherche de compensation, d’indemnisation, de résilience, dont, bien sûr, se veulent capables et dont se sentent méritants les accusateurs et victimes potentielles (réelles ou imaginaires). Contresens sur l’idée de puissance, confondue avec sa déclinaison libérale d’empuissantement (empowerment) : tu m’offenses, donc je te contrôle. Pensée du ressentiment.

                • #59807 Répondre
                  Bécasse
                  Invité

                  C’est marrant, mais tu inverses la donne.
                  C’est bien parce que nos affects sont en bernes que nous incapables de dissocier l’homme de l’artiste.
                  Les gens qui pensent comme moi petite bécasse, n’ont guère de valeur. Nous sommes de faibles personnes. Par contre, tu fais fausse route quand tu parles de ressentiment. Il ne s’agit aucunement de cela puisque les espèces comme moi, sont occupées à gérer leur hypersensibilité. Donc le ressentiment n’est pas vraiment vecteur de pensée chez notre espèce.

                  • #59808 Répondre
                    essaisfragiles
                    Invité

                    L’hypersensibilité, pas un ressentiment ?
                    Je note au passage le ton excluant et condescendant du propos : « les gens qui pensent comme moi », « nous sommes », « les espèces comme moi ».
                    C’en est trop pour moi. Quand je me cherche des ennemis, je les prends à ma hauteur. Bonne continuation.

                    • #59813 Répondre
                      Bécasse
                      Invité

                      Merci de me donner la définition de ressentiment.

                      Essaisfragiles, tu es moraliste et en ça tu fais bien de stopper cet échange qui n’en est pas un, car accusateur et réducteur.
                      Condescendant, excluant, tu as vraiment le chic de renvoyer à autrui ta propre douleur.

                      • #59828 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Je n’ai pas tout compris à cet échange
                        Avant tout je ne comprends pas : « c’est comment avancer et ce dans une même phrase, que Delon était un acteur et Sardou chanteur ! ».
                        Sardou n’est pas chanteur? Delon n’est pas acteur?

                      • #59837 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        Si si. Sardou est tout autant acteur que Delon est chanteur.
                        Sinon, j’attends la définition de ressentiment ?

                      • #59839 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        sentiment d’hostilité à l’égard de la vie elle-même

                      • #59842 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        Un peu fort comme définition. Qui s’apparente plus à la haine.
                        Puisque le ressentiment part d’un fait que l’on considère injuste.
                        Bref, je ne vois pas bien ce que vient faire ce mot dans le court et infructueux échange.
                        Je précisais juste que être en capacité de dissocier l’homme de l’artiste est une capacité ou une force que je n’ai pas.

                      • #59858 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Le ressentiment tel que décliné par Nietzsche en tout c’est cela.
                        Y adhérant ou pas, je crois que tu ne parviendras pas à faire que ce mot ne soit négatif, et cet affect rédhibitoire
                        Je crois que ce dont tu parles à ton propos c’est tout simplement de la colère. A toi de voir si cette colère est infusée d’amertume et d’esprit de revanche ou non.
                        En tout cas je vois qu’en l’état elle ne te rend pas très patiente pour penser – puisque clairement tu refuses de penser la question pointue de la « séparation entre l’homme et l’oeuvre »

                      • #59867 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        Merci de ces précisions. Non pas en colère. C’est sûrement moi qui me mêle les pinceaux.
                        Peut-être que l’incapacité que mon corps a à écouter noir désir aujourd’hui vient tout simplement du ressentiment.

                      • #59872 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Non je n’appellerais pas ça ressentiment
                        Je peux très bien comprendre une incapacité à écouter Noir Désir, et à ne pas dissocier cette écoute du crime de Cantat. Le corps est incapable, c’est comme ça. Nous avons tous des incapacités de ce genre. Des blocages. « Pardon mais là je bloque » « Pardon mais là je vais pas pouvoir ».
                        Le ressentiment commencerait peut-être dans l’érection de cette incapacité en prescription morale – il ne faut pas écouter Noir Désir- et par suite en anathème – jeté sur ceux qui écoutent Cantat.
                        Une position anti-ressentimentale consisterait peut-être à dire: je regrette mon incapacité, et j’envie ceux qui sont disponibles pour jouir de Noir Désir; Hypothèse.

                      • #59883 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        C’est ce que j’essayais de dire vainement.
                        Hypothèse validée.

                      • #59896 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        Hypothèse validée et je remercie François pour sa participation et ses efforts de clarification.
                        Mais qu’est-ce qu’il y a de commun à Sardou, Delon et Cantat ? C’est peut-être là que je suspectais hier un glissement moralisateur.
                        Si je me suis trompé, tant mieux, et je présente mes excuses à Bécasse.
                        Après, on a le corps qu’on a, avec ses incapacités propres. Et ses répulsions, ses écoeurements. Moi, je ne peux plus voir aucun film de Céline Sciamma, en dépit de Naissance des pieuvres que je considère être un grand film. Il ne me viendrait pas à l’esprit de dire que ce n’est pas une cinéaste, et même à ne pas vouloir reconnaître que c’est une grande cinéaste. Ou de généraliser cet affect un peu honteux à d’autres cinéastes ou artistes. Ou d’un faire, justement, une manière de jugement moral.

                      • #59911 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Pourquoi tu ne peux plus voir aucun film de Celine Sciamma?

                      • #59924 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        Je sais pas trop si je suis en capacité d’accepter tes excuses. Je déconne; t’es un peu trop au taquet pour moi, mais bon passons.

                        Ta répulsion présentement pour Sciamma et le fait qu’il ne te viendrait pas à l’esprit qu’elle n’est pas cinéaste, s’entend parfaitement bien. Tu as apprécié son art par le passé, on peut supposer que tu l’as considéré comme cinéaste et que peut-être ton corps se souvient de la nourriture qu’elle a pu te donner au moment où tu l’as apprécié. Et la disqualifier de son art t’es difficile.

                        Pour Sardou et Delon, tout ce qu’ils représentent me déplaît. Je ne les ai jamais aimé, ni écouté pour l’un et à peine regardé dans 2 ou 3 films pour l’autre. Je n’aime pas leur corps, leurs voix, leurs pensées. C’est trop pour moi. Je ne les considère pas comme étant des artistes. Déprécier un Besson et le disqualifier en disant qu’il n’est pas un cinéaste, me rend t’il tout aussi moraliste ? Je ne le pense pas.
                        Quant à l’exemple que tu donnes sur le sourire de Le Pen ou d’un autre d’ailleurs -au hasard Sardou- pour ma part leurs affects me laisse de marbre. Je trouve tes capacités en effet bien au-dessus de la mêlée.

                        Je n’ai pas parlé de Cantat hier. Je l’ai évoqué ce matin pour exprimer, illustrer mon incapacité à dépasser un blocage que j’ai à l’écouter depuis le crime qu’il a commis. Je trouve cela assez bête, mais ça bloque, voire ça pourrait me rendre triste ou nostalgique. Je ne dis pas que j’envie ceux qui l’écoutent, je déplore juste mon incapacité à le faire à nouveau.
                        Donc, pas de ressentiment, pas de morale, juste un truc qui bloque.

                      • #59931 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        Besson a l’âge mental d’un gamin de 12 ans. Ses films en témoignent. Mis à part ses démêlés récents avec la justice, je me disais avant cela que le bonhomme avait l’air sympa. Là, c’est donc le contraire : je sauve l’homme, je condamne l’oeuvre. Il n’y a pas de règle, sinon celle de toujours chercher à bien distinguer les deux. Mais je peux tout à fait comprendre que cela te soit, à toi, difficile de la faire.
                        La question du crime de Cantat est la suivante : y a-t-il eu préméditation, intention de donner la mort derrière le coup mortel ? Que Marie Trintignant soit morte sous les coups portés par un homme, peut-être récidiviste d’ailleurs, ne fait aucun doute et ne doit pas être relativisé. Mais la question de l’intention est essentielle pour mettre un peu de complexité dans les choses.
                        Si je ne disqualifie pas Sciamma, ce n’est pas en souvenir du plaisir que ses films (Tomboy aussi) ont pu m’apporter, mais parce que je pense qu’objectivement elle est cinéaste, et pas des moindres. Que je ne regarde plus ses films aujourd’hui ne change rien à l’affaire. Et je lui souhaite de pouvoir faire des films encore longtemps. Mais c’est un mauvais exemple. La comparaison s’arrête là, et j’ai juste pris cet exemple pour exprimer une répulsion que j’éprouve.
                        Je reviens à Marine Le Pen. Il m’a bien fallu à un moment donné comprendre pourquoi, à mon grand étonnement d’ailleurs, je pouvais aimer, quand il m’arrivait de l’écouter à la télévision, la regarder. À la radio, ça ne marchait pas (d’ailleurs je propose à toutes et à tous de couper le son, c’est inutile). Et j’ai compris que derrière son sourire de pose (celle des photos), sa machoîre crispée le plus souvent (en fonction de ses interlocuteurs), elle est traversée parfois, porteuse d’un sourire, d’une tendresse même qui me touche et me séduit. Elle le sait, je crois, au demeurant, et a beaucoup cherché à utiliser cette image d’elle (celle de femme, de la femme à chats, la cousine de la famille, avec ses airs de vieille fille). Mais voilà, je crois que ça la dépasse et c’est cela la singularité ou le charme d’une personne : un signe qui la traverse et qui exprime autre chose que sa personne. J’appelle cela l’existence, l’incarnation.

                      • #59932 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        « Besson a l’âge mental d’un gamin de 12 ans » pas sympa pour les gamins.
                        Pour Cantat, je vois bien ce que tu dis. Et c’est pourquoi, la bande de copains qu’on était voulait le sauver un temps en se penchant sur la notion de préméditation ou pas. Puis, quelques jours ou semaines plus tard. L’émotion s’étiole et on redevient plus froid. On se ressaisit. La préméditation n’est pas le centre de l’affaire.
                        Sur Marine, tu me fais rire. Même si je comprends où tu veux en venir.

                      • #59935 Répondre
                        Claire N
                        Invité

                        Il y a peu être aussi que nos goûts s’affinent avec le temps ; que tu ne goûtes vraiment plus à certaines chansons de Cantat ?
                        Plus jeune j’aimais bien Gainsbourg comme tous les copains, puis un jour brutalement un déclic de dégoût : mais c’est que des chansons de pedophiles! Depuis certaines passent mais la plupart de son œuvre non – j’y entends à présent autre chose et c’est mort pour revenir en arrière

                      • #59938 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        Pour Cantat, je ne peux pas dire. Je n’écoute plus depuis un bail.
                        Les goûts se modifient oui. Gainsbourg est un exemple qui me parle assez bien.
                        Je ne savais pas qu’il était pédophile. Bon ben, à compter d’aujourd’hui, je n’écouterai plus.

                      • #61094 Répondre
                        Claire N
                        Invité

                        Non , personne n’a jamais prouvé cela
                        Et il n’est peut être jamais passé à l’acte
                        Juste que l’écoute de beaucoup de ses chansons
                        M’évoque la pedophylie
                        EF
                        Alors fait exprès peut être par provocation
                        Mais je crois qu’il est sincère
                        La je parle pas de toutes les chansons
                        Mais de beaucoup
                        Notamment effectivement Mélodie Nelson que j’aimais bien et puis plus
                        Je ne veux gâcher a personne le plaisir de son écoute – juste une expérience de rejet à cause des affects véhiculés par l’œuvre

                      • #61199 Répondre
                        Oscar Spielmann
                        Invité

                        Si tu es devant un Gauguin, tu (ou ton « corps » devrait-on dire puisque te concernant tu semble dissocier) dois donc détourner le regard ?

                      • #61205 Répondre
                        Oscar Spielmann
                        Invité

                        Tu sembleS
                        À Bécasse

                      • #61663 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        Oscar, j’étais quasi persuadé que Claire N faisait de l’humour.
                        Et j’ai voulu renchérir.
                        J’écoute Gainsbourg de temps à temps, pédophile ou pas.
                        Je plaisante encore.
                        Merci à Claire de me mettre dans l’embarras

                      • #59943 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        « que des chansons de pedophiles »
                        *
                        C’est exagéré tout de même : que Gainsbourg ait joué avec les tabous, la transgression à une époque où il était d’usage et de bon ton de le faire (je fais référence à l’époque qu’on a appelé un temps celle de la libération sexuelle), d’accord, et c’est même devenu sa marque de fabrique à un moment, dans un cadre très large de la transgression, parfois pour le meilleur (Histoire de Melody Nelson, L’homme à la tête de chou) et souvent de manière assez imbécile (chanter La Marseille devant les paras à Marseille, brûler en direct un billet de banque à la télé, embarquer sa fille dans une chanson et un clip dispensables mais au moins clairs) ; de là à qualifier ses chansons de pédophiles, c’est quand même confondre le fantasme et le passage à l’acte. Et malheureusement, ça, c’est vraiment un trait de notre époque. Gainsbourg a quand même plus de chances d’avoir été alcoolique patenté que violeur d’enfants ! Ou incitant à le faire.

                      • #61114 Répondre
                        Claire N
                        Invité

                        Vraiment oui c’était à ce moment la une réaction exagérée – vis à vis de l’ » œuvre «  mais ce que j’essaye d’expliquer c’est que le rejet m’ai venu de la chanson – pas d’info sur l’auteur
                        Puis ensuite j’ai «  séparé «  les différentes chansons et comme je le précise certaines passent ; mais mon goût a changé

                      • #61257 Répondre
                        Claire N
                        Invité

                        « . Et malheureusement, ça, c’est vraiment un trait de notre époque » mais peut etre que tu me donnes une piste ; peut-être effectivement que ce que j’aimais dans Gainsbourg et puis plus était la marque de l’époque, peut etre que mon goût n’était pas amour ( qui ne passe pas ) mais mode du moment

                      • #61354 Répondre
                        Delphine
                        Invité

                        Concernant la dissociation entre une personne et une oeuvre, cela me fait penser au « politiquement correct ». Pour Gainsbourg, quand certaines de ses chansons sont sorties, il y a plusieurs décennies (« Les sucettes à l’anis », « Elisa »), elles ont un peu fait scandale par rapport à la mentalité de l’époque, bien que le sens profond de ces chansons était exprimé de manière imagée, mais l’artiste n’a pas été boycotté pour autant et a gardé son public. Comme tout artiste, il avait ses fans et ses détracteurs. Cette espèce de « censure » fait un peu penser à des pays ayant connu des périodes de censure liées à un régime dictatorial, par exemple l’Espagne. Je pense à certaines oeuvres d’Almodovar, comme « Kika », film considéré comme osé à sa sortie en Espagne, mais étant également lié à la libération des moeurs (il faut se replonger dans la mentalité espagnole de l’époque).

                      • #61380 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Ce n’est pas d’un tel schéma qu’on parle. Là tu parles d’oeuvres scandaleuses, or la dissociation homme-oeuvre concerne les artistes qui, dans leur vie, font ou disent des choses réprouvées voire passibles de peines.
                        Tu évoques un peu vite les dictatures. Le problème posé ne se règle pas si facilement. Serais-tu favorable à ce que soient toujours vendus les films ou livres d’un artiste dont on apprendrait qu’il a violé des dizaines d’enfants?

                      • #61423 Répondre
                        Delphine
                        Invité

                        « Serais-tu favorable à ce que soient toujours vendus les films ou livres d’un artiste dont on apprendrait qu’il a violé des dizaines d’enfants ? » : C’est exagéré. Cela reviendrait à se demander si des livres écrits par des personnes comme Fourniret auraient été vendus. Là, on est dans le domaine de l’insoutenable. Il y a une différence entre ce genre d’extrême et les positions, politiques par exemple, affichées par des artistes publiquement, ou alors au travers de leurs écrits, quand on reste dans le domaine du « osé » ou « légèrement subversif ». Un écrit est un écrit et, même si le positionnement d’un artiste y transparaît, il ne s’agit pas d’actes réellement commis. Si, en dehors de ses oeuvres, un artiste affiche un positionnement radical, une personne en désaccord avec lui peut continuer à s’intéresser à ses oeuvres pour essayer de comprendre sa manière de penser et la logique qui en résulte.

                      • #61673 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        Tu donnes l’exemple de Fourniret Ok.
                        Et PPDA on en fait quoi ?

                      • #61713 Répondre
                        Delphine
                        Invité

                        Il me semble que PPDA, il y a longtemps, a écrit des livres et avait du succès (il était considéré comme étant une bonne plume) sur divers sujets, dont l’anorexie de sa fille, par exemple. C’était au temps où il présentait encore le JT. A cette époque, ses « frasques » n’étaient pas dévoilées. Depuis qu’il a été accusé de débordements, je ne crois pas qu’il ait publié tant de livres que cela (mais je ne m’y intéresse pas particulièrement). L’exemple de PPDA est aussi révélateur d’une société qui, depuis quelques années, met au grand jour des histoires d’abus sexuels pour beaucoup de personnalités médiatiques (Jean-Jacques Bourdin sur RMC, par exemple, mais il y en a plein d’autres). Il y a tellement d’affaires apparaissant au grand jour, que l’on peut se demander s’il y a quelqu’un de « clean » dans ce milieu. On dirait que la France prend exemple sur les Etats-Unis (lancement de procédures judiciaires à outrance).

                      • #61845 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        « Frasques » et « débordements » pour PPDA ?
                        Je crois savoir que les accusations qu’il y a à son encontre sont un tantinet plus graves et surtout qualifiées comme criminelles.
                        Je ne comprends pas bien, comment on peut s’installer dans un jugement plus clément quand il s’agit de viol face à la mort. Quand il s’agit d’enfants plutôt que d’adultes. J’ai beaucoup de mal avec cette hiérarchisation des émotions.
                        Je vais m’arrêter là.

                      • #59934 Répondre
                        Bécasse
                        Invité

                        *qui m’emmêle

                  • #59811 Répondre
                    Emile Novis
                    Invité

                    @Bécasse
                    J’ai tendance à penser que tout le monde est un peu traversé par du ressentiment. C’est peut-être même la maladie de nos sociétés actuelles.

                    • #59826 Répondre
                      nefa
                      Invité

                      @ Emile Novis
                      Salut mon copain,
                      Une très proche me parle d’un ami qui a fait la guerre.
                      À propos d’une ballade sympathique, avec lui, dans un parc, à Paris, où il lui est proposé d’aller s’asseoir dans l’herbe.
                      Il change de couleur.
                      C’est un champ de mines !
                      Incapable de distinguer un pré de ce type de zone létale.
                      Est-ce à dire qu’il est ignare ?
                      Dans le ressentiment ?
                      Je souris.
                      En l’occurrence, je perçois sa réaction comme située au summum de ce que peut produire un reflex politique.
                      Si tu as lu ce qu’écrit Rancière sur la politique.

                      • #59861 Répondre
                        Emile Novis
                        Invité

                        @nefa
                        Mais je n’ai pas l’impression que tu décris là du ressentiment, en effet. On peut peut-être aussi parler de traumatisme, dans ce cas, non?
                        .
                        Je dis seulement qu’on est peut-être tous un peu traversé par le ressentiment dans nos sociétés. D’une part, je dis bien « peut-être »; d’autre part, je dis que les affects circulent dans le corps social, qu’ils passent à travers nous, ce qui ne signifie pas qu’on s’y abandonne ou que tous nos comportements sont le produit de ce ressentiment (encore heureux!).

                      • #59870 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        @ Emile Novis
                        Le ressentiment est un affect très commun, banal, « normal », inévitable dans bien des situations : la haine contre ce qui arrive, la haine contre des formes ou des manifestations ou des expressions de la vie, de la vitalité du vivant. Haine accompagnée de la recherche d’une compensation, d’une indemnisation, d’un retour à un avant (le fameux esprit de vengeance). Je dirais que le ressentiment est un affect « humain », à côté de la colère, de l’envie, de la jalousie, mais aussi de la joie, de la pitié, de l’amour.
                        Mais même s’il appartient à Niezsche d’en avoir fait une forme symptômale historique (dans sa critique du christianisme, du positivisme, de la philosophie, etc.), faut-il pour autant généraliser et en faire « un esprit du temps » (tu dis « la maladie de nos sociétés actuelles ») ?
                        À te lire, je vois souvent dans ton propos un ancrage chrétien, qui te conduit peut-être — c’est une hypothèse grossière, un peu maladroite aussi — à (peut-être) penser le ressentiment comme une forme dévoyée, dégradée, fausse du rapport au monde. Alors que de mon point de vue, Spinoza me suffit pour penser cet affect du ressentiment, parmi d’autres affects et sans lui donner la charge historique (ou historiale) qu’il prend chez Nietzsche.
                        Et évidemment, il faut chercher à comprendre et ne pas en rester à l’affect seul : pourquoi suis-je traversé par cette colère dans telle situation, qu’est-ce qui me met autant en joie dans le fait de regarder cette personne parler, pourquoi pleure-je en regardant cette scène dans un film ou en lisant ce passage d’un roman ? Et une explication relationnelle me paraît toujours judicieuse à ce moment-là — au sens où Deleuze (et d’autres avant lui, Russell p. ex.) a pensé le « et » comme relation extérieure à ses termes. Ce n’est pas à cause de (cette personne, cette situation, ce qu’elles sont l’une et l’autre) que je me mets en colère ou que je pleure, ce n’est pas non plus à cause de moi (parce que j’aurais un tempérament colérique, sentimental ou je ne sais quoi), mais parce que la rencontre des deux (moi et l’autre, moi et l’événement) produit en moi une vive réaction, une réaction explosive (plus ou moins durable). Si ma capacité à pleurer venait de l’autre, elle serait facilement programmable, reproductible sur commande, et on s’arrêterait là, et c’est le mauvais cinéma (qui arrive à me faire pleurer, je suis bonne poire). Mais si mes pleurs naissent d’une rencontre inattendue, imprévisible, alors peut commencer la recherche d’une élucidation de mon affect. J’ai le souvenir de Daniel Arrasse parlant de ses pleurs devant La Joconde, de François devant la scène de la roulette russe dans Voyage au bout de l’enfer.
                        Le ressentiment aurait cependant ceci de particulier qu’à la différence du désir, de la joie ou de la colère — et c’est une différence de taille –, il est un affect souvent déguisé, peu clair, imperceptible, impénétrable au premier abord. Bref, quand je suis en colère, je le vois assez vite (je suis soupe au lait) ; mais quand j’ai du ressentiment, quand j’exprime un ressentiment, cela m’échappe souvent à moi-même, car la haine ne se dit pas toujours comme telle, elle est plus retorse et me prend plus de temps à me dépatouiller avec elle.

                      • #59901 Répondre
                        Emile Novis
                        Invité

                        @essaisfragiles
                        Mon propos était hypothétique, et il visait au fond à dédramatiser le problème du ressentiment (mais je n’ai pas été clair sur ce point, sans doute).
                        .
                        Je veux dire par là que le ressentiment, de nos jours, c’est souvent la maladie de l’autre, une forme d’accusation un peu facile : la bourgeoisie trouve qu’il y a beaucoup de ressentiment dans le bas peuple un peu grognon, et des intellectuels trouvent que la bourgeoisie est motivée par le ressentiment, et dans le spectre politique, chacun s’accuse de cette tare en pensant pouvoir s’exempter de cette maladie – ce qui est une manière, en creux, de proclamer sa bonne santé. On peut remarquer aussi, dans des témoignages ou des récits anecdotiques, que ce mot revient souvent pour désigner l’autre.
                        .
                        Cette médecine un peu sauvage ne me paraît pas très pertinente. Je suis d’accord avec la fin de ton message et la grande différence que tu fais entre un affect simple (colère, joie, etc.) et ce processus affectif plus obscur qu’est le ressentiment et ce qui procède de lui. Et je pense que ce processus inconscient traverse à peu près tout le monde : je le vois autant à gauche qu’à droite, en haut qu’en bas, en moi qu’en autrui. Et il y aurait sans doute bien des symptômes de cela dans notre société (la judiciarisation à outrance par exemple). C’est peut-être un affect collectif.
                        .
                        Jean-Luc Marion propose un prolongement de la réflexion de Nietzsche sur le ressentiment et sa dimension historique : l’essence de la technique moderne (il reprend Heidegger) fait de l’homme le responsable universel du monde, puisqu’il en est (croit-il), le maître et le possesseur, et que sa maîtrise est considérée comme illimitée en droit. Dès lors, ce responsable universel devient logiquement le coupable universel en cas de pépin, et sa culpabilité est également illimitée en droit. Même quand il s’agit d’une catastrophe naturelle, il s’agira quand même de définir les responsabilités, de caractériser la culpabilité d’un groupe ou d’un individu – parce qu’on aurait dû prévoir! Il me semble qu’il y a bien, là, un état d’esprit de notre temps, une tendance générale, ce qui ne signifie aucunement que tout le monde plie à cela pour autant.

                      • #59903 Répondre
                        K. comme mon Code
                        Invité

                        (J’interviens pour caler une anecdote personnelle : au lycée, les professeurs avaient choisi d’éviter toute polémique en choisissant une représentation théâtrale où le remplaçant de Cantat jouait. Ce qui m’avait agacé : j’aurais aimé voir Cantat plutôt qu’un imitateur. J’écoutais Noir Désir. Aujourd’hui, je n’écoute plus Noir Désir, alors que je n’ai, en général, pas d’empêchement à « consommer » une œuvre. Cet empêchement s’explique parce que j’ai fini par réaliser toute l’entourloupe autour de la fabrique du mythe tragique de Bertrand, je le croyais victime de son propre acte — et je n’étais pas assez jeune pour être à ce point naïf. C’est donc par dégoût de Cantat et de moi-même que je ne supporte plus sa voix.)

                      • #59912 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        superbe auto-analyse

                      • #59904 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        @ Emile Novis
                        Merci pour ces éclaircissements, je comprends mieux maintenant le sens de ton intervention sur le ressentiment.
                        *
                        Concernant le premier point, sur l’usage aujourd’hui du terme et l’accusation de ressentiment, je crois bien que nous avons là affaire à nouveau boniment dont François pourrait s’emparer. Un terme complètement vidé de son sens, utilisé pour dénigrer celui qui n’est pas d’accord et simplement l’accuser d’anti-progressisme, de conservatisme, de négativisme, etc.
                        Quand j’entends ce terme dans le champ médiatique, il me fait le même effet que le terme de résilience, dont il pourrait constituer l’exact envers : le ressentiment, tu accuses le coup, la résilience, tu le surmontes.
                        *
                        Il y aussi la question du temps pour comprendre comment le ressentiment est un affect durable : il se consolide et se solidifie jusqu’à prendre des traits de la personnalité, parce que l’esprit de vengeance n’est jamais rassasié, jamais exaucé, et pour cause puisqu’il s’adresse au monde dans son entier, tout le temps.
                        *
                        Je ne connaissais pas cette idée de Marion. Je ne suis pas sûr de bien la comprendre d’ailleurs. Si la technique est un processus historial, je dirais que c’est plutôt en raison du fait qu’elle nous dessaisit de toute responsabilité. Et que la perte de cette responsabilité (en droit illimitée) ne signifie pas nécessairement le renoncement à chercher un coupable, ce qui est bien un motif ressentimenteux.

                      • #59909 Répondre
                        Emile Novis
                        Invité

                        @essaisfragiles
                        Oui, la question du temps dans le ressentiment est fondamental : il s’agit d’une vengeance différée, et ce travail inconscient envahit la personnalité, conditionne son rapport aux autres, détermine ses projets, etc. C’est bien différent d’un affect simple à mon avis.
                        .
                        Pour l’idée de Marion, il ne nierait pas ce que tu dis à mon avis, mais il décrit plutôt les effets de l’illusion de maîtrise du monde de la technique dans l’esprit de notre époque, Voici le texte :
                        .
                        « Il faut ici remarquer que notre temps – celui du nihilisme – offre la particularité remarquable de fournir un support parfait (quoique non inespéré) à l’exigence infinie d’accusation : l’essence de la technique qualifie en effet l’homme comme un coupable potentiellement universel, puisqu’elle le définit d’abord comme l’ouvrier de l’univers, le maître et possesseur de la nature, donc le responsable du monde. Responsable du monde, il l’est évidemment par tout ce qu’il fait – la production comme mise en œuvre du monde à la manière d’un fonds à exploiter – , mais aussi par ce qu’il ne fait pas ; car, de droit, sa maîtrise n’a ni borne ni condition: tout ce qui « se produit » sans qu’il l’ait produit, en amont ou en marge de sa production (ainsi la sauvegarde de la nature, les cataclysmes naturels), ce que l’homme donc ne produit pas, l’essence de la technique lui impose de le prévoir, donc l’en fait responsable. Plus s’étend le savoir de l’homme (idéologie, « sciences humaines », informatique, futurologie), plus s’affirme son universelle responsabilité. Ainsi l’essence de la technique offre-t-elle à la logique du mal une confirmation décisive : à tout mal, il y a toujours une cause, et c’est toujours l’homme. Passons donc de l’homme générique aux individus, pour y formuler la conclusion qui s’impose : il est toujours possible de trouver un coupable digne d’accusation; il suffit de prendre le premier innocent venu ».

                      • #59913 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        @ Emile Novis
                        Merci, je recopie. Euh… tu peux me donner la référence exacte, ou tu ne l’as plus sous la main ?

                      • #59914 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Je connais peu Marion, et sens mal ce que je connais, mais j’aime beaucoup ces lignes, avec une vraie drolerie finale.

                      • #59916 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        @ françois bégaudeau
                        De Marion je connais l’inessentiel.
                        Si tu as un jour l’occasion, jette un oeil à La croisée du visible.
                        Tu connais peut-être déjà.

                      • #59917 Répondre
                        Emile Novis
                        Invité

                        J’ai en effet oublié de mettre le livre : il s’agit des Prolégomènes à la charité, pages 24-25, édition Grasset.

                      • #59918 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        Hou là, mais c’est l’un des quelques livres de lui que je possède ! Bon, j’ai une excuse, pas relu depuis 1999.

                      • #59920 Répondre
                        Emile Novis
                        Invité

                        C’est pardonné en effet! Moi, ce texte me fait penser à la triste condition de maire de petit village.
                        .
                        Soit un ado qui fait du vélo et se pète les dents contre une barrière située à la sortie d’un virage du village. Le village est ému, puis ça discute, on ne comprend pas ce que faisait cette barrière ici. On souffre pour l’ado qui a perdu ses dents si jeune, et on se dit qu’il doit bien y avoir un coupable, une cause humaine à ce mal subi. On se dit tout de même qu’il existe des experts de la voirie aujourd’hui : on savait bien que cette barrière était mal placée et que le dispositif routier n’était pas suffisamment sécurisé. On pouvait le prévoir tout de même. Si cette barrière n’avait pas été là, l’ado aurait gardé ses dents, c’est certain.
                        .
                        Et on en vient à se dire que le coupable, c’est celui qui n’a pas prévu. A quoi sert le maire d’un petit village, s’il n’est pas foutu de s’occuper de la voirie et de convoquer des experts pour vérifier la sécurité du dispositif? C’est donc le maire qui est coupable. Il mérite un procès : on assignera donc l’Etat et le maire en justice.
                        .
                        Le maire, pourtant innocent, ne dort plus depuis des semaines, il mange mal, il a perdu dix kilos. Même si le juge ne le condamne pas, il est de toute façon déjà coupable dans une partie de l’esprit public, et son état lamentable est déjà un châtiment suffisant. L’adolescent a été indemnisé et il possède désormais des dents très neuves. Le village est désormais soulagé, il dort mieux, sauf le maire qui songe à changer de village.

                      • #67361 Répondre
                        nefa
                        Invité

                        @Emile
                        « je dis que les affects circulent dans le corps social, qu’ils passent à travers nous »
                        J’aurais plutôt tendance à me dire que les affects quels qu’ils soient sont endogènes et de surcroît restent à l’intérieur, tandis que nous sommes traversés par les récits auxquels ils sont couplés.
                        Affect, récit, comme tu l’as noté sur un autre post : ça n’est pas la même chose.
                        Un affect surgit. Peut-être, parfois, à l’unisson et des ventres d’une partie du corps social.
                        Nietzsche à propos d’un affect particulier qu’il nomme « ressentiment » et à partir duquel il élabore un récit. Ce dernier susceptible ensuite de nous traverser – affect éprouvé ou pas.
                        Et à part ça, la chair de poule, les yeux écarquillés, un cri, un râle, la contraction d’un muscle qui dure une fraction de seconde, un front qui va sans crier gare, un mot d’amour reflex, sont des indices. De merveilleux, terribles indices à la peau, la vue, l’ouï de ceux qui les rencontrent.
                        Je n’ai pas l’impression qu’ils soient la manifestation du cœur de l’affect. De son très court sur pattes « noyau dur ».

    • #59748 Répondre
      MA
      Invité

      Vraie claque que Le corbeau de Clouzot, visible sur Arte replay en version restaurée.

    • #59751 Répondre
      Tony
      Invité

      Bon j’ai vu Emilia Perez aujourd’hui,je m’attendais à ce que soit assez con, j’ai pas été déçu! Quelle dégringolade pour Audiard depuis Un prophète, impressionnant!

      • #59753 Répondre
        Seldoon
        Invité

        C’est malin, je m’étais presque décidé à y aller.

        • #59755 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          Je ne dirais pas dégringolade car je ne trouve pas ce Emilia Perez si bas, et pas Un prophète si haut
          Ce cinéaste continue juste à refuser obstinément de filmer.

          • #59769 Répondre
            maelstrom
            Invité

            de battre mon coeur s’est arrêté est peut être son meilleur

        • #59758 Répondre
          Tony
          Invité

          Faut le voir, c’est peut-être un objet intéressant à analyser, j’attends ce que va en dire François, à mon avis il y a des choses intéressantes à penser sur ce film,sur ce que ça dit de la psyché d’Audiard et de la bêtise bourgeoise.

          • #59759 Répondre
            Tony
            Invité

            J’avais pas vu le message de François.

            • #59777 Répondre
              françois bégaudeau
              Invité

              Audiard ne s’est jamais intéressé à grand chose, et jamais vraiment à ses supposés sujets
              Il est le Thomas Jolly du cinéma : il dispose des signes et brasse des genres.

              • #59779 Répondre
                Oscar Spielmann
                Invité

                Tu voudrais bien développer sur le fait qu’il refuserait de filmer ?

                • #59780 Répondre
                  françois bégaudeau
                  Invité

                  deux aspects sans doute liés
                  -dans le détail, Audiard ne fait pas de plans. Je ne le sens jamais dans la position élémentaire de l’artisanat du cinéaste : du réel devant moi, comment le regarder, comment le cadrer. Il en résulte accessoirement qu’un Audiard ne se reconnait aucunement au filmage. Il n’y pas de forme Audiard, de style Audiard
                  Cette absence de personnalité stylistique, il la pallie en empruntant des styles. D’où qu’il ait épousé plusieurs genres, et qu’il se pique pour celui ci d’avoir voulu « changer de genre à chaque scène ».
                  -est frappant à quel point Audiard se démène avant tout, non pour qu’on voie, mais pour qu’on ne voie pas.
                  Caméra épaule, plans rapides, tamisages de lumière, effets visuels, on dirait que son but est de surtout escamoter ce qui est filmé. La première heure d’Emilia est dans le noir. Le seul truc qu’il me semble vraiment regarder c’est son personnage trans. Ca ou il semble que ça l’intéresse, le fascine, etc (même si là aussi il s’y prend mal, mais c’est un autre sujet)
                  Est frappante, analogiquement, sa façon de ne-pas-faire les scènes. Par exemple le gunfight final, où il s’en sort encore par le noir, et t’expédie ça en 34 secondes – comme il expédie son récit dans l’explosion finale.
                  Pour ça les numéros musicaux et dansés lui permettent une belle échappatoire – seuls moments où j’ai l’impression que ça travaille un peu

                  • #59791 Répondre
                    Tony
                    Invité

                    Enfin ce qui est risible, voire douteux,c’est qu’on a l’impression que,pour Audiard,un trans n’est qu’un homme castré, d’ailleurs il y a une scène pas mal dans le commissariat où on suit le parcours d’un petit sac plastique bleu, tenu par un gamin,dans lequel on se doute que l’on va y trouver un membre,je me suis même demandé si c’était pas la bite d’Emilia…
                    Sinon sur la partie musicale j’ai trouvé la scène d’ouverture sur Mexico plutôt pas mal avec la petite fourgonnette circulant dans les rues avec le chant du camelot,le numéro musical le plus réussi étant pour moi celui du gala de charité où Zeldana monte sur les tables, là c’est vraiment bien foutu,par contre les paroles des chansons sont imbitables(‘je m’aime moi même,si je vais au septième ciel c’est mon ciel,si je tombe dans le ravin c’est mon ravin’etc..)

                    • #59873 Répondre
                      françois bégaudeau
                      Invité

                      D’accord sur le premier numéro, excellent. J’aime bien aussi les deux dans l’univers de la chirurgie – qui évoquent vraiment Demy.
                      « dans lequel on se doute que l’on va y trouver un membre » Oh oui on s’en doute. On s’en doute à mort. On en est sûr. On est sûr qu’Audiard, qui copie du cinéma, ne s’est pas fait chier à inventer autre chose que ce cliché.

    • #59781 Répondre
      Oscar Spielmann
      Invité

      Merci c’est intéressant. J’ai justement des plans (et certains dialogues) bien précisément en tête. De la photographie ?

      • #59782 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        ah oui je vois bien que chez lui le chef op s’en donne à coeur joie
        il doit avoir carte blanche
        fais moi un truc chic avec du flare partout, c’est la consigne

    • #59790 Répondre
      Oscar Spielmann
      Invité

      Ils m’ont bien eue merde ! Et cet objet autour du quel il tourne et qu’il nous cache, est-ce que ça ça fait cinéma ?

    • #59820 Répondre
      stephanie
      Invité

      je comprends mieux pourquoi je n’aime pas le cinéma de Audiard ( excepté sur mes lèvres ) , j’ai l’impression qu’il cherche à faire des films beaux, ça en devient lisse et stylisé à outrance. Il s’essaie au noir et blanc ( les olympiades) maintenant à la comédie musicale et le prochain un film science fiction? j’ai pensé à Almodovar pour Amélia Perez dans l’esthétisation , couleur et rythme ..

      • #59823 Répondre
        Oscar Spielmann
        Invité

        Le choix du noir et blanc m’apparaît très cohérent avec l’idée énoncée plus haut.

      • #59824 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Oui on est plutot dans cette famille là de cinéma
        Même si Almodovar est un conteur autrement plus virtuose
        (il faut redire que le supposé brillantissime scénariste audiard a accumulé les scénarios aberrants, et celui d’Emilia Perez ne déroge pas -on se demandera par exemple la vraisemblance du role de l’avocate là-dedans)

    • #59822 Répondre
      Lusophone
      Invité

      Audiard ne fait pas du cinéma. Quand il fait de gros plans, il ne montrent rien sauf une lumière qui surexpose ses sujets.
      Quand il fait du noir et blanc, il fait de la photo clicheteuse, avec une pensée reac et complètement flinguée.
      Succession d’images qu’il transcende à l’aide de ses fantasmes.

    • #59829 Répondre
      bécasse
      Invité

      Qui a vu le Roman de Gim ?
      Retrouvons-nous les Larrieu de Patty ?

    • #59830 Répondre
      bécasse
      Invité

      Pas l’ami Gims mais Jim

      • #59831 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        On en parle plus haut dans ce thread

        • #59832 Répondre
          bécasse
          Invité

          J’ai essayé de remonter, mais mal aux mains.
          J’ai prévu d’y aller. Juste une crainte de m’ennuyer un chouïa.

          • #59865 Répondre
            stephanie
            Invité

            ennui et surtout déception car de bons acteurs très mal dirigés: L.Dosch. S.Giraudeau et K.Leklou. On en parle quand tu/vous l’aurez vu ?

            • #59874 Répondre
              françois bégaudeau
              Invité

              Mal dialogués surtout je crois.
              N’importe qui serait nul avec des dialogues pareils.

            • #65872 Répondre
              lison
              Invité

              C’est frappant pour Laetitia Dosch qui est toujours dans un mode récitatif / déclaratif. Ça fait mal aux oreilles.

            • #67536 Répondre
              bécasse
              Invité

              Ce film est d’une fracture abyssale. Ça tourne en rond, les acteurs semblent souffrir; l’histoire invraisemblable. Et Belin, tout droit sorti d’un clip insipide. J’avais lâché leur travail depuis 21 nuits avec Pattie, et là d’y revenir ça me donne le bourdon. Le sujet « la question du père » est juste posée comme un bon clip de Dava. Mais Dava me fait rire.

    • #59919 Répondre
      Leny
      Invité

      Bonjour tout le monde. J’aimerais bien connaître un peu vos opinions sur monté cristo ? Je veux dire, où est-ce que vous situez esthétiquement ? J’ai vraiment pas aimé le film que j’ai trouvé creux et prétentieux mais j’ai peu d’outil d’analyse pour dire pourquoi. Évidemment svp ne répondez pas avec des truc du genre « parce-que c’est nul ». Oui je sais. Juste je veux comprendre pourquoi c’est nul, dans son processus de création etc..

      Merci !

      • #59921 Répondre
        Tony
        Invité

        Je l’ai vu le mois dernier, poussé en partie par des ados qui n’ont pas cessé de me dire que c’était le meilleur film qu’ils avaient jamais vus,en fait c’est du cinéma industriel pour enfants et jeunes ados,une sorte de Marvel à la française,Monte Cristo est un avatar de super héros et en a tous les attributs(masque,pouvoirs, argent,vertu etc…), c’est un spectacle familial de bonne facture,un produit bien marketé.

    • #61873 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Petit rappel de veille de sorties :
      La prisonnière de Bordeaux de Patricia Mazuy, co-écrit avec François et Pierre Courrège sort demain !

    • #62024 Répondre
      stephanie
      Invité

      Leny, je ne sais pas si je vais arriver à répondre à ta question sur l’esthétique de cristo , le format ultra conventionnel et attendu ne fait pas place à l’émotion , c’est peut être en cela que le film est nul. Tout est caricatural : la musique, les dialogues… la dramaturgie exagérée.
      Merci pour la recommandation de MaXXXine : excellent !

    • #64296 Répondre
      essaisfragiles
      Invité

      test

    • #65799 Répondre
      essaisfragiles
      Invité

      Je remonte.

    • #67282 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Des sitistes sont allez voir le Mazuy ou pas encore ?
      Je compte y aller ce week-end, mais n’hésitez pas à poster pour partager votre avis.
      Ce poste est un test pour relancer le thread cinéma après la parade de ninja de cornemuse.

      • #67283 Répondre
        Ostros
        Invité

        Et les fautes c’est cadeau.
        qui sont allés*

    • #67321 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Quid du Coppola pour une GO? Il sort fin septembre.

      • #67322 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        franchement j’ai pas très envie de m’infliger ça
        ou alors il faudrait que d’ici là je parcoure un peu sa filmo de ces vingt dernières années, que je connais peu, et qui ne m’a jamais attiré
        le sujet serait alors : pourquoi il n’y arrive pas – à etre un cinéaste.

        • #67326 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Oui c’était un peu l’idée mais je comprends que tu n’aies pas envie de te fader l’homme sans âge and co (même si j’ai gardé un bon souvenir de Tetro et même de Twixt, même si ce dernier est anecdotique). Il faudrait aussi élucider l’incroyable indulgence de la critique française à son encontre.

          • #67328 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            C’est tellement évident : les mythes sont imbougeables. Les Parrain et Apocalypse suffisent à immuniser à vie
            A vrai dire depuis 40 ans tout le monde est gêné, et à Cannes le dernier a gêné, mais bon c’est Coppola. Qui a tellement le profil du Grantartiste (fresques, tournages maudits, l’Amérique, accidents industriels, barbe)

            • #67345 Répondre
              essaisfragiles
              Invité

              Quand même, françois, tu exagères : Il était une fois en Amérique, Voyage au bout de l’enfer, Taxi Driver, Harold et Maude, L’Épouvantail, ça compte quand même dans la filmographie de Coppola.
              Bon, c’est vrai, c’était il y a 50 ans, et depuis, à part Le Bon Gros Géant, Coppola n’a rien tourné d’intéressant.

            • #67347 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              Oui mais justement ses films depuis 20 ans sont appréciés en tant que contrepoint de ses fictions maousses des années 70, comme un artiste vieillissant qui finit sur le mode mineur ce qui serait bouleversant. Avec les références biographiques pour rehausser le tout – la mort de son fils lors d’un tournage il y a 30 ans, évoquée dans Twixt.

              • #67350 Répondre
                cornemuse
                Invité

                twixt est regardable seulement grace au scène d’autodérision du film
                le reste, allan poe qui sert de fil rouge, jamais vraiment compris le pourquoi du comment de ce geste

                • #67368 Répondre
                  Charles
                  Invité

                  Poe a perdu son enfant comme le héros et comme Coppola lui-même, c’est aussi un auteur gothique/fantastique en cohérence avec les motifs du film. Il guide le héros dans des rêves un peu comme Virgile le fait dans la Divine Comédie.

              • #67353 Répondre
                essaisfragiles
                Invité

                Le problème, Charles, c’est que tous les derniers films de Coppola sont aussi vite oubliés que regardés.
                Or, d’un film, on doit attendre qu’il reste dans la tête quelque temps.
                Eastwood peut être qualifié d’artiste vieillissant dont certains films depuis 20 ans sont mineurs, mais avec quelques films qui restent et sont majeurs (et même plus).
                Coppola aurait pu choisir de ne plus faire de films après la fin des Parrains (1990), et s’arrêter comme Cimino, il aurait eu une oeuvre.

                • #67369 Répondre
                  Charles
                  Invité

                  Pour ma part, je me souviens de ces derniers films (un peu moins Tetro) alors que je les ai vus qu’une fois à leur sortie il y a 15 ans. Pour le meilleur et pour le pire. Par exemple des scènes de rêve filmées à l’envers dans un homme sans âge (belle et simple idée).

            • #67373 Répondre
              Raphaël N.
              Invité

              Dans Central Park de Wiseman, il y a une séquence sur un tournage de Coppola (un segment de New York Stories). C’est un nabab qui s’emmerde, dirigeant des gosses sans bouger de son siège. Comparé à l’acuité, la légèreté et l’agilité du grand Fred, c’est bien sûr un peu cruel.

              Cela dit, il restera toujours Conversation secrète.

              • #67403 Répondre
                françois bégaudeau
                Invité

                Oui, son meilleur
                Mais cette anecdote confirme que Coppola, le cinéma, c’est pas son truc.

    • #67346 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Mazuy évoque ici sa collaboration avec François pour son dernier film : https://tsounami.fr/cannes-2024/trois-femmes-et-un-coup-fin-lamitie-entre-femmes-selon-patricia-mazuy-interview/

      • #67371 Répondre
        K. comme mon Code
        Invité

        On a surtout l’impression que filmer la conflictualité de classe ne l’intéresse pas, ou la gêne : on a déjà vu ça, c’est évident, etc. (Une autre variation, son : Je ne fais pas un film sur la banlieue.) Que c’est déjà vu, que c’est évident, ce sont des remarques faites à Östlund, qui permettent de cacher ce qui se joue à l’écran et le spectateur qui n’a tout simplement pas envie de voir ça.

    • #67379 Répondre
      lison
      Invité

      une idée pour le ciné club : Lee Chang Dong, avec Poetry, Burning, ou le plus « ancien » Peppermint candy.
      On aimerait bien qu’il refasse un film d’ailleurs.

      • #67404 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        J’aurais depuis longtemps programmé Poetry s’il ne faisait pas 2h20
        Et les autres ne sont pas beaucoup plus courts.

    • #67405 Répondre
      riviere
      Invité

      Je signale Les Apaches de Thierry de Peretty sur mk2curiosity cette semaine.

      • #67406 Répondre
        Zyrma
        Invité

        merci, je ne l’ai jamais vu !

      • #67427 Répondre
        Anna H
        Invité

        Je vois qu’il y a aussi un court-métrage de Rozier, Lettres de la Sierra Morena.

    • #67448 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      A en croire les premières critiques, anglo-saxonnes, du dernier film de Larrain présenté à Venise, un biopic de la Callas, celui-ci n’a toujours pas retrouvé l’inspiration et le feu de Jackie ou Ema.
      Je crains qu’on ne l’ait un peu perdu, notre Pablo.

      • #67473 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Méfions-nous des « premières critiques »
        Méfions nous des critiques
        Il y avait bien hier dans Libé un éloge du film de Trueba.

        • #67495 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Rien à sauver dans le Trueba?

          • #67537 Répondre
            Adamou
            Invité

            Je voudrais savoir plus généralement François ce que tu n’aimes pas dans le cinéma de Trueba. Il me semble avoir déjà lu ici des échanges à propos d’Eva en août et de la façon dont il était à tort affilié à Rohmer par certains critiques mais je ne les retrouve plus. Est-ce juste que ses films te laissent indifférents ou as-tu des reproches formels à lui faire?

            • #67540 Répondre
              françois bégaudeau
              Invité

              tu sépares deux questions qui n’en sont qu’une
              la « forme » n’est pas ce truc séparé du reste, tout est forme
              en tout cas tout est dans tout
              il y aurait beaucoup à dire sur les limites de Trueba, mais je vais faire court : je trouve qu’il n’y a rien dans ses plans
              une autre façon de le dire : la chair de ses films est creuse

              • #67544 Répondre
                adamou
                Invité

                Quand je dis formel, j’introduis en effet une distinction que je ne voulais pas faire. Je voulais plutôt distinguer indifférence/reproche et avec ça deux façons différentes de recevoir un film (ce serait d’ailleurs plutôt indifférence et colère). Il y a des films que je vois qui ne me font rien, les feuilles mortes par exemple, le film me glisse dessus sans que j’aie grand chose à lui reprocher. Et puis il y en a d’autres qui m’énervent franchement, me font me dire que le cinéma c’est tout sauf ça, comme c’est le cas de tous les derniers Dupieux.
                Mais tout cela est en fait lié et l’indifférence devant un film peut sûrement être imputable au film même et à son absence de matière comme tu le dis.
                Indice de cette absence de chair chez lui, le recours au méta. Ici le fait qu’ils soient en train de monter le film qu’on regarde, dans Venez voir, le fait de nous montrer l’équipe technique. Je vois ça comme des effets de manche pour essayer de donner du souffle à un film qui n’en a pas.

                En tout cas je serais curieux d’avoir votre avis si d’autres l’ont vu.

              • #67615 Répondre
                Eden Lazaridis
                Invité

                Vous parlez du père ou du fils ? De Fernando ou Jonas ? Ils sortent tous les deux un film à 5 jours d’intervalle donc ça prête à confusion !

                • #67617 Répondre
                  Adamou
                  Invité

                  Du fils perso

    • #67530 Répondre
      Cocolastico
      Invité

      Salut et attention à celles/ceux qui n’ont pas vu la Zone d’Intérêt, il y a du spoil dans mon commentaire. Dans le film Höss se balade à cheval, pèche, fait du kayak, bouquine sur son canapé, écoute la radio à son bureau (vide de tout dossier) et dans le même temps un collègue le décrit (via une lettre lue par la voix off) comme un bosseur « acharné » ou Hedwig se plaint à sa mère qu’il est toujours à trimer. Moi je me suis dit : tiens, encore un de ces cadres qui se la raconte en bourreau de travail, mais qui trouve facilement l’énergie pour ses loisirs. Est ce que vous pensez que c’est ce qu’a voulu nous montrer Glazer ? La mise en scène du workaholisme ?
      D’ailleurs je me demande à quel point c’était réel. Sur sa fiche Wikipédia et dans les souvenirs que j’ai du livre de Merle, Rudolph est dépeint comme un Stakhanov. Mais ça se trouve il a enfumé tout le monde avec ses mémoires.
      La seule scène -très brève- où on le voit déborder c’est après sa mutation. Il s’endort lumière allumée, entouré de papiers. Ça peut laisser penser que si il s’est démené contre son transfert c’est aussi parce qu’on le forçait à quitter une bonne planque.

    • #67531 Répondre
      Chinaski
      Invité

      Hello ,
      Je cherche un moyen de voir Dernier Maquis, Wesh Wesh et Histoire de Judas de Ameur-Zaïmeche.
      Ils sont difficiles à trouver en VOD / streaming, si quelqu’un possède un lien

    • #67655 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Je vois les photos de l’équipe du film Leurs enfants après eux à la Mostra de Venise, qui circulent en ce moment sur les réseaux.
      C’est moi où tous les acteurs sont très blancs et ont les traits bien lisses ?
      Je m’attendais à retrouver les gueules décrites dans le roman, surtout celle du héros Anthony, Hacine et le Cousin.
      J’espère que le film n’a pas lissé aussi la relation déséquilibrée entre Anthony et l’adolescente bourgeoise dont il est amoureux à sens unique.
      Un truc en moi pressens que si je sais pas pourquoi.
      Aussi, j’apprends que le rôle du cocaïnomane au chien a été donné à je vous le donne en mille : Raphaël Quenard.

      • #67670 Répondre
        Ostros
        Invité

        Je ne savais pas qu’il y avait des critiques ciné chez Vogue. Ce retour de projo de Lolita Mang confirme mes craintes et annonce Leurs enfants après eux comme un gros navet :
        .
        À la Mostra de Venise, Leurs enfants après eux patine malgré ses grands airs
        Après le désastreux L’Amour ouf présenté au Festival de Cannes en mai dernier, Leurs enfants après eux s’inscrit comme une nouvelle production pénible des studios français Chi-Fou-Mi.
        Par Lolita Mang
        31 août 2024
        .
        Le saviez-vous ? Un ciel bleu, presque dégagé, ne présage pas toujours le meilleur. Le plan d’ouverture de Leurs enfants après eux, adaptation très attendue du prix Goncourt de Nicolas Mathieu, avait de quoi nous faire espérer. Phénomène à la fois littéraire, médiatique et commercial, traduit dans dix-neuf langues et classé second parmi les ouvrages francophones (parus dans l’année en grand format) les plus vendus en 2018, le succès du livre a transformé la vie de son auteur. Pourtant, une fois le film lancé, le ciel s’est très vite assombri, laissant place à une mise en scène pleine d’esbroufe aux ficelles bien trop apparentes pour séduire son public (et ce malgré d’excellent·es interprètes) ainsi qu’un regard bien désuet porté sur un récit pourtant hautement contemporain. Dévoilé ce samedi 31 août 2024 à la Mostra de Venise, le film, sur l’adolescence vécue au cœur d’une petite vallée, celle d’une France de l’entre-deux, déçoit.
        .
        Spleen tangible, trop tangible
        “On se fait chier là” lance un Paul Kircher, toujours attendrissant (et qui pourrait cette fois-ci remporter le César du meilleur espoir masculin), dès les premiers instants de Leurs enfants après eux, une adaptation signée Ludovic et Zoran Boukherma. Une phrase qui n’apporte pourtant guère plus aux spectateur·ices que l’image des corps d’adolescents alanguis autour d’un lac poisseux, déjà désabusés et incapables d’échapper à leur propre destin. C’est là que le bât blesse, et ce, pendant deux heures et demie. Réparti sur quatre étés (1992, 1994, 1996, 1998) l’ouvrage de Nicolas Mathieu (dont le film des frères Boukherma est tiré) suit les trajectoires d’Anthony, de Hacine et de Steph, adolescents désenchantés, sur fond de bagarres et de béguins. Un second roman comme une confirmation pour un écrivain qui a mis du temps à naître, plus occupé par l’idée de devenir quelqu’un d’autre, tel qu’il l’a souvent conté lors d’entretiens. Son premier roman, Aux Animaux la guerre, est publié en 2014 aux éditions Actes Sud. Il a alors 36 ans. Depuis, son œuvre compte trois ouvrages, qui tous, prennent racine au cœur des Vosges. Des récits de déracinement, pour embrasser au mieux son histoire.
        .
        Ce qui frustre, dans cette adaptation aux ambitions dantesques, c’est peut-être dans la perte de finesse de l’écriture, qui était pourtant l’une des forces de Nicolas Mathieu. Sur un scénario écrit par Ludovic et Zoran Boukherma, le récit de Leurs enfants après eux s’alourdit. L’embarras du jeune Anthony devient, sous les traits de Paul Kircher, d’impulsifs tremblements. L’ébriété de son père, incarné par Gilles Lellouche (également producteur du film) se transforme en titubations exagérées. La violence de la vallée se fait surenchère, jusqu’au débordement. Loin de nous pourtant l’idée de vouloir condamner l’usage de la violence au cinéma – art cathartique s’il en est. Mais dans Leurs enfants après eux, celle-ci semble presque forcée, comme le suggère les nombreux gros plans répétés de la main ébouillantée de Hacine, comme un clin d’œil un peu trop appuyé, tant le trait est marqué. L’on pourrait tout autant citer les références qui suintent, d’ores et déjà mille fois reprises et réinterprétées, du Taxi Driver de Martin Scorsese à West Side Story. La bande originale n’aide pas. Presque uniquement faite de tubes des années 90 composés par des hommes, de Bruce Springsteen à Johnny Hallyday en passant par le groupe Red Hot Chili Peppers, celle-ci souligne avec lourdeur les (nombreux) moments de tension du long-métrage, comme prenant la main des spectateur·ices pour non seulement leur montrer le chemin, mais surtout pour les y pousser de force, sans prétendre au passage se soucier de leurs envies.
        .
        Conte moderne, caméra dépassée
        À l’image des morceaux choisis pour illustrer les années 1990 racontées par Nicolas Mathieu, l’adaptation de Leurs enfants après eux révolte par son regard masculin omniprésent. Dès la première scène, Anthony rencontre Steph, béguin ultime qui ne quitte plus son esprit. Et s’il existe de nombreuses manières de filmer le désir naissant, à l’aube de l’adolescence, Ludovic et Zoran Boukherma réalisent un cas d’école, en fragmentant le corps de la jeune Angelina Woreth, entre ses seins, ses hanches, ses mains, ses pieds. Devant la caméra, elle devient mannequin, au sens premier du terme – une statue articulée. À plusieurs reprises, la jeune femme est filmée en plongée, dans une esthétique qui flirte parfois avec celle de la pornographie. Fallait-il réellement s’y abaisser pour laisser paraître l’obsession du personnage principal pour cette fille trop bien pour lui ?
        .
        C’est bien son manque d’inventivité qui cause la perte de Leurs enfants après eux, malgré quelques fulgurances émotionnelles (une nuit du 14 juillet toute en tension, rythmée par le “Que je t’aime” de Johnny Hallyday). Le constat est d’autant plus navrant que l’on considérait jusqu’alors les frères Boukherma (nés en 1992 en Marmande) comme des talents passionnants du nouveau cinéma français, découverts en 2020 avec la comédie horrifique Teddy. Faut-il alors blâmer une production trop présente, tant le film est en de nombreux points similaires à L’Amour ouf, dirigé par Gilles Lellouche et présenté en mai dernier au Festival de Cannes ? Les deux films se retrouvent en effet sur leur passéisme inquiétant. Là où L’Amour ouf célébrait un carcan amoureux rance où les hommes sont des agents turbulents, pris dans des cercles de violence, et les femmes des gentilles créatures placées dans une attente éternelle (de quoi, on ne le saura jamais vraiment), Leurs enfants après eux poursuit la même trajectoire. “T’es belle” assène à plusieurs reprises un Anthony enamouré d’une Steph qui n’a pas grand chose à lui répondre. Un compliment d’une pauvreté similaire à ce que le long-métrage a à offrir, et qui peine à rendre justice à la plume pourtant maligne de Nicolas Mathieu. Son implication fut, en effet, minime, telle qu’il l’expliquait à France 3 Grand Est : “Je ne prends pas part à la production et à l’écriture du film, même si on échange à ce sujet. En général, mon implication se situe plutôt dans le choix de qui peut adapter le livre, de la société de production à la réalisation. Le cinéma, c’est un peu un piège pour un écrivain, l’histoire de ma vie, c’est d’écrire des livres”.
        .
        Avec une sortie prévue pour le 4 décembre 2024, Leurs enfants après eux s’empêtre donc dans un récit qui ne laisse que peu de place aux spectateur·ices pour déposer un peu d’eux-mêmes dans un film aux contours rigides et surannés. Le long-métrage paraît ainsi emprisonné par une équipe qui semble produire la même œuvre à la chaîne, avec les mêmes visages (Raphaël Quenard reprend là un rôle interchangeable avec celui qu’il occupait dans L’Amour ouf, sorte de petit malfrat nerveux), la même mise en scène aux ambitions pourtant honorables mais aux références écrasantes, et de facto la même défaite à proposer une œuvre au regard neuf et rafraîchissant.

      • #67676 Répondre
        Adamou
        Invité

        Je me suis dit la même chose : ils (les acteurs) sont tous beaux, ça n’annonce rien de bon.

        • #67712 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          Un nouveau genre s’invente, à ajouter à la somme des genres cinématograhiques : le film français sans Raphael Quenard.

    • #67761 Répondre
      Tony
      Invité

      Malheureusement je n’ai pas été emballé par La prisonnière de Bordeaux,il me reste encore à élucider ce qui m’a laissé froid et légèrement indifférent, à vrai dire, peut-être à cause d’Huppert,je m’attendais un peu à un film chabrolien mais en fait ça n’a rien à voir ou alors en surface seulement, Huppert ici a une conscience d’elle même et du mensonge social que l’on ne trouverait pas de façon aussi nette chez Chabrol où il faut à tout prix sauver les apparences pour que la fable bourgeoise se perpétue.Donc fausse piste chabroliennne qui se confirme très vite lors de la première scène qui réunit les deux protagonistes à l’accueil du parloir,Huppert comprend le petit manège d’h.herzi qui feint de s’évanouir, scène qui m’a rendu un peu mal à l’aise tant Mina paraît ridicule tandis qu’Alma,pas dupe,la regarde du coin de l’œil avec un petit sourire, on retient que le personnage de Mina n’est pas très futé, qu’elle ne sait pas jouer la comédie comme il faudrait.En même temps on devine la supériorité d’Alma si elle avait été à sa place et c’est peut-être ce qui va motiver cette dernière à l’inviter chez elle,pour lui apprendre à mieux jouer, à mieux mentir.Maitre dans l’art du mensonge Alma ne supportera pas la médiocrité de Mina lorsque celle-ci tentera de lui faire croire à un cambriolage,elle la démasque sans difficulté et la congédie froidement aussitôt.Entre temps on entrevoit, malgré leur différence de classe,un destin commun subordonné aux hommes de leur vie,ce que certains appellent une sororité, mais bon cette partie là ne m’a pas passionné…

      • #67787 Répondre
        Bernard
        Invité

        Pourrait-on en savoir un peu plus François sur les « modifications » qu’a du subir le scénario ? (si mes souvenirs sont bons que vous aviez évoqué ce problème en amont de la sortie du film sans toutefois rentrer dans les détails)
        Le film ne m’a pas déplu mais j’ai trouvé que les rapports de classe sont très largement édulcorés et que les rebondissements finaux de l’histoire manquent cruellement de crédibilité (cette histoire de montres globalement incompréhensible, l’organisation du cambriolage et sa résolution par Alma tellement facile que Mina passe effectivement pour une grande naïve…).
        Heureusement que deux des meilleures actrices françaises figurent au casting.

        • #67792 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          Je dirai tout ce qu’il y a à dire sur cette affaire à la fin de l’exploitation du film, par loyauté à la production que la loyauté n’étouffe pas.
          Mais on peut dejà deviner mes sentiments sur le film au peu de publicité que j’en fais.

          • #67793 Répondre
            Charles
            Invité

            Rendez-vous dans 10 jours donc.

            • #67794 Répondre
              françois bégaudeau
              Invité

              en effet ce sera sa durée de vie
              (analogiquement qui a vu passer le Téchiné avec les mêmes actrices fin juin?)

              • #67796 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                Oui, qu’il se dénonce.

                • #67816 Répondre
                  Mathieu
                  Invité

                  j’avais vu la bande annonce, ça avait l’air nul: une flic haut placée qui prend sous son aile des manifestants de gauche radicale jusqu’à les couvrir, un truc du style.
                  Complètement improbable. La 4eme dimension, le machin.

              • #67826 Répondre
                Nicolas
                Invité

                un drôle de téléfilm de merde ce Téchiné

      • #67812 Répondre
        Mathieu
        Invité

        Moi j’ai globalement bien aimé La Prisonnière de Bordeaux, j’ai trouvé que le duo marchait bien entre les deux actrices, notamment dans leur moments de complicité, j’ai trouvé les dialogues très bons, très réels et bien balancés et j’ai même trouvé qu’on sentait bien la patte orale de François par moments:
        « -ça va mieux on dirait?
        – ouais très bien j’ai dormi dans un cinq étoiles avec spa »
        J’ai parfois vraiment ri.
        Egalement la scène où Mina aide la bonne à faire le lit en reconnaissant l’accent slovaque, le dialogue est très quotidien et banal
        J’adore aussi quand Huppert dit: « il est malin Christopher, il fait dans la quantité, il diversifie » Connaissant le personnage, ça vaut pour les tableaux et les femmes, bien sûr. Ou quand elle dit à propos des enfants  » ça va vous voulez pas leur mesurer le crâne non plus? » J’ai bien aimé ce personnage de bourgeoise un peu délurée et déprimée à la fois. Désoeuvrée, devrais-je dire, dans tous les sens du terme, à la fin.
        Il y a une autre fois où j’ai vraiment été séduit par le dialogue mais je ne me souviens plus. Huppert qui embobine la directrice à l’école, c’est pas mal, mais ce n’est pas à ça que je pense. Ça va me revenir plus tard.
        Sinon, j’ai aussi trouvé original ces lieux qu’on ne voit jamais, filmés de façon assez documentaire: l’attente avant un parloir dans la salle collective, ou encore le service de nettoyage des blouses de l’hôpital où travaille Mina, avec ce défilé de linge pendu à des rails. Et ce point rouge constamment sur son front, comme une visée de sniper.

        Après, j’ai parfois été gêné par certains choix. Je trouve que la scène du faux évanouissement est plutôt ratée en effet. J’ai aussi ressenti de la fausseté quand une femme fait spectacle devant d’autres de sa conversation avec un surveillant zélé et borné. Y compris dans la réaction de détresse de la femme qui lui que « ça va bien maintenant le spectacle, on est pas à la télé! ». Là, c’est l’une des rares fois où j’ai trouvé que ça jouait faux.

        Et d’une manière plus générale je n’ai pas été convaincu par la sous-intrigue des montres. J’aurais bien vu un truc plus simple, juste sur la relation des deux femmes entre elles, et avec leur mari respectif, sans cette histoire de montres et de vol de tableau avec le personnage de Yacine, qui est très secondaire et surtout très fonctionnel. Là on sent qu’il y a trop de scénario, que ce n’est pas très organique. Le rapport de classe aurait pu viré peu à peu vers plus de conflictualité (ou pas d’ailleurs) sans cette grosse ficelle. Si j’étais taquin – et je le suis donc je vais le dire – je dirais que cette grosse ficelle, c’est un peu une idée à la Jacques Audiard quoi. Oui j’ai enchainé La Prisonnière avec Emilia Perez un lundi de rentrée, je suis au chômage, don’t judge me. Bref à la Jacques Audiard, donc pas digne de François ni de Mazuy. Ça fait idée de scénariste forcé, ça doit venir de la production! Je prends les paris. Huppert et Herzi qui parlent pendant une heure 30 et qui noue des liens, avec un éventuel retour du mari infidèle, Huppert qui s’en affranchit finalement, et à la fin chacune chez soi, ça aurait été très bien, à mon avis.

        L’autre bon dialogue me revient, c’est quand Huppert dit que personne n’ose lui demander ce qu’a fait son mari, et qu’elle finit en vannant Mina avec « il était bijoutier? » Bref j’ai trouvé qu’Huppert envoyait bien les petites vannes qui n’en ont pas l’air, les petites vannes discrètes en soum soum. Comme quand elle dit au moniteur de paint ball « c’est ma petite soeur ». Situation un peu improbable d’ailleurs – que vient faire là ce mono de paint-ball ? – rattrapé par le bon dialogue

        Bref j’ai quand même bien aimé.

        J’ai la flemme de développer sur Emilia Perez pour l’instant

        • #67813 Répondre
          Tony
          Invité

          Oui c’est n’importe quoi cette histoire de tableau,un petit voleur de montre qui loue une camionnette pour ramener dans sa cité un tableau de plus de 2 mètres sans savoir à qui il va le fourguer c’est très improbable, drôle d’idée en effet…Sur les dialogues y a quelques bonnes répliques ok mais bon H Herzi n’est pas aussi gâté, c’est dommage.

        • #67814 Répondre
          toni Erdmann
          Invité

          De mon côté, je trouve difficile de louer les dialogues d’un film qui ellipse toute les scènes où, précisément, on se demande de quoi peuvent bien parler ces deux femmes là.
          J’ai été notamment stupéfait de voir que lorsque Mina rentre dans la voiture d’Alma, leur toute première discussion est ellipsée et on arrive directement à la gare. Pour moi, toute la matière du film se situait là : comment se noue leur amitié et de quoi se parlent-elles ?
          L’amitié est ensuite décrétée de facto et, par conséquent, la scène du câlin m’a paru très étrange. Je ne suspectais pas du tout une telle complicité entre les deux personnages.

          • #67815 Répondre
            Mathieu
            Invité

            Ah oui très juste, j’ai aussi trouvé bizarre cette ellipse brutale. Le dialogue sur qui a fait quoi à propos des maris aurait pu être là, à bâtons rompus, entre gêne, silence, et questions bateaux: tu vis où, tu fais quoi, tes enfants…

            • #67821 Répondre
              Tony
              Invité

              Dans cet entretien Mazuy détaille un peu le travail sur le scénario,par ailleurs elle dit aussi ça:
              Après, le seul truc que j’ai dit — aux deux, d’ailleurs —, c’était que je ne voulais pas qu’on sous-joue. ; je ne voulais pas qu’on soit dans un film français où on est juste parce qu’on est en-dessous. Pour Hafsia, c’était la pousser vers Mastroianni et Isabelle aussi. Isabelle, il y a un truc où elle adore se laisser aller. Dans le film, je voulais qu’on se dise qu’elle est vraiment trop gentille — elle ne l’a pas fait souvent. Mon challenge à moi, c’était qu’on croie qu’elle est vraiment gentille au premier degré et qu’on ne pense pas qu’elle a un deuxième plan derrière.

              Pour ceux qui ont vu le film,quel est le plan qu’a Huppert derrière la tête?

              Patricia Mazuy (“La Prisonnière de Bordeaux”) : « Il ne s’agissait pas d’éviter le naturalisme : il fallait l’affronter »

              • #67829 Répondre
                Mathieu
                Invité

                Oula, un deuxième plan, là comme ça je ne vois pas. En tout cas, pas dès le départ. Pour moi, quand Alma accueille Mina, je crois vraiment à une bourgeoise altruiste, gentille, un peu délurée et un peu seule, qui veut de la compagnie.
                Si deuxième plan il y a, c’est uniquement à partir du moment où on lui annonce que son mari va revenir, à la limite.
                Mina lui dit alors « bon bin je vais prendre un appart dans Bordeaux » et Alma répond « Non non tu plaisantes? Comme si on manquait de place ». C’est son plan pour ne pas se retrouver seule avec son mari, quoi. Mais ce n’est même pas vraiment un plan. C’est un statu quo. Et elle ne pouvait pas savoir que son mari allait sortir de toute façon.
                J’avoue que je ne comprends pas bien cette remarque de Mazuy, j’ai peut-être loupé un truc.

                • #67830 Répondre
                  Eliot
                  Invité

                  Je ne crois pas que Mazuy ait voulu dire directement que Huppert avait un deuxième plan. Par contre si « deuxième plan derrière la tête » il y a, je dirais que ce n’est pas vraiment un plan mais plutôt que le personnage d’Huppert est une bourgeoise qui s’emmerde et qui ne voit que le vide dans sa maison pleine à craquer. Quand elle tombe sur Mina au parloir elle trouve quelqu’un qui va pouvoir l’occuper et c’est tout. Ce serait ça le « deuxième plan » je suppose. Le plan de Alma c’est se faire un resto avec Mina qui devient un peu sa poupée ou son attraction. Alma est une personne assez vide d’ailleurs (vidée par son mari très certainement puisqu’elle était tout de même danseuse mais maintenant grand chose) mais ce qu’elle a c’est du fric, un habitus, une grande maison, donc par rapport à Mina elle a du pouvoir. Les deux motivations d’Alma semblent donc être de combler le vide et dans la même occasion prêter un peu de son pouvoir social à Mina. (Le film est plein de potentialités mais je crois que ça rate pas mal, il y aurait pu y avoir quelque chose de super sur la domination masculine maaaais ça flop un peu)

                  Je tiens ce film comme moyen, un film d’acteurs. Où le scénario se déplie dans la bouche de deux actrices qui attirent l’objectif bien sur elles. Toutes les deux à leur façon et je m’empresse de dire combien je les apprécie. Tout ça me fait penser à Dreyer qui avait écrit un truc comme « au cinéma les paroles tombent très vite dans un arrière-plan qui les absorbe » en opposition aux paroles du théâtre qui ont une toute autre substance

                  • #67831 Répondre
                    Eliot
                    Invité

                    J’étais sorti de la salle avec un sentiment de ni chaud ni froid et c’est déjà un mauvais signe. Ce qui m’a empêché de tout de suite décréter ad vitam æternam la flopitude de ce film c’est que les deux actrices ont réussi à me faire rire ou sourire quelquefois. Maintenant au plus j’y pense et au plus je lis sur le sujet depuis que j’ai fais un petit tour par ici que JE LE TROUVE DE PIRE EN PIRE je ne suis plus ni chaud ni froid je me sens BOUILLIR tellement ce film est mou même les gosses sont mous j’aimerai faire un spin-off reboot où ils jettent leur crottes de nez sur les tableaux de Christopher

                  • #67858 Répondre
                    Mathieu
                    Invité

                    Je réfléchis encore au film ce matin et je trouve aussi que cette gentillesse dont parle Mazuy est à double-tranchant.
                    En fait fondamentalement, j’aime bien cette idée, que Alma accueille Mina et ses enfants sans arrière pensée, par gentillesse et pour avoir de la compagnie, et que la colocation se passe plutôt bien.
                    J’ai même aimé l’idée inattendue que Mina soit contente du retour du mari. Elle pourrait se dire: « merde, il va revenir, elle va me demander de partir ». Pas du tout.
                    Par contre je trouve qu’il manque des scènes sur l’impossibilité de cette colocation in fine. Parce qu’on voit bien que les amis d’Alma irritent Mina par exemple. Et puis peut-être qu’Alma, passé un certain temps, pourrait se lasser de la présence des enfants, être elle aussi agacée. Qu’on voit aussi qu’une vraie communication n’est pas possible. Peut-être qu’il aurait fallu pour faire contre-point voir comment Mina se comporte avec de « vraies » amies à elle, des amies de Narbonne, ou du pressing, ou de sa classe sociale et de son âge. Ou qu’elles se fassent d’autres amies à Bordeaux, au travail, parmi ses collègues. Et qu’on voit qu’avec elles, elle est plus ouverte, plus bavarde, qu’elle a une autre personnalité. Un petit verre après le travail avec 3-4 collègues, et Huppert qui déboule sans prévenir, c’est une scène que j’aurais aimé voir.
                    Et je trouve dommage que le fil de  » je cherche un nouvel appart sur Bordeaux » ne soit pas plus poussé. Ça aurait permis une rupture plus en douceur que le coup des tableaux, avec peut-être la promesse des deux femmes de se revoir, mais se revoyant très sporadiquement puis plus, avec la fin des parloirs pour Christopher libéré.

                    • #67861 Répondre
                      Mathieu
                      Invité

                      Mais je suis en train de refaire le match là. Tout ça pour dire que la gentillesse de chacune, dans un film sans conflit vraiment apparent, était une belle idée, et n’aurait pas empêché la cruauté et la douleur d’une séparation au final, notamment pour le personnage d’Alma.

                      • #67884 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        « Mais je suis en train de refaire le match là. Tout ça pour dire que la gentillesse de chacune, dans un film sans conflit vraiment apparent, était une belle idée, et n’aurait pas empêché la cruauté et la douleur d’une séparation au final, notamment pour le personnage d’Alma. »
                        Ca c’était l’esprit des premières versions du scénario, du temps de Pierre Courrège. Nous avions fabriqué alors une cruauté sociale objective.

                    • #67916 Répondre
                      françois bégaudeau
                      Invité

                      « Par contre je trouve qu’il manque des scènes sur l’impossibilité de cette colocation in fine. Parce qu’on voit bien que les amis d’Alma irritent Mina par exemple. Et puis peut-être qu’Alma, passé un certain temps, pourrait se lasser de la présence des enfants, être elle aussi agacée. Qu’on voit aussi qu’une vraie communication n’est pas possible. »
                      Ces scènes ont été écrites

          • #67883 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            « d’un film qui ellipse toute les scènes où, précisément, on se demande de quoi peuvent bien parler ces deux femmes là. »
            « J’ai été notamment stupéfait de voir que lorsque Mina rentre dans la voiture d’Alma, leur toute première discussion est ellipsée et on arrive directement à la gare. Pour moi, toute la matière du film se situait là : comment se noue leur amitié et de quoi se parlent-elles ? »
            J’avais promis de ne pas parler du film avant fin d’exploitation, mais je ne résiste pas à exprimer ma gratitude à cette clairvoyance de TE. Evidemment que ce dialogue manque, évidemment qu’il a été écrit – par moi, comme tous les dialogues dont au moins la moitié ont été coupés ou non-joués. Il a même été tourné, mais une Impérieuse Décision de Montage l’a foutu à la poubelle
            Je reporterai bientot la scène en question ici, si ça intéresse.
            L’ellipsage dont tu parles, TE, n’est pas dans le scénario. Ces scènes écrites ont été, soit pas tournées, soit coupées au montage.

            • #67999 Répondre
              toni Erdmann
              Invité

              Avec plaisir pour le report des scènes.
              C’est vraiment curieux ces décisions de montage car même dans la perspective d’un cinéma majoritaire et commercial, la première scène de rencontre semble un passage obligé.

            • #68043 Répondre
              Eden Lazaridis
              Invité

              Elle t’a fait une Natural Born Killers ! Patricia Scott !

        • #67860 Répondre
          stephanie
          Invité

          moi aussi j’ai bien aimé , « est ce que tu crois qu’on fait des choix ou des erreurs dans la vie »  » on fait c’qu’on peut » c’est du Beg non ?

    • #67842 Répondre
      lison
      Invité

      Info pour les parisiens: une rétrospective quasi intégrale ( plus de quarante films) de Wiseman commence au Centre Pompidou.
      https://cinematheque-documentaire.org/programme/cycles/frederick-wiseman-nos-humanites-chapitre-1
      Par un effet de ruissellement bien connu, la France des territoires aura droit à en voir trois sur grand écran.

      • #67846 Répondre
        Mélanie
        Invité

        Rire
        Le streaming sauvera un peu les provinciaux comme moi

    • #67844 Répondre
      Carpentier
      Invité

      par un effet de ruissellement, le post précédent me remet ceci en tête:
      https://www.mk2.com/evenement/retrospective-jacques-rozier
      j’ignore si la France des territoires en a quelque chose à foutre mais, au grand air et au vert, elle sera comme d’hab, assez dégourdie, pour se/s’en démerder.
      Bonne journée,

      • #67847 Répondre
        Mélanie
        Invité

        L’info est déjà passée Carpent’

        • #67876 Répondre
          Carpentier
          Invité

          asw?
          bis répétita, donc.
          (comme on sait/voit bien, les capacités de mémoire de chacun.e sont diverses et riches,
          ce ne sera donc pas la première ni la dernière info qui (re-) passera par là, je crois.)

    • #67904 Répondre
      cornemuse
      Invité

      je poste ici la critique de Megalopolis et l’entretien avec Coppola des cahiers du cinéma de septembre qui vient de paraître:

      Megalopolis de Francis Ford Coppola

      Dix mille Esquisses
      par Marcos Uzal

      On sait depuis longtemps que chaque nouveau film de Coppola est un prototype qui s’offre à nous sans que l’on en connaisse le mode d’emploi, les règles. Serge Daney, à l’époque de Rusty James, comparait cette sensation à la découverte d’un nouveau flipper: « Comment ça marche ?Où sont les bumpers, les couloirs, les espaces libres, les cibles, les boules captives ou supplémentaires, le « spécial »? Quel bruit ça fait ? ». En cela, Coppola n’a renoncé à rien, et il va même plus loin que jamais avec Megalopolis, qui a reçu un accueil éberlué à Cannes. Pourquoi un tel film ne peut-il pas passer dans un tel contexte, et encore moins pour ceux qui voient d’abord en Coppola le réalisateur du Parrain? Parce qu’à la nouveauté s’ajoute ici la liberté absolue de celui qui ne doit plus rien à personne, pas même l’effort de se faire comprendre. Pour le dire autrement, et plus généreusement: Coppola voudrait que nous soyons aussi libres et fous que lui. Et aussi que nous soyons capables d’oublier nos critères esthétiques, notamment ceux qui dictent les notions de bon et de mauvais goût. On a vu à Cannes d’autres films très boursouflés, clinquants, prétendument « baroques », tel l’Emilia Perez de Jacques Audiard. Mais la différence entre ce film et celui de Coppola est immense: là où Audiard accumule les registres, les influences, les thèmes, en maniériste malin, Coppola se laisse aller à un rêve de cinéma éminemment personnel, jusqu’au délire, jusqu’à l’abscons. Là où Audiard ne cesse de faire des clins d’œil publicitaires, Coppola construit un labyrinthe où se perdre est essentiel. Megalopolis est fait de manière à ce qu’on y lâche prise à chaque plan. On en ressort avec la sensation de n’avoir jamais vécu cela au cinéma, un tel alliage de luxe et de bricolage, de mégalomanie et d’expérimentation, un peu comme si l’on voyait un film Marvel réalisé par Raoul Ruiz. En ce sens, Coppola n’a jamais été aussi proche d’Abel Gance, qu’il admire, et la croyance au cinéma et en ses spectateurs dont il fait preuve ici est en soi bouleversante tant elle est anachronique, à contre-courant de la frilosité et du cynisme qui ont depuis longtemps gagné Hollywood.

      Le risque lorsque l’on parle de Megalopolis est de se contenter, comme je viens de le faire, d’évoquer le geste, l’émotion ou la perplexité à voir une telle œuvre exister. Mais après deux visions, on se dit qu’il en faudrait au moins deux ou trois autres pour commencer à être précis et affirmatif sur ce qui la constitue. Tentons néanmoins de l’être un peu plus. Ce film impossible à résumer se déroule dans une cité futuriste, New Rome, mélange du New York actuel et de la Rome antique. L’analogie entre les deux époques et les deux cités se prolonge dans tous les aspects du récit, réflexion sur la décadence d’une civilisation et appel optimiste à un réveil du génie humain. Un artiste et inventeur prodigieux, Cesar Catilina (Adam Driver),
      inspiré à la fois d’architectes du xx siècle et de l’aristocrate romain rebelle Lucius Sergius Catilina, s’oppose au maire très conservateur Franklyn Cicero (Giancarlo Esposito) en proposant de faire de la ville une véritable utopie; entre les deux, la fille du maire, Julia Cicero (Nathalie Emmanuel), adorant son père tout en étant amoureuse de Cesar Catilina; et autour, dans les hautes sphères du pouvoir où se déroule tout le film,
      des ambitieux cyniques, tels Hamilton Crassus III (Jon Voight), homme le plus riche de la ville et grand-oncle de Cesar, Clodio Pulcher (Shia LaBeouf), petit-fil de Crassus et cousin de Cesar, que la jalousie et la soif de pouvoir poussent à devenir une figure politique populiste et fascisante. Il y a aussi la vedette de la télé et spécialiste de la finance Wow Platinum (Aubrey Plaza), femme très drôle et perverse, prête à tout pour devenir riche et puissante. Ce qui peut dérouter dans ces intrigues politiques, c’est que Coppola n’est pas démonstratif ou schématique, il les raconte comme s’il s’agissait d’une pièce de Shakespeare (abondamment cité dans le film), à travers des personnages très singuliers, troubles, ambivalents, qu’il est impossible de réduire à un caractère ou une idée. Et, comme chez Shakespeare, la hauteur de vue et le lyrisme côtoient la farce et la trivialité.
      C’est que, même dans sa fable, Coppola reste avant tout un formaliste: les diverses intrigues entremêlées valent d’abord en tant que spectacle, pour le petit théâtre et les images qu’elles génèrent. La première chose à comprendre, c’est qu’ici tout est spectacle, les séquences se déroulant successivement sur des scènes, des pistes, sous des chapiteaux, dans des rues qui sont aussi des plateaux de télévision, et dans une ville qui est un grand bric-à-brac que l’architecte rêve de transformer en un espace constamment mouvant. Cesar Catilina a le pouvoir d’arrêter le temps, et il est l’inventeur d’une substance indestructible appelée Megalon, qui peut réparer un visage détruit aussi bien que servir de matériau pour la construction d’immeubles. Ce mystérieux Megalon, c’est en quelque sorte le cinéma lui-même, tel que le rêve Coppola: une matière organique capable de tout régénérer et de rendre une ville aussi vivante qu’un jardin. Spectacle, manipulation du temps, substance qui reconstruit et donne vie, mais aussi omniprésence des miroirs, des objets optiques, des prismes: Megalopolis, c’est d’abord une forme organique qui ne cesse de se réinventer, de se diffracter, de se nourrir d’elle-même, plan après. plan. Il faut accepter de se laisser abandonner à son vertige, en l’abordant moins comme un conte philosophique que comme une fête foraine, avec tout ce que cela induit d’excès et même de laideur. C’est une expérience sensorielle, bien plus qu’intellectuelle, même si, et c’est sa principale difficulté, tout semble annoncer le contraire.
      Le pendant de son formalisme extrême et de sa distance souvent humoristique, c’est l’absence de tragique, d’affects, et même d’émotions. L’amour y est omniprésent mais moins comme un sentiment que comme une idée politique, c’est le moteur humaniste du récit, mais il ne nous émeut jamais vraiment. C’est que, poussant à bout ce qu’il a expérimenté dans certains films Coup de cœur, Cotton Club, Dracula, L’Homme sans åge, exemplairement, mais en se débarrassant de son sentimentalisme, où en se situant suffisamment loin pour ne plus vraiment y croire, Coppola conçoit Megalopolis comme une matrice à images, un flux de formes, de sons, de couleurs, qui tutoie le grand art autant qu’il se laisse aller à la pyrotechnie circassienne. C’est là que réside véritablement son utopie, comme celle de Cesar Catilina (la part d’autoportrait est évidente): que forme et pensée ne fassent qu’une. C’était l’une des grandes questions de l’art moderne, et Coppola est l’un des derniers cinéastes à avoir encore cette ambition. Récemment, il n’y a guère qu’Annette de Léos Carax ou EO de Jerzy Skolimowski pour en faire autant preuve. Ces films ont en commun une hétérogénéité et une imperfection inhérentes å leur aspiration, une même manière de s’affranchir des critères du beau et du laid pour triturer la forme à pleines mains, sans craindre d’être parfois imprésentables, imbitables ou ingrats.
      Face à ce grand collage, on pense à Godard, qui aimait bien Coppola et le côtoya un temps. Il considérait qu’il était comme lui un cinéaste qui désirait voir avant, c’est-à-dire qui pensait d’abord en visions, en images. À l’époque de Coup de cœur, il déclarait à Daney: Francis essayait de voir à l’avance à sa manière. Ce qui lui a compliqué beaucoup la vie, car plus il avait vu moins ça lui servait, parce qu’il se retrouvait avec dix mille esquisses pour un seul plan. C’est trop. Mais c’est beau quand même. Et c’est d’abord en cela que Coppola est un visionnaire, dans son désir de voir, plutôt qu’en tant que prophète. Il y a même ici une certaine contradiction entre les deux choses: nous sommes comme plongés dans son cerveau en ébullition, avec toutes les images et les références qu’il charrie, mais à un tel point que le monde dont il parle ne se connecte plus au nôtre. Bien qu’il soit magnifique de voir encore un cinéaste s’adresser à l’humanité tout entière pour lui parler du destin de l’espèce, on aurait tort de réduire Megalopolis à son discours ou son message. Ici, les idées et l’idéal sont affaire de rythmes et de visions, plus que de mots. Peut-être cela n’engendre-t-il qu’un gigantesque cahier d’esquisses, parfois feuilleté trop vite et qui contient sa part de croûtes, mais ce qu’il nous en reste est souvent immense et inédit. Et ça se fait rare, l’inédit.

      Le flux des rêves
      entretien avec Francis Ford Coppola

      Megalopolis est un projet qui date d’il y a quarante ans, on y sent l’accumulation de beaucoup d’années de réflexion.

      Pas exactement quarante ans. Dans les années 1980, j’ai commencé à noter et compiler des choses que je lisais, que je trouvais intéressantes, des articles de journaux ou des dessins humoristiques politiques. Et bien plus tard, je me suis dit que tout cela pouvait contribuer à un film s’approchant d’un genre que je n’ai jamais abordé: l’épopée romaine. J’ai beaucoup aimé ces films quand j’étais enfant, notamment des films muets ou, plus tard, Spartacus. Puis est venu l’idée que les États-Unis étaient en quelque sorte une version moderne de l’empire romain, avec un système politique comparable: un pays qui rejette la royauté au nom de la notion de république, l’importance du Sénat et des sénateurs, etc. Et on peut voir New York comme une ville comparable à Rome, avec ses constructions immenses dans un style assez classique. De toutes ces réflexions est venue l’idée de Megalopolis, c’est-à-dire un péplum transposé dans l’Amérique moderne.

      Et de tout cela vous faites de la science-fiction, et imaginez une utopie.

      Le film est plein d’amour parce que je suis rempli d’amour pour la famille humaine à laquelle j’appartiens, et ça inclut absolument tous les humains vivant sur terre. J’insiste là-dessus car nous vivons une époque si étrange. Il faudrait imposer des principes fondamentaux, comme: aucun enfant ne devrait être tué. Je ne connais personne qui remettrait ça en cause, et pourtant on tue chaque jour des milliers d’enfants; 25 000, la semaine dernière. C’est une absurdité: on fait une chose terrible avec laquelle personne n’est d’accord. Dans mon film, je veux répondre à cela en disant que l’humanité a du génie, que nous sommes potentiellement capables de résoudre tous les problèmes qui existent dans le monde. Mais on n’entend jamais ça à la télévision, parce que la publicité a besoin de gens malheureux pour leur vendre ce qui est supposé manquer à leur bonheur. Il est ironique que je fasse ce film où je montre les États-Unis comme la Rome antique, au moment précis où ce pays risque de perdre sa république, et pour les mêmes raisons que Rome.

      Vous montrez aussi une forme de populisme et de fascisme à une époque où ceux-ci font fortement retour un peu partout dans le monde.

      Le fascisme est très lié au spectacle. Je suis de ceux qui croient que si Hitler s’est laissé pousser cette petite moustache, c’est parce que Chaplin avait la même et qu’il savait que celui-ci était l’homme le plus aimé au monde. L’idée du fascisme ne vient pas vraiment de Mussolini mais de Gabriele D’Annunzio. Hitler imitait Mussolini qui lui-même imitait D’Annunzio. Et tous se référaient à la Rome antique, en allant jusqu’à reprendre le salut romain. Tout ce fascisme est donc une farce folle, et c’est le rôle de l’art de montrer combien tout cela est ridicule et pathétique.

      Comment définiriez-vous le personnage de Cesar, sa complexité ?

      J’ai voulu que le spectateur ne sache pas au début s’il est maléfique ou bon, pour qu’il le découvre et le comprenne peu à peu. Il est inspiré de plusieurs figures ayant vraiment existé : l’architecte allemand Walter Gropius, l’urbaniste Robert Moses, qui a été très important dans la rénovation de New York à partir des années 1930, et Lucius Sergius Catilina, figure historique de la Rome antique. Adam Driver m’a dit qu’il s’était aussi inspiré de moi! Il m’a posé beaucoup de questions en ce sens. Vous savez, tout est vrai dans ce film: tout ce qui concerne New York ou Rome est basé sur des éléments réels. Même Clodio Pulcher (Shia LaBeouf), avec son comportement incestueux envers sa sœur, est conforme à certaines mœurs de l’Antiquité.

      Le personnage du maire, Franklyn Cicero, est aussi assez ambivalent.

      Il est inspiré de David Dinkins, le premier et le seul Afro- Américain à avoir été maire de New York. Il a été élu à un moment (de 1990 à 1993, ndlr) où la ville connaissait de très gros problèmes financiers et était presque en banqueroute. L’idée que sa fille soit sa protégée, qu’il lui parle des philosophes et lui enseigne le latin, ça reflète aussi quelque chose de ma relation avec ma fille Sofia lorsqu’elle était petite et que je l’emmenais sur les tournages. J’utilise ma propre vie aussi, comme d’habitude.

      L’idée de faire se télescoper plusieurs époques, les autres mélanges temporels, et peut-être aussi le temps de gestation du film, font que Megalopolis possède une temporalité très particulière. Comment la définiriez-vous ?

      Dans les films commerciaux, il y a toujours la volonté de définir très clairement l’époque à laquelle se déroule un film. Il y a une cause économique à cela ça permet de penser les costumes et les décors, un film dont l’action se passe au présent étant toujours moins cher. Je me sens loin de cette obsession d’un marquage précis du temps, j’aime au contraire cultiver les anachronismes ou les contradictions, en montrant par exemple des gens avec des téléphones filaires et d’autres avec des portables dernier cri. Le temps est le sujet de mon film, car je crois que les artistes l’ont toujours contrôlé. Les peintres arrêtent le temps, et Goethe disait que l’architecture est « de la musique figée ». Mais le cinéma est sans doute la forme d’art où l’on peut le mieux manipuler le temps.

      Votre film est très imposant et ambitieux, mais aussi plein d’éléments légers, triviaux, comiques.

      Tout à fait, il y a une importante dimension comique, et même fantaisiste, à laquelle je tiens beaucoup. Aussi loin que l’on remonte dans l’histoire, depuis que l’homme domine la planète, environ dix mille ans, le monde a toujours été pétri de contradictions: la cohabitation de la beauté et de la vulgarité, de la bonté et de l’horreur, de l’amour et du meurtre.

      Diriez-vous que dans Megalopolis vous avez cherché à filmer des idées plus qu’une histoire ?

      La question est de savoir ce que l’on entend par « histoire », c’est une notion qui n’a pas arrêté de changer. C’est comme dire « peinture » ou « musique », ça n’a pas toujours eu le même sens. Ce qui m’intéresse, c’est la façon dont l’art est tendu vers le futur, ce qui implique qu’il va dans l’inconnu, quitte à n’être pas compris, comme ce pauvre Bizet dont Carmen a d’abord été sifflé et qui est mort quelques semaines plus tard, très jeune, avec un sentiment d’échec. Le cinéma est encore une forme très jeune, et je suis sûr que les films que feront nos arrière-arrière-petits enfants seront si différents de ceux d’aujourd’hui qu’ils nous paraîtront incompréhensibles. Je suis habitué à faire des films dont on dit : « Ça ne fonctionne pas, ce n’est pas comme ça que l’histoire devrait être racontée. » Ça a notamment été le cas pour Apocalypse Now. Mais le temps est le seul juge, et ce film continue à être vu. Les œuvres résistent plus au temps que les critiques qu’elles subissent.

      Il y a beaucoup de références au spectacle dans le film : au théâtre, au cirque, à l’opéra, à la fête foraine… Pensez-vous que le cinéma doit rester fidèle à ces origines et à cette dimension spectaculaire ?

      Le cinéma peut utiliser ce qu’il veut, et le spectacle est l’une des choses dont il se nourrit le mieux. Il peut aussi être très intime. Récemment, j’ai vu La Maman et la Putain de Jean Eustache. Que c’est beau! Le monologue de la jeune femme à la fin est si saisissant, c’est une autre forme de spectacle: c’est le spectacle de la vérité. Il y a beaucoup de sortes de spectacles, et j’essaie de toutes les intégrer dans mon film, parce qu’elles correspondent à tout ce que je ressens.

      On a le sentiment que vous voulez que chaque décor soit comme un espace scénique, comme si les personnages évoluaient sur une scène d’opéra.

      Oui, c’est pourquoi il y a ce moment où la maison se transforme elle-même en théâtre. Les décors ne sont pas fixes ni réalistes dans Megalopolis, ils sont plutôt métaphoriques. J’ai commencé par être metteur en scène de théâtre, c’était mon domaine quand j’étais jeune. Et j’ai toujours lié mon cinéma au théâtre. Je crois que les enjeux du cinéma sont encore à peu près les mêmes que ceux du théâtre grec d’il y a trois mille ans. Eschyle, Sophocle, Euripide se posaient à peu près les mêmes questions que nous, on essaie de comprendre les mêmes choses. Fondamentalement, on n’a rien appris depuis. De nombreux effets spéciaux du film sont réalisés en direct, sur le plateau. Bien sûr, ils pourraient être mieux faits d’une autre manière; je ne cherche pas à ce qu’ils soient techniquement parfaits mais que l’on sente qu’ils sont faits à la main, pas comme une grosse production anonyme de chez Marvel.

      J’ai lu que vous avez utilisé la technique du LED Volume Stage (système de reproduction des décors à travers des écrans LED, version contemporaine des transparences), mais que vous l’avez en grande partie abandonnée pendant le tournage. Pourquoi ?

      On exagère sur les possibilités du Volume Stage. Ça n’a rien de vraiment nouveau, j’ai utilisé des techniques qui y ressemblent pour Outsiders. C’est juste une sorte d’immense écran LED, mais sans grand intérêt, à mon avis. Ça induit beaucoup d’artefacts qu’il faut éliminer ensuite, et donc du travail supplémentaire. Je l’ai utilisé pour les scènes où les personnages sont en hauteur, je voulais qu’ils aient la sensation d’y être, et cette technique créait vraiment un sentiment de vertige l’actrice avait peur de tomber. Mais la plupart des autres effets spéciaux sont faits en direct, avec les mêmes techniques que pour Dracula.

      On pourrait voir votre film comme une réponse à Marvel, par votre utilisation de la mythologie, votre invention d’une ville futuriste avec son
      peuple invisible, ses héros aux pouvoirs hors du commun…

      Pourquoi pas! Marvel fait du Coca-Cola: ils veulent vous rendre accro à un film qui serait toujours le même, répété à l’infini. On préfère produire des films comme on fabrique des chips, en essayant de faire croire qu’il n’y a qu’une seule manière de les faire, avec des recettes idiotes que beaucoup de critiques semblent valider il faut que vous ayez un protagoniste et que l’antagoniste apparaisse dans les onze premières minutes, puis doit intervenir le conflit, puis le moment où l’antagoniste semble avoir gagné, puis le twist où le protagoniste gagne, etc. Ce ne sont que des règles, or il n’y a aucune règle en art. La seule que je m’impose est de ne pas ennuyer le spectateur. On a reproché beaucoup de choses à Megalopolis, mais je n’ai lu nulle part que le film était ennuyeux.

      En quoi ce film et les techniques que vous y avez utilisées sont-ils liés à votre conception du live cinema ?

      C’est l’une des choses pour lesquelles j’aimerais vivre assez longtemps pour la réaliser. L’idée du live cinema est que l’on peut concilier la forme cinématographique avec la performance en direct.

      Il y a un élément qui va dans ce sens dans Megalopolis: vous faites entrer dans la salle de projection un intervenant qui va poser une question à Cesar lors de la conférence de presse.

      Au départ, l’idée était differente. J’aurais voulu que ce soit l’un des spectateurs qui pose la question. Comme j’ai l’habitude que lors d’interventions en public on me pose toujours à peu près les mêmes questions « Comment était-ce de tourner avec Marlon Brando? » « Quel est le point de départ du film? », « Faites-vous lire vos scénarios par quelqu’un d’autre? », j’ai imaginé les questions que l’on poserait immanquablement à Cesar Catilina et filmé toutes les réponses. Pour que ça puisse fonctionner de manière automatique, que les plans varient selon la question posée, on a pensé utiliser le système Alexa d’Amazon (assistant personnel intelligent réagissant à la voix et aux mots, ndlr), mais Amazon a finalement rappelé ceux qui voulaient m’aider sur ce projet car il ne leur rapportait pas autant d’argent qu’ils auraient souhaité. J’ai donc abandonné ma première idée en ne gardant qu’une question et une réponse, qui serait à chaque fois posée par un complice dans la salle avec un micro.

      Si Megalopolis déconcerte, c’est aussi parce qu’Il semble nous demander d’être un spectateur différent. Quel spectateur voulez-vous que le film nous fasse devenir ?

      Je veux que vous soyez actifs, exigeants, que vous vous posiez des questions nouvelles. Dans le monde actuel, le simple fait de se parler, de discuter des choses d’une façon inédite est en soi une utopie.

      Ce qui est utopique dans votre film, c’est aussi d’imaginer une figure d’artiste qui joue un rôle si important dans la société.

      Cela a existé à la Renaissance, par exemple, mais ça n’est plus du tout le cas aujourd’hui.
      Mais il y a des cas comme D’Annunzio, où l’artiste a eu une mauvaise influence!

      Pensez-vous que le cinéma a aujourd’hui la même influence dans la société et pour les gens qu’à l’époque où vous avez commencé ?

      Quand j’ai commencé, il y avait des créateurs extrêmement importants, dont certains que j’ai pu rencontrer, comme Jean Renoir ou Jerry Lewis. J’ai même rencontré Marcel Duchamp, quand j’avais 16 ans. Jean Renoir était sur une chaise roulante, c’était un homme très gentil, il avait un grand sourire. C’était un cinéaste merveilleux. Je connais bien ses chefs-d’œuvre, comme La Règle du jeu, mais j’ai récemment
      revu French Cancan et j’ai adoré. John Huston lui a beaucoup volé pour Moulin Rouge, qui est vraiment moins bien. Parfois
      les vieux cinéastes sont heureux de rencontrer les jeunes, et c’est une chose magnifique. Regardez l’influence qu’a eue Cocteau sur les jeunes cinéastes. Disney aurait dû lui envoyer un chèque tous les mois pour tout ce qu’il lui devait ! Quand j’ai commencé, le cinéma était beaucoup plus divers, on produisait beaucoup plus de types de films différents. Mais je crois que le rôle du cinéma reste le même vous permettre de découvrir des mondes que vous n’avez jamais vus et avoir le privilège de rencontrer des gens que vous n’auriez jamais rencontrés autrement. Il y a encore beaucoup de films brillants, comme celui qui a remporté la Palme d’or à Cannes, Anora de Sean Baker c’est un travail magnifique. Ce qui se fait d’intéressant aujourd’hui est souvent réalisé avec très peu d’argent.

      Pour vous, il était essentiel d’être totalement indépendant pour réaliser Megalopolis tel que vous le désiriez?

      J’ai produit le film tout seul parce que personne ne voulait me donner de l’argent pour le faire, j’ai dû l’emprunter. Je suis riche, mais je n’ai pas le niveau de fortune de mon collègue George Lucas! Mais je crois que les gens iront voir le film. Ce sera comme Apocalypse Now, on continuera à le voir pendant des années, on aura envie de le revoir pour y découvrir de
      nouvelles choses. C’est le genre de film où vous voyez plus de choses la deuxième fois que la première.

      C’est un film qui va très vite, avec beaucoup de plans très courts et d’éléments furtifs. On a conscience en le voyant que beaucoup de choses nous échappent, qu’on est loin de tout saisir. Comment avez-vous travaillé cet aspect?

      J’ai laissé le film être ce qu’il devait être sans me préoccuper de guider le public. J’aurais pu faire en sorte que certains aspects soient plus clairs, mais je me suis dit: Laissons les spectateurs faire ce qu’ils veulent avec ce film, l’interpréter à leur manière. J’aimerais que chacun voie un film different. D’une certaine manière, le film se fait tout seul. Quand vous ne savez pas comment vous allez faire votre film, ce qui était le cas pour beaucoup des miens, dont Apocalypse Now, eh bien c’est le film qui vous dit comment il doit être fait. Et c’est ce qui s’est passé pour Megalopolis. Nous avons tourné beaucoup de choses qui n’ont finalement pas été conservées, et ce qui nous a guidés, c’était par exemple de nous dire Gardons tout ce qui est étrange. Au moment de choisir entre plusieurs prises, on se disait que plus c’était bizarre, mieux c’était. C’est aussi ce qui s’est passé pour Apocalypse Now. Dans la scène où les soldats lancent des fumigènes parce qu’ils sont tous sous l’emprise de la drogue, on s’était dit: C’est très beau, faisons plus de
      choses de ce genre, et le film a suivi une pente plus surréaliste. Par exemple, lors d’une répétition avec des acteurs pour une scène où Julia est avec Cesar au Madison Square Garden, j’ai imaginé qu’elle suive une corde; nous avons essayé sans utiliser la corde et avons trouvé ça plus beau, alors on a décidé de tourner la scène de cette façon, comme s’il elle tenait une corde imaginaire. Beaucoup de choses sont inventées comme ça, pour que les acteurs expérimentent.

      Il y a cette scène où les personnages sont sur un échafaudage suspendu au-dessus d’une maquette. C’est une idée scénique qui met les acteurs en condition..

      Dans cette scène, le maire veut convaincre de son projet, alors il construit cet échafaudage, mais celui-ci chancèle et je voulais que toute la scène chancèle. Comme quand Abel Gance dans Napoléon filme pendant un orage comme si le film lui-même était dedans. La, je voulais donner le sentiment physique que toute la ville est instable.

      Pour revenir au montage, j’ai été frappé par son extrême fluidité. On a moins le sentiment d’une succession de plans que d’un flux d’images et de sons.

      Parce que je me suis beaucoup inspiré de mes rêves, et j’aimerais que l’on ait le sentiment que tout le film est un rêve. On voit même des gens rêver dans Megalopolis, mais ça se mêle au reste, ça n’est pas détaché comme dans La Maison du docteur Eduardes. Pour moi le cinéma est très proche de la perception des rêves, du moins c’est ce que je cherche à atteindre.

      Il semble que c’est une préoccupation de plus en plus grande dans vos films, particulièrement perceptible depuis L’Homme sans âge. On ne pourrait pas dire ça du Parrain, par exemple.

      Parce que Le Parrain était d’abord un livre écrit par quelqu’un d’autre. J’étais jeune, on m’a demandé de l’adapter. D’ailleurs, quand j’ai fait des adaptations, que ce soit Le Parrain ou Dracula, j’ai toujours inclus le nom de l’auteur dans les titres: Mario Puzo’s Godfather, Bram Stoker’s Dracula… Au contraire, Megalopolis est quelque chose qui vient totalement de moi, même si tout ce que je vois et lis peut influencer mes films. Pour Megalopolis, un livre a beaucoup compté, notamment pour sa construction, écrit par celui qu’on a considéré comme une sorte de Proust chinois: Le Rêve dans le pavillon rouge de Cao Xueqin.

      Vous parliez d’Abel Gance, et l’on sent effectivement que c’est un film très nourri d’autres films, comme l’était Dracula.

      Oui, j’ai pris tout ce que j’ai aimé dans d’autres films tout au long de ma vie les films d’Abel Gance, que j’adore, mais aussi Michael Powell ou Les Mondes futurs produit par Korda d’après H.G. Wells (réalisé par William Cameron Menzies en 1936, ndlr).

      J’ai beaucoup pensé à Orson Welles, à cause de l’aspect très shakespearien du film et de son montage.

      Oui, Orson Welles, et aussi Kubrick, Fellini, Visconti, Godard… Pour ce film, j’ai volé des choses à tous ceux que j’aime.

      Vous aimez changer de style selon les films, et même en mélanger plusieurs dans un même film.

      Oui, j’ai fait beaucoup de films avec des styles très differents, et å un moment donné ça m’a fait me demander quel serait mon propre style… quand je l’aurai trouvé. Je suis très impressionné par Ozu, qui a vite défini son style et n’a cessé de le travailler. Autrefois, je me demandais si cela m’arriverait un jour, quand je serai vieux.

      On retrouve cette hétérogénéité chez les acteurs. Vous ne cherchez pas à uniformiser le jeu, et ça donne au film une vie et une musicalité particulières.

      Ce qui m’intéresse d’abord chez un acteur, c’est qu’il soit le seul dans son genre: il n’y a pas deux Adam Driver, pas deux Jon Voight, pas deux Shia LaBeouf, de même qu’il n’y a pas dans le monde deux personnes comme vous. C’est ce que je cherche d’abord chez un acteur: non pas qu’il se conforme à ma volonté, mais qu’il exprime ce qu’il a d’absolument unique. Et ça vient toujours d’abord de lui. Quand on felicite un cinéaste pour la grande performance d’un acteur, c’est de la connerie, le réalisateur est juste un coach pour les acteurs, l’essentiel vient d’eux, toujours.

      Adam Driver apporte l’ambiguïté nécessaire au personnage de Cesar. C’est un acteur qui peut paraître très noir, voire antipathique, aussi bien que lumineux et attachant.

      Il y a des acteurs qui s’appuient d’abord sur leur grande intelligence, comme Warren Beatty; d’autres ne s’appuient que sur leur talent inné, ils n’aiment pas avoir à réfléchir à ce qu’ils font, comme c’était le cas pour Robert Duvall. Et certains ont les deux qualités à la fois, comme Al Pacino. C’est aussi le cas d’Adam Driver, qui est à la fois très doué et très intelligent. C’est un très bon collaborateur, il a beaucoup d’idées, il m’a fait d’excellentes suggestions, au-delà de son propre travail, et y compris au moment du montage, quand je ne savais plus quoi garder ou quoi couper.

      Préparez-vous un nouveau film?

      J’en prépare deux. Le premier, je veux le faire pour le plaisir, pour vivre un tournage léger après celui de Megalopolis. C’est l’adaptation d’un roman d’un grand auteur (il s’agit certainement de The Glimpses of the Moon d’Edith Wharton, ndlr), une histoire d’amour qui serait tournée en Europe à Londres. en Allemagne, en Italie, à Paris. Je vais faire du roman une comédie musicale, parce que je m’intéresse beaucoup à la manière dont on peut raconter une histoire à travers la danse. On sera plus proche de Jacques Demy ou de Ken Russell! Et l’autre projet, c’est de réaliser enfin A Distant Vision, en live cinema (film dont il a réalisé une première version avec des étudiants d’Oklahoma et de Californie en 2016, ndlr), J’aimerais avoir le temps de finir ce que j’ai à finir, je suis déjà un vieil homme Mais je crois que je vais vivre longtemps. Ma santé est bonne, et j’ai perdu du poids. Lorsque vous êtes vieux, la pire chose pour votre santé, c’est d’être trop gros.

      entretien réalisé par Marcos Uzal, en visioconférence, le 22 juillet.

      • #67913 Répondre
        cornemuse
        Invité

        Cannes a détester, les Cahiers adore
        après la critique des cahiers est a relativiser, seul Uzal à vraiment aimer le film, le reste des critiques seulement au vue des notes ( sa vaut ce que sa vaut) on l’air d’avoir aussi détester

    • #67972 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Rappel aux cinéphiles :
      Demain mercredi 4 septembre sort À son image, le nouveau de Peretti.

    • #67978 Répondre
      K. comme mon Code
      Invité

      Vous avez vu Vox Lux de Brady Corbet ? Son prochain film, The Brutalist, sur un architecte fuyant l’Europe fasciste pour se confronter finalement au capitalisme made in USA a été projeté à Venise, et reçoit beaucoup d’éloges. Ce qui m’a rappelé Vox Lux. Qui m’avait extrêmement ému. Je vais le revoir pour savoir pourquoi.

      • #67982 Répondre
        Carpentier
        Invité

        benh nan, juste vu le Brunckhorst, La belle affaire. avec l’actrice de L’anatomie d’une chute.

        • #67993 Répondre
          K. comme mon Code
          Invité

          Parfois, un hors sujet me rend très perplexe.

          • #68006 Répondre
            Carpentier
            Invité

            pourtant très modeste
            très réfléchi

      • #68005 Répondre
        Charles
        Invité

        Pas vu parce qu’il n’est pas sorti en salles en France de mémoire et que je ne l’ai pas vu passer en svod.
        Pour the Brutalist, je suis assez circonspect, ca a l’air de loin de surjouer la fiction maousse de super auteur : film d’époque de 3h30 avec destin hors-normes et histoire de l’Amériqu avec plein de métaphores. Certaines critiques disent que le film lorgne du côté du PTA période TWBB sans lui arriver à la cheville.

        • #68019 Répondre
          K. comme mon Code
          Invité

          Le lot des critiques de festival. Mais je m’étais dit en voyant Vox Lux que le gars nous ferait un chef d’œuvre.

    • #68034 Répondre
      I.G.Y
      Invité

      Bonsoir à tous. Je voulais avoir votre avis sur un thème qui revient souvent — je n’ai pas souvenir de l’avoir lu abordé ici sous cette forme, si c’est le cas veuillez m’excuser —, dans ces discussions que j’ai eue récemment et dans 25 autres ces dernières années, avec des personnes assez différentes (ça me semble donc significatif). Un thème « PMU » et mal posé par essence mais sur lequel j’aimerai avoir plus de billes. C’est la fameuse rengaine du « film français = film chiant », qui se traduit généralement de façon plus explicite par « film français = film de merde ». Je précise d’entrée : la stupidité de ce jugement n’est pas ma question ici.

      • #68040 Répondre
        I.G.Y
        Invité

        Que la plupart des auteurs de ces « critiques » aient une connaissance très faible du cinéma français (bien plus faible que la mienne, pourtant pas monstrueuse), j’en ai une conscience aigüe. Je voudrais simplement savoir : est-ce que ces diatribes peuvent être reliées à quoique ce soit de « réel » ou à des dynamiques historiques spécifiques à la France? Peut-on peut dater un moment ou un type de cinéma en France qui a fait naître ce genre de discours, cette opinion? Ou bien au contraire, seconde hypothèse, si ces mêmes personnes étaient espagnoles ou n’importe quoi d’autre (hors US!), diraient-ils tout aussi bien « film espagnol = film de merde », juste pour cracher sur le cinéma local?

        • #68044 Répondre
          cornemuse
          Invité

          j’ai l’impression que ces discours vise plusieurs type de films différents, les mauvaises comédies francaise (avec christian clavier ou non), (raciste ou non)vue comme pas drole, les films social a la « intouchable » ou « le brio » ou un jeune de banlieu/personne marginalisée découvre la méritocratie, qui sont vue comme des films de gauchiste chiant (oui oui) et comme des films qui ramène a des problème réel donc déprimant (même si le réel dans ces films c’est pas trop sa en vérité), et les films d’auteur considérer comme chiant et pompeux et forcément déprimant-on va au cinéma se vider la tête-voir un film d’action impressionant .
          il faut rajouter a sa le versant imposer que sous entend la question, c’est a dire la préférence pour le cinéma américain (voir asiatique),les soucis qu’on les gens avec ces films sont en partie leurs manque d’ambition, de budget, et d’évasion du réel, ce que leurs donne le cinéma américain, ce qu’il ne voit pas dans le cinéma francais qu’il considère comme trop réel, trop social, trop franco-francais, le cinéma américain leurs envoie dans une réalité non matériel parfaite, comme une sitcom, un monde en toc et en décor de studio sans problème. tu a très bien préciser (Hors US!) la réponse est la dedans.
          « Je voudrais simplement savoir : est-ce que ces diatribes peuvent être reliées à quoique ce soit de « réel » ou à des dynamiques historiques spécifiques à la France? Peut-on peut dater un moment ou un type de cinéma en France qui a fait naître ce genre de discours, cette opinion? » Alors pour savoir QUAND le changement a opérer (détestation du cinéma francais/amour du cinéma américan), il faut je pense prendre en compte deux chose, a quel époque les réalisateurs on été influencer par le cinéma ricain et a quel époque le public francais a été friand de film américaine et a délaissé le reste ?
          pour les courants de cinéma on pourrait penser a la nouvelle vague qui on été les premiers a s’intéresser de facon sérieuse au cinéma américain, sauf qu’il l’anoblissais, en parlais comme du grand art et au final s’en inspirais pour créer du cinéma bien francais qui donne aujourd’hui ce que le public appelle le cinéma francais chiant
          je pense qu’il faut plus creuser du coté de la génération juste après, Carax, besson, kassovitch ect qui voulait faire du cinéma américain pour faire du cinéma américain, un cinéma technique, appliqué qui donc parait supérieur (le cinéma d’ingénieur ricain des années 80, lucas,spielberg…)
          Du coté du public il y a toujours eu une petite chanson de dire que ce cinéma était méprisée au prix d’un cinéma plus intello, spielgberg et sont jurassic park détester au prix de germinal, les films marvel détester au prix de je ne sais quel film qui a gagner la palme d’or pourrait te dire un amateur de science fiction dans un pmu, la vérité est inverse les gens allait voir jurassic park pas germinal mais il disait a leurs ami a l’apéro qu’il était aller voir germinal, aujourd’hui plus besoin de mentir donc je pense qu’il y a bel et bien eu une gradation depuis les années 70/80 de cet pensée.

          • #68045 Répondre
            cornemuse
            Invité

            sa peut compléter le propos

            • #68046 Répondre
              cornemuse
              Invité

              il faut prendre ce que je raconte comme juste des pistes de réflexion
              j’ai parler de la facon la plus large possible

            • #68171 Répondre
              I.G.Y
              Invité

              Quelqu’un sait spécifiquement à qui dans la Nouvelle Vague Pialat fait référence (hors Godard, donc), lorsqu’il parle de cinéma que c’est pas la peine?

              • #68182 Répondre
                françois bégaudeau
                Invité

                Il ne pense pas ici à quelqu’un e précis, mais je sais que plus tard dans l’émission, vu 53 fois à l’époque, il s’en prend à Chabrol et Rohmer.
                Mais Pialat, honnête bien sûr, dit tout lui même : ce fiel durable procède en grande partie de la jalousie : ils tournaient, lui pas.
                Procède aussi, ça c’est moi qui le dis, à une sorte de friction de classe : Pialat est issu d’un milieu populaire, les gens de la Nouvelle Vague on sait que non.
                Mais il faut peut etre aussi dire que Pialat a un peu raison sur le diagnostic esthétique : à part l’immense Godard des années 1959-68, quels grands films sur les 200 qui alors débarquent sur les écrans? Surement pas les premiers Truffaut, surement pas les premiers Chabrol, surement pas les premiers Rivette, et Rohmer ne devient vraiment grand qu’à partir de 66-7.
                Surnagent bien sur quelques films : Cléo de 5 à 7 , Adieu Philippine, mais le bilan n’est pas génial.
                Mouvement esthétique important, mais peu de films.

                • #68197 Répondre
                  I.G.Y
                  Invité

                  Ok merci pour toutes ces précisions. J’essaierai de trouver l’émission entière.

                  Je demandais cela car j’ai été hanté par cette citation en voyant hier Du côté d’Orouët — du moins la première partie, ensuite le film m’est devenu très intéressant ; et puis Rozier a tout de même l’art d’y faire, avec peu de moyen, une grande quantité de plans superbes et sans clinquant ni bling bling. J’irai voir Adieu Philippine (et je reste sur ma première impression à propos de Maine Océan que j’ai trouvé formidable, mais peut-il encore être considéré nouvelle vague au vu de la date? Nouvelle vague queue de comète?). J’ai du mal à juger Rivette dont je n’ai vu que le Pont du Nord, que je n’ai pas aimé (hormis pour les « décors »), je rechigne donc à m’y plonger.

    • #68048 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Question intéressante IGY, je vais essayer d’y répondre.
      Je pense que comme le dit Cornemuse il faut partir du cinéma américain et de son impérialisme. Le cinéma français a l’outrecuidance de résister à cette hégémonie et de produire beaucoup de films, contrairement aux autres pays européens. Le spectateur italien est moins confronté à la concurrence entre son cinéma national et le cinéma américain, le dernier ayant écrasé le premier. Donc le spectateur français a le choix entre le cinéma américain et son propre cinéma, de façon schématique, ce qui pourrait être formidable n’était son américanisation qui lui fait bien souvent préférer le premier et cracher sur le second. Cette américanisation du spectateur, je tente une hypothèse, est passée par une mutation du cinéma américain mainstream.

      • #68049 Répondre
        Charles
        Invité

        Pour aller vite, ce dernier tentait de s’adresser à des adultes jusqu’aux années 80. Mais avec la faillite financière du Nouvel Hollywood et le succès parallèle de Lucas avec ses Star Wars (pensés comme des films pour enfants) qui ont sans doute un lien avec des mouvements idéologiques profonds de fin comme la fin de la période Critique et de l’avènement du reaganisme, Hollywood s’est mis à produire des films infantilisants et inoffensifs, s’adressant aux ados et enfants même si vus par des adultes – ce qui permettait aussi de voir les films en famille et donc de vendre plus de billets. C’est la période ET, Top Gun,les Goonies, Back to future, Indiana Jones and co.
        Avec cette mutation, Hollywood a valorisé la dimension purement divertissante, spectaculaire du cinéma au détriment de tout le reste. Alors évidemment les peplums des années 50 n’étaient pas exactement des films intimistes subvertissant l’ordre capitaliste mais au moins y avait-il la volonté de raconter une histoire certes édulcorée mais ambitieuse et avec un certain sérieux, ne reposant pas totalement sur des affects adolescents ou ne voulant pas faire revenir le spectateur en enfance. Cette évolution dans l’appréhension du spectatorat a aussi été permise et nourrie par la montée en puissance des effets spéciaux (studios ILM de Lucas), toujours plus impressionnants. La cinéma a toutefois toujours eu une dimension foraine, c’est un cliché de le rappeler, mais celle-ci avait jusqu’à présent cohabité et était concurrencée par un autre dimension, peut-être plus narrative (mais aussi très édifiante et puritaine), c’était pas uniquement King Kong.

        • #68052 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          (j’essaie de poster, c’est compliqué)
          Ce cinéma des années 80 a été très puissant car le cinéma est un art spectaculaire qui en tant que tel peut très bien faire l’économie des dialogues, des personnages pour fonctionner car il repose pour beaucoup sur la puissance de l’image et sa vitesse. Pour le dire abruptement, un film, au contraire d’un livre, peut très bien être apprécié même s’il est ouvertement complètement con.
          Cette mutation a donc eu un impact très fort sur le spectatorat mondial du fait de l’hégémonie du cinéma américain. Et pendant ce temps-là, les cinéastes français liquidaient la Nouvelle vague avec l’avènement des Carax, Besson et Beinex. Ces derniers étaient biberonnés au cinéma américain et notamment au genre et épousait certaines de ses formes de l’époque. Daney remarquait à l’époque que la Nouvelle Vague s’était réclamée du cinéma américain mais avait inventé une forme qui lui était propre alors que celle-ci prétendait dépoussiérer le cinéma français en mimant une forme préexistante.
          Sauf que cette bande-là de cinéastes français n’a pas tout à fait survécu ou n’a pas écrasé la concurrence. A côté de cela le cinéma français a fait de la résistance avec la bande de L’IDHEC (ex FEMIS) des années 90 qui a proposé un cinéma d’auteur neuf et exigeant : ce sont les Mazuy, Desplechin, Lvovksy et aussi Beauvois etc. Ce cinéma-là ne s’est pas écrasé, il était soutenu par la presse, le CNC, il n’était pas réduit à la marge. Pialat aussi résistait et influençait nombre de cinéastes.

          • #68056 Répondre
            cornemuse
            Invité

            mais ce cinéma pro-américain est il pas revenu après les années 90, dans les années 2000
            je suis d’accord pour dire qu’un très bon cinéma d’auteur francais a résister mais il y a bien une différence entre le cinéma qui existe, qui est produit en majorité et ce que les gens aime
            ce cinéma pro-américain est il pas revenu après les années 90, dans les années 2000 (pour moi ce cinéma la est le représentant du cinéma de la technicité, de bricoleur pour les plus créatif ,jeunet,gilliam,jackson…, d’ingénieur pour les plus méthodique et scientifique, nolan,fincher…)
            je me souviens avoir vue une vidéo pour l’humanité de bolchegeek (assez mauvaise a vrai dire mais révélateur pour le sujet aborder) l’équivalent de capture mag et yannick dahan, donc pile poil de quoi on parle. Dans la vidéo il dit que le pacte des loups est un des meilleurs films francais de ces dernières années, « une anomalies », étrange d’utiliser ce mot la pour moi sa vient de la réthorique de pmu que je cite plus haut, l’inversion des rapports de force
            il a aussi une attirance pour les films a la michael man sans le talent, bac nord, les films d’olivier marchal
            Le dernier festival de Cannes a aimer des films très américains, The substance a été adoré, un sorte de cronenberg mais a la francaise et si on remonte quelque années titane aussi

            • #68058 Répondre
              cornemuse
              Invité

              désolé pour la répétition de « ce cinéma pro-américain est il pas revenu après les années 90, dans les années 2000 » je me suis mélanger les pinceaux et j’ai oublier d’effacer la seconde phrase

              • #68060 Répondre
                cornemuse
                Invité

                un cinéma post-2000 qui a déja chié littérallement sur les cahiers du cinéma dans ses heures les plus sombres

                • #68061 Répondre
                  cornemuse
                  Invité

                  tromper de date mais c’est tout comme

            • #68082 Répondre
              I.G.Y
              Invité

              @Charles et @cornemuse merci pour vos réponses détaillées. J’avais esquissé quelques semi-hypothèses dans une autre partie de mon post mais que je n’ai jamais réussi à publier (le site bloque) donc j’ai abandonné, concernant la tendance intellectuelle-godardienne et à l’opposé sur le cinéma d’action américain voire asiatique, ce qui faisait écho aux thèmes que vous abordez. Mais vous m’apportez quelques éléments clés supplémentaires.

              Je suis intéressé par l’idée que ce qu’il y aurait de spécifiquement « français » dans cette détestation serait la survivance, possiblement plus grande qu’ailleurs en Europe, d’un cinéma non-américanisant et qui se place hors de (voire contre) la mutation hollywoodienne des années 80. Tu as dit @Charles que le cinéma italien avait été davantage écrasé que le cinéma français (j’ai un vague souvenir d’avoir entendu Daney dire cela aussi), est-ce dû à l’absence d’un CNC ou autre en Italie? C’est un cas fascinant au vu de leur immense histoire cinématographique… Pareil pour l’Allemagne? Le cas de l’Angleterre m’a l’air complexe

              • #68084 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                C’est surtout que Berlusconi est passé par là.

                • #68085 Répondre
                  Charles
                  Invité

                  Désolé je n’avais pas fini ma démonstration mais le site bloque.

                  • #68118 Répondre
                    I.G.Y
                    Invité

                    Dommage. Le Site est terrifié à l’idée d’un nouveau ZM.

                    Je n’avais pas songé à Berlusconi. Pas déconnant…

    • #68062 Répondre
      cornemuse
      Invité

      même un auteur comme quentin Dupieux apprécier du grand public est un cinéaste organiquement américains

      • #68107 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        américain très gaulois quand même
        répétons que Blier est sa référence absolue

        • #68139 Répondre
          cornemuse
          Invité

          il a néanmoins fait un paquet de film au état unis

    • #68065 Répondre
      cornemuse
      Invité

      anecdote d’ailleurs, j’ai un jour dis a quelqu’un qui me proposait de voir les petits mouchoirs, que c’était un film de droite, il a ri en trouvant drole de classer politiquement ce film et m’a faussement proposer humoristiquement un film de gauche a la place, Samba de…….. toledano et nakache et oui contrairement a ce forum les gens pense que toledano et nakache sont de gauche
      je pense a changer d’ami

    • #68070 Répondre
      Tony
      Invité

      En film américain pas chiant,le dernier Shyamalan est vraiment pas mal, là on s’amuse vraiment, chapeau l’artiste!

      • #68138 Répondre
        Eliot
        Invité

        Et je l’ai trouvé inintéressant. Shyamalan tourne en boucle formellement.
        Ce film est un appel à l’aide de sa part, sa fille a toujours voulu être une pop star mais n’a pas réussi. Grâce à un budget de 30M$ elle le devient et décide donc de le libérer. Le dernier plan où le papa dévérouille les menottes est clairement la métaphore de la libération de Shyamalan de son rôle de père.
        .
        Par contre un psy coûte moins cher que 30M$.

        • #68148 Répondre
          Tony
          Invité

          Je ne sais pas trop ce que tu entends par formellement,quand à moi je trouve agréable un cinéaste qui soigne ses plans et son cadre,qui prend le spectateur pour quelqu’un d’intelligent avec qui on peut jouer et,mine de rien,il documente bien l’époque actuelle des réseaux sociaux,du numérique et les nouvelles générations qui y vivent,en outre ici ce qui est amusant c’est de faire d’un tueur en série un bon papa sympathique et touchant dans les rapports qu’il avec sa fille,il prend le contre-pied des films hollywoodiens et c’est très marrant…

    • #68071 Répondre
      cornemuse
      Invité


      pour rajouter encore un exemple a mon propos on pourrait évoquer la nuit se traine qui viens de sortir(que je n’ai pas vu, peut être que j’ai tord)

    • #68072 Répondre
      Mao
      Invité

      Dans le prolongement d’IGY, est-ce que vous avez vu la dernière vidéo du Bolchegeek qui fait du Pacte des loups un grand film de résistance à l’hégémonie culturelle américaine ?

      • #68075 Répondre
        cornemuse
        Invité

        Bolchegeek est le maître de la pensée acrobatique.

    • #68100 Répondre
      bartelby
      Invité

      On sait sur quel film ou livre portera la prochaine émission de la gêne occasionnée ?

      • #68106 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        A son image, De Peretti
        Qu’on voit demain

        • #68137 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Très curieux d’en connaître ton avis car je suis très surpris par l’accueil unanime de la critique. Je mets ça sur le compte d’un effet de rattrapage, après avoir sous-estimé ses précédents films.

          • #68198 Répondre
            Adamou
            Invité

            Enquête sur un scandale d’état avait aussi eu un très bon accueil critique (4,1 sur allociné)

            • #68205 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              Certes mais boudé par les festivals et largement sous-commenté par la critique qui l’a pris comme un film dossier pas mal foutu.

          • #68199 Répondre
            Zyrma
            Invité

            À se demander si nous avons vu la bonne version Charles

            • #68212 Répondre
              françois bégaudeau
              Invité

              Désolé mais le film m’a encore passionné.

              • #68216 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                Fake news.

                • #68217 Répondre
                  françois bégaudeau
                  Invité

                  Désolé mais non.

                  • #68220 Répondre
                    Seldoon
                    Invité

                    Passionné d’accord, mais convaincu ?

                    • #68223 Répondre
                      françois bégaudeau
                      Invité

                      Je vois bien ce qui ici peut etre considéré comme moins fort qu’Une vie violente, mais je serais bien injuste (avec mon corps) de me dire pas convaincu par un film qui m’a tenu à ce point, et disons le betement, ému à ce point.

              • #68218 Répondre
                Zyrma
                Invité

                tant mieux, on attend la gêne
                et on attend Godot aussi

        • #68294 Répondre
          Carpentier
          Invité

          Top du beau, comme dit la meuf de Jean-Jo parlant de son amant français.
          J’en sors, quel cinéma.
          Déjà désir de revoir ce De Peretti qui s’éprouve avec intelligence à dire et montrer comment le romantisme peut irriguer la lutte.

          • #68295 Répondre
            Carpentier
            Invité

            et ces chants, putain

            • #68393 Répondre
              Kenyle
              Invité

              « et ces chants, putain »
              Tu fais bien d’insister là dessus. La première heure du film est forte, tres forte. La scene du concert est évoque tellement de chose juste par le son. Même pas besoin d’agiter la caméra dans tout les sens. Cumule de minimum 3 sons. Les chants corses, magnifique, qui nous évoquent la beauté de cette ile et de ce lieux. Les cris de joie des vivants. Les coups de feu pour toute cette violence. Tout ça par le son. C’était intense. Mais c’est de la vibration là, ça dépasse le discours que peut produire ce film.

              • #68404 Répondre
                Carpentier
                Invité

                comme tu (re-)dis, oui
                et tu dis bien mieux,
                merci.

    • #68123 Répondre
      Seldoon
      Invité

      Emilia Pérez, compliqué. Si on passe sur les incohérences et abherations scénaristique comme Jacques est passé dessus, restent quelques moments de grâce. Un premier numéro sympa, une drague tu me montre mon couteau je te montre mon flingue et on glousse comme des collégiennes, une berceuse sortie tout droit d’un Honoré première période, une fin de date Refnienne… Reste que le fait majoritaire est que je suis resté hors du film, ce qui m’a laissé le temps de réfléchir à ce que fabrique ce type. Dans la GO sur Olympiade, il était soutenu qu’Audiard évitait toujours de faire des scènes. Il apparaît de plus en plus clairement qu’il évite de faire des films. Ici, l’excuse comédie musicale évite tout : scènes, dialogues, traitement de sujet, film. Et le montage talentueux mais surcuté achevera les survivants : l’apparition du chef du cartel, filmé pour n’être vu qu’en flou à travers la cagoule que porte l’avocate pendant la moitié de la scène, sera donc désamorcée à la 8ème seconde car Audiard ne peut s’empecher de passer à son gros plan normal dès le début du dialogue. De plus en plus je me dis que ce qui intéresse ce cinéaste, ce n’est pas le mélange des genres cinématographiques comme il a été beaucoup dit mais le mélange des tons, des textures : qu’est ce que ça fait si on met de la comédie musicale kitsch dans mon thrilleur brut et poisseux habituel ? Une choré rigolote dans un univers réaliste ? Et si on fait chanter un non chanteur ? Bon et si je pousse le curseur du kitsch, jusqu’aux typos néon, jusqu’au split screen ? Et si j’ajoute une comédienne à tête de poupée ? Si on parle en termes de références, ça donnerait une touche de melville, une touche d’Almodovar, une touche de bollywood et on fait bouger les curseurs, et on finit sur Brassens mais en espagnol. Mais parler de références serait trompeur, il ne travaille pas la cinéphilie comme une matière comme le ferait un Tarantino ou sous Tarantino. C’est vraiment de la texture même qu’il s’agit. Je crois que c’est ce qui dirige en fait toute son oeuvre, et la raison pour laquelle il se lasse en cours de film et souvent en cours de scène. Ca m’intéresse, je dirais même que ça me parle beaucoup. Mais seulement s’il s’agit de porter un film, moins s’il s’agit de le tuer dans l’oeuf.

      Quitte à regarder des chorégraphies joliment photographiées qui s’amusent avec les codes du genre, le tout dans une ambiance latino, mieux vaut aller voir ici, tout y est mieux :
      https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/118656-000-A/afanador-ballet-nacional-de-espana/

      • #68125 Répondre
        Seldoon
        Invité

        Aberrations.

        • #68126 Répondre
          Seldoon
          Invité

          Scénaristiques.
          Restes d’un copier coller foireux.

          • #68211 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            Ce que j’appelle : ne-pas-être cinéaste
            Audiard sans doute ne pouvait pas etre écrivain comme papa. Il a pris le plan B – sans aucun gout pour le cinéma, crois-je deviner à la vue de ses films.

            • #68219 Répondre
              Seldoon
              Invité

              Oui ce n’est pas cinéaste c’est fabriquant de jolis papiers peints texturés. Il faudra que je le présente à ma belle-mère parce que les papiers peints trompe l’œil ça va 5 minutes.

              • #68368 Répondre
                I.G.Y
                Invité

                Mais y a-t-il une époque où il était cinéaste? J’ai un bon souvenir de Sur Mes Lèvres, pourtant… Et on me dit depuis des années que ah mais comment ça, tu n’as pas vu Un Prophète, tu as raté ta vie etc…

                • #68372 Répondre
                  françois bégaudeau
                  Invité

                  Sur mes lèvres m’est toujours apparu comme fake.
                  Une situation de scénario, dont le réel ne cesse de se venger.

                  • #68373 Répondre
                    françois bégaudeau
                    Invité

                    J’ai souvent dit avoir apprécie le scénario d’Un prophète
                    Mais je suis sur que le revoyant je ne supporterais plus ce cinéma qui copie du cinéma, ce jeu d’acteurs qui jouent aux acteurs.

                    • #68377 Répondre
                      cornemuse
                      Invité

                      ton avis sur de battre mon coeur s’est arrêté ?

                      • #68466 Répondre
                        cornemuse
                        Invité

                        j’en conclus a ta non-réponse que tu ne la surement pas vu

                      • #68471 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        J’ai vu, hélas, tous les Audiard.
                        J’avais écrit sur De battre une notule mitigée dans les Cahiers.

                  • #68382 Répondre
                    I.G.Y
                    Invité

                    Peut être que mes yeux ont changé depuis, à revoir. J’aurais aimé une GO pour comprendre « l’angle de vue » mais tant pis — une GO par film que je vois tiens, ça serait top; et j’augmente le Tipee.

                    J’aimerais saisir. La frontière est parfois mince pour moi entre

                    – le bon film au scénario improbable/irréaliste mais qui reste un bon film car son socle n’est pas la narrativité classique (un de mes cinéastes préférés étant Lynch, ça ne me dérange pas, c’est peu de le dire)

                    – le film au scénario improbable/irréaliste mais qui se veut narratif et réaliste dans sa narration, et donc violente son contrat avec le réel, tombant ainsi dans le mauvais.

                    Un film comme Sur mes lèvres pécherait-il par le fait d’être le cul entre deux chaises, et de n’assumer aucun de ces deux « pôles »? Un film qui laisse trop croire que sa narration est réaliste alors qu’elle ne l’est pas? Ou rien à voir avec ta vision?
                    .
                    Un exemple concret de ce qui pour moi relève du fake, pour un film qui se veut tout le contraire et que j’ai vu récemment : Rocco et ses frères (très belle interprétation de Delon, cela dit, par parenthèse). J’ai senti un film qui se veut réaliste, une quasi fresque historique, très incarnée par moultes figurants et décors sans carton pâte. Or j’avais l’impression, à chaque scène, d’entendre le « clap » du machiniste, de sentir l’encre du scénario encore fraîche sur le papier, etc… Des évènements mal amenés, des scènes artificielles, des dialogues explicatifs… Je n’ai pas souvenir d’avoir ressenti un grand manque de fluidité et de naturel dans le film d’Audiard (mais c’était il y a quelques années, souvenir trop flou sans doute)

                    • #68472 Répondre
                      françois bégaudeau
                      Invité

                      Je n’aime pas du tout Rocco et ses frères non plus
                      Ce que tu pointes me parait intéressant : à un film qui se veut vraisemblable, on peut faire des procès en invraisemblance. TU veux faire du narratif ? Fais-le bien (le narratif a sa noblesse)
                      Dans Sur mes lèvres, le réel se vengeait (dans mon souvenir – jamais revu le film, qui m’insupporte). Comme dans la Prisonnière de Bordeaux.

                      • #68542 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        Décidément, ça semble terrible cette histoire : à m’en dissuader de voir le film! Hâte d’avoir plus de détail — j’ai compris ici que ça viendrait, tôt ou tard

    • #68323 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Je decouvre par hasard que Hit Man (Le tant attendu nouveau Linklater) est en fait sorti le 4 septembre (hier) sur canal plus.
      Et qu’il y a une rediffusion demain vendredi 6 à 23h04 sur la chaîne, pour les abonnés.

      • #68358 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        film très dispensable
        cinéaste décidément un peu inégal

        • #68366 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Merde j’y croyais fort.

          • #68407 Répondre
            Parfaitement à l’eau
            Invité

            J’ai plutôt bien apprécié. Petit film qui se la raconte pas, scénario pas mal foutu. A regarder un soir fatigué pour couper entre Tarkovski et Bela Tar.

    • #68409 Répondre
      Parfaitement à l’eau
      Invité

      Quelqu’un a deja parlé de Nobuhiko Obayashi ici ? Le cinéaste est pas très connu en France, un peu plus aux US (il me semble) et se fait réhabilité sur Letterboxd depuis quelque temps. J’en ai vu 3, ça ressemble à du Kore-eda sous LSD. Il s’est fait connaitre au Japon avec House, film délirant assez marrant.

      • #68413 Répondre
        Mais moi c’est léo
        Invité

        J’arrive pas à mettre la main sur ses films perso

        • #68421 Répondre
          Parfaitement à l’eau
          Invité

          J’en ai trouvé 6 ou 7 sur un site de torrent. Je crois qu’il y en a un sur youtube.

          • #68423 Répondre
            Mais moi c’est léo
            Invité

            Dans les films que tu as pu voir, la musique n’est-elle pas omniprésente ?

            • #68427 Répondre
              Parfaitement à l’eau
              Invité

              Ah si dans le dernier que j’ai vu (Hanagatami) particulièrement je crois qu’il se passe pas une seconde sans musique. Je ne suis généralement pas gêné outre mesure par l’excès de musique quand c’est « sobre » (pas comme armageddon quoi), dans les autres vu (House, His motorbike Her island et Miss Lonely) j’ai pas eu ce ressenti. Hanagatami est très dense, il y a une impression d’enchainement de scènes courtes, coupées par des flash backs, des rappels de scènes, des changements de décors brutaux. Pendant 3h. Mais je conseille le visionnage quand même, il a réussi à développer des personnages sur toute la durée du film pour garder mon intérêt. Et il y a des expérimentations visuelles que j’aime bien.
              House est moins abouti, c’est marrant et fou visuellement. Pas grand chose de plus a en tirer. A voir une fois pour les amateurs de Histoires de fantômes chinois ou Green Snake.

              • #68431 Répondre
                Mais moi c’est léo
                Invité

                Ok, je prends en compte tes conseils alors 😉 merci

                • #68438 Répondre
                  Parfaitement à l’eau
                  Invité

                  Tu me diras ce que t’en penses.
                  Je sais pas encore quoi penser d’Obayashi, à chaque film je me dis que c’est pas qu’il y a un truc mais sans plus. Un peu comme Kore-eda (sauf que j’aime moins Kore-eda).

          • #68425 Répondre
            Mais moi c’est léo
            Invité

            J’aimerais bien commencer par House du coup, meme si j’ai peur que ça ne soit que « marrant » comme tu dis.

    • #68419 Répondre
      propater
      Invité

      Le programme de la rétro Rabah Ameur-Zaimeche au cinéma Nova à Bruxelles est disponible: https://www.nova-cinema.org/prog/2024/198/article/horaires?lang=fr
      .
      Sinon, A most violent year de Chandor est disponible sur Mubi Belgique.

    • #68420 Répondre
      Parfaitement à l’eau
      Invité

      J’en ai trouvé 6 ou 7 sur un site de torrent. Je crois qu’il y en a un sur youtube.

    • #68584 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Je sors du de Peretti. Quel film. Quels plans. Quels acteurs. J’ai pensé à ce que François avait répondu à Claire pour chaque scène demande toi si tu peux la filmer en un seul plan. Souvent j’ai pensé à Pialat pour cette façon de gérer la situation en un ou deux plans. Les plans sont d’une grande qualité. J’ai vraiment aimé ce film, l’apport documentaire et les réflexions qu’il charient en suivant cette bande d’amis et Antonia, j’appréhendais en voyant passer les échanges très critiques des sitistes qui l’ont vu en avant première. La liste des bénévoles / figurants qui défile à la fin m’a émue.

      • #68585 Répondre
        Ostros
        Invité

        Tout ça pour dire que je le recommande chaudement.

        • #68591 Répondre
          lamartine
          Invité

          Pas encore vu. Pour autant la bande annonce vu en détournant mon regard m’a peu inspirée.
          Le rythme me semble un chouia sacc-a-dé.

        • #68600 Répondre
          K. comme mon Code
          Invité

          J’étais dérouté. Dans le bon sens. C’était surtout la voix off que j’avais trouvé redondante, et certains éléments de cette histoire d’amour plutôt mécanique, même si la voix off, justement, est venue conscientiser mes reproches sans pour autant les résoudre à l’écran. Il n’empêche, oui, que certains plans restent. Il y a une certaine distance dans le cadrage qui me semble tout à fait convenir à capturer une vie. Il arrive parfois qu’on parvienne à prendre cette distance vis à vis de soi-même. Percevoir la totalité dans ce peu là.

          • #68601 Répondre
            jesuce
            Invité

            T’es pasconvainquant.toutetsoncontrairetout.

            • #68602 Répondre
              K. comme mon Code
              Invité

              J’adore dire des trucs qui ont de l’importance pour moi, pour recevoir des réponses de jesuce. Une question s’impose, néanmoins : Tu suces ?

              • #68610 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                Mais au-delà de cette voix-off effectivement redondante, ça ne vous a pas dérangé ces dialogues parfois naturalistes, parfois surécrits qui restent comme des marshmallow dans la bouche d’acteurs un peu fades et souvent assez maladroits? On fait quoi de cette dernière scène accablante du prof avec ces élèves raides comme des piquets, récitant péniblement leur dialogue tandis que le prof leur assène une leçon confondante de banalité (le tout avec la Première Guerre Mondiale au tableau….)?

                • #68611 Répondre
                  Charles
                  Invité

                  De banalité sur le terrorisme la violence

                  • #68620 Répondre
                    Hervé Urbani
                    Invité

                    J’irai regarder le nouveau la semaine prochaine mais je viens simplement conseiller, encourager, recommander, plébisciter pour qui ne les auraient pas vus son documentaire Lutte jeunesse disponible sur tenk et son premier long-métrage Les Apaches qu’on trouve sur mk2, deux films découverts cet été.
                    Même si j’avais aimé (avec quelques réserves) Une Vie violente et Enquête sur un scandale d’état, le docu Lutte jeunesse qui s’est construit à partir du casting de Vie violente, et Les Apaches, sont grands et de loin ce que je préfère de De Peretti.

                    • #68862 Répondre
                      MA
                      Invité

                      Le Grand action programme à partir de mercredi 11/9 une rétro De Peretti.

                • #68617 Répondre
                  Kenyle
                  Invité

                  Je ne connais pas trop cette période mais ça fait poser une question : Est ce que par la suite et avec les générations suivantes, les luttes ont continué comme dans le film ?
                  Si la réponse est non alors peut être que de peretty voulait montrer ça par ce dialogue entre cet ancien militant devenu prof et ses élèves qui semblent vouloir intégré l’organisation. Apres j’ai aussi trouvé que ça causé trop sur la fin du film mais je me dis que c’est des dialogues et des interrogations que ces gens ont pu avoir.

              • #68612 Répondre
                Ostros
                Invité

                Pour pa part j’ai apprécié cette voix off littéraire parfois chargée d’affects et qui m’a rappelé les vieux films documentaires a voix off prégnante par lesquelles je suis entrée dans l’analyse de film il y a plus de 15 ans. Elle porte cette dimension passée là qui m’a touchée (Pialat d’ailleurs encore. J’ai toujours habité la banlieue. Dans la diction, le rythme, la mélodie, c’était ça).
                Le personnage du prêtre m’a fait penser aux enjeux vécus par le curé de campagne de Bernanos / Bresson. Et le cheminement d’Antonia qui recherche la vérité tout en se rendant compte que dans le monde politique des militants, des elus, et dans celui du journalisme et de la photo elle se trouve brouillée, évacuée par la falsification, m’a tenue, m’a parlé de bout en bout, et j’ai trouvé que de Peretti et moi on s’entendait bien sur ces sujets-là. J’avais essayé d’éviter de lire les critiques postées ici avant de l’avoir vu mais en scrollant j’avais vu je crois quelqu’un qui parlait d’un film en deux parties. Je n’ai pas senti de partie 1 et partie 2. On est dans une narration fluide comme une tranche de vie qui suit Antonia dans son rapport au réel et le groupe d’amis dans leurs engagements, et à l’inverse on n’a pas leur relation avec le réel on a leurs convictions et des actes violents qui les appuient mais jamais on les voit dans les choses de la vie quotidienne éprouver un conflit avec l’état français. Il restent entre eux comme coupés justement du petit quotiden. Il n’y a pas de rupture et j’ai aimé comme les deux cheminements se frôlent, se déploient ensemble, convergent. C’est très bien dosé narrativement et dans l’équilibre des plans. J’aime l’économie et l’intelligence des scènes, des plans de ce film (je ne comprends pas la déception de certains car les plans sont vraiment bons tous). Je retrouve les choix que j’aime voir au cinéma qui sont pour moi la marque des grands réalisateurs (ceux que je considère comme grands). Tout le film j’avais les yeux grands ouverts et je me disais pour moi qui cherche à réaliser voilà un film qui est une leçon de mise en scène, de cadrages, de choix et de direction d’acteurs. Je l’ai bu sans en perdre une miette, avec gratitude.

                • #68613 Répondre
                  Ostros
                  Invité

                  Mise en scène et montage évidemment.
                  @ Charles je trouve d’une part la scène avec le prof réelle c’est à dire que oui quand tu as été dans un groupe de militants extrémistes et ultra violent et a repris ancrage dans la vie calme et normale (prof) tu tient ce type de discours. Car tu as perdu des amis et tu as compris que tu peux faire de la politique autrement. Il a un discours de prof à élèves. L’école créé ce type de situations. Donc ce que tu n’apprécie pas c’est en fait que cette scène a été très bien restituée c’est l’école, le prof et les élèves qui te crispent. Moi j’ai apprécié cette scène qui m’a fait penser tout du long à 2 singes. Le paragraphe sur la révolution. Et à tout ce que développe François sur le militantisme et son choix de se tenir de côté. Sur la radicalité des idées qui n’a pas besoin de la violence et sur le fait d’inviter chacun à créer en marge de l’état son lieu de vie à son image plutôt que d’essayer de détruire l’état.

                  • #68614 Répondre
                    Ostros
                    Invité

                    Et sur c’est par le cumul de ces petits mode de vie différents de celui que crée le capital qu’on transformera le paysage politique. Lentement. Un pas après l’autre.

                  • #68618 Répondre
                    Charles
                    Invité

                    Ce qui me dérange c’est que la scène soit plate, maladroite, sans intérêt. Je ne vois pas de dimension critique dans cette scène sur l’école et ce n’est pas parce que les élèves sont raides comme dans la vie et que le prof est insipide comme dans la vie que cela rend la scène intéressante. C’est une scène sans vie, sans incarnation.

                    • #68628 Répondre
                      Ostros
                      Invité

                      Je ne suis pas d’accord. Collée à tout ce qui vient de se passer pour ce personnage ce qu’il dit raisonne avec intérêt pour moi.

                      • #68723 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        « Ce qui me dérange c’est que la scène soit plate, maladroite, sans intérêt. »
                        Mais je crois qu’elle peut se défendre pour cette raison même.

                • #68616 Répondre
                  Charles
                  Invité

                  Et tu la trouves bien écrite cette scène de l’enterrement avec le prêtre qui s’énerve face aux terroristes corses qui viennent faire leur numéro ? C’est pas un peu pauvrement dialogué? On n’est pas vraiment chez Bresson ni chez Bernanos là, ni même chez Larrain (le formidable prêtre dans Jackie).

                  • #68619 Répondre
                    Kenyle
                    Invité

                    Avant que le prête intervienne il y a aussi la population qui enlève le drapeau du drapeau et un autre truc que les militants ont déposé sur le cercueil si je me trompe pas.

                  • #68622 Répondre
                    Ostros
                    Invité

                    Cette scène par son choix des cadres (2 je crois) est bien menée. Premier plan la procession en plongée englobante, l’arrivée des militants, les coups de feux hommages. Second plan proche des gens, le prêtre en avant plan. On y voit le prêtre qui dit le ridicule de cette intervention et aussitôt la menace de violence envers lui. On y voir donc que le croiseur a augmenté que la violence des militants fait fi des limites imposées par les symboles d’autorité du village (l’église), outrepasse la demande de calme, est prête à frapper n’importe qui qui les empêche de faire ce qu’ils veulent à présent. Oui je trouve cette scène simple, bien menée, bien écrite, qui dit ce qu’elle doit dire en peu de mot, peu de plans et en peu d’actions.
                    C’est ce que j’ai apprécié de ce film, son économie et parfois sa subtilité pour rendre compte des événements. Le changement de cadre très intéressant lorsque Antonia invite son nouveau mec chez elle pour consommer sa rupture. Changement de cadre inopérant car elle me considère comme un ami et ne décrochera pas de son amour pour l’autre. Mais en même temps elle a choisi à ce moment-là de ne plus être la suiveuse malgré elle se ces affaires politiques-là
                    Mais en même temps, cherchant ailleurs le vérité des situations politiques elle trouvera la même opacité, la même falsification. Mais en même temps elle apprend et mûri son rapport au réel. Et là simplicité à laquelle elle revient (ou tente de revenir) dans son job de photographe pro est vraiment touchante.
                    Tout comme est touchante la simplicité du prof et ses mots bateau juste après l’ultra violence qu’on a vue et qui nous font les prends avec distance. Il ment aux enfants sur ce qu’il a été pour les orienter vers la vie calme. Ça c’est beau à voir. C’est un film qui travaille ces matières là que son le mensonge et la vérité. Jusqu’au bout. Jusque dans la scène banale (qui ne l’est pas) d’une école.
                    Et que dire de ce plan sur la fusillade de la terrasse du café où nous avons vu la finalité avant les tirs, pour dire ma redondance de ces attaques. Simplement, sobrement, par un simple effet de montage.
                    Le film de de Peretti est truffé d’intelligence dans les choix de tout ce qui compose chaque scène. N’as tu pas vu cette réflexion de sa part, ce calme, cette douceur et cette méticulosité ?

                    • #68625 Répondre
                      Ostros
                      Invité

                      Et pourquoi comparer ce prêtre avec celui d’un autre film, d’un autre tempérament de réalisateur ?
                      Il y a beaucoup à dire sur ce prêtre de Peretti. Sur sa faiblesse physique en comparaison avec les mecs qui font les hommes (c’est dit à plusieurs reprises par les femmes) de la bande de militants. C’est un beau personnage effacé, qui doute, qui prend part à la vie du village contrairement aux militants, qui cherche à respecter son engagement dans cette violence qui déchaine les gens qu’il connaît. Fallait il que ce soit plus explicite pour que tu en apprécies les traits ?
                      Moi les dialogues m’ont suffi. Ils vont bien avec le travail des plans, avec l’équilibre du montage.

                      • #68627 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        As-tu pris en compte l’économie du film lorsque tu l’as vu ?

                      • #68631 Répondre
                        Charles
                        Invité

                        C’est toi qui fais la comparaison avec le journal d’un curé de campagne il me semble. J’aime l’idée que Peretti joue le prêtre,la façon dont s’est amenée même si dans le même temps j’ai un gros problème de crédibilité car il a l’air aussi à l’aise que moi en short de foot et crampons. Pour la scène en question, je vois bien ce qu’il veut dire mais je ne crois en rien, je trouve que tout est lourd, laborieux, le coup de gueule du prêtre est pauvre – tout ce qu’il dit est parfaitement attendu, sans puissance, c’est telefilmesque et Peretti n’est pas à l’aise pour jouer cette espèce de froide colère.
                        Quant à l’économie du film, ce que j’ai surtout vu c’est un récit qui commence par s’intéresser à un personnage féminin en marge de la lutte armée mais qui n’a rien à en dire ni à en monter d’intéressant et qui rentre donc au bercail de ladite, en filmant les impasses, le cycle de la violence blabla avec les scènes d’exécution et de vengeance sans fin, les dissensions sauf que tout ça a déjà été filmé en mille fois mieux dans une Vie violente. Je vois donc surtout cette impuissance-là à s’intéresser à un personnage secondaire a priori, à le rehausser en personnage principal.

                      • #68633 Répondre
                        Charles
                        Invité

                        C’est amené*

                      • #68719 Répondre
                        Tony
                        Invité

                        J’ai moi aussi été conquis par le film et sur l’écriture des dialogues je trouve que ça sonne juste et, c’est à mettre au crédit du film,les dialogues donnent le sentiment qu’ils sont naturels,comme chez Pialat auquel en effet on pense aussi,ne serait-ce que parce que De Peretti incarne un prêtre qui a un peu la même fonction avec Antonia que Pialat avec l’abbé Donissan,lui aussi devine le tragique de son destin.Sur la scène finale entre le prof et les élèves je crois comprendre,il a toujours conservé une distance avec l’organisation,la radicalité armée est une fausse radicalité,la seule radicalité qui vaille,pour lui,est celle qui protège la vie,les idées nationalistes sont mortifères et aucun être humain ne doit être assassiné pour des raisons symboliques.

                      • #68724 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        « car il a l’air aussi à l’aise que moi en short de foot et crampons »
                        Il le fallait!

                      • #68736 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Oui jai fait le lien avec un autre prêtre faible, pas capé pour ce rôle là. Je disais que toi tu compares avec un personnage et un réal qui ont peu à voir.
                        Au fait le personnage féminin est essentiel, elle est le champ magnétique qui permet de regarder ce qui se trame dans la bande d’amis militants avec du recul
                        A la manière d’une opération chimique elle rend visible leur absence de réflexion politique étendue, leur absence d’émancipation. Elle est un feu qui se consume, écoute ses désirs et les observe dans le même temps, ne les prends pas pour la vérité de son tempérament contrairement à son amoureux qui est « droit » c’est à dire aligné avec ses désirs et convictions.
                        Comme tu synthétises le personnage d’Antonia n’est pas correct. Tu omets tout ce qu’elle vit elle car tu veux que ça « apporte quelque chose » à la lutte des militants alors que ce n’est pas ça. Sa trajectoire est à prendre telle qu’elle et comme j’ai dit elle permet d’étudier sous un prisme plus réfléchi ce qui se passe du côté du FLNC. Ils stagnent dans leurs déplacements, ils tournent en rond, ils tuent puis tuent l’un des leurs. C’est parce qu’Abtonia se déplace, écoute son doute quant à la vérité de des photos, les interroge qu’elle grandit dans l’intimité de son for intérieur. Regarde son calme face à ces agités. Regarde son tempérament à la fois active et réfléchie. Ses choix, son jeune âge. Et cette voix off de l’homme qui l’aime qui la raconte avec reconnaissance.
                        C’est comme si tu avais mal pris le personnage d’Antonia. Comme si tu avais attendu d’elle ce qu’elle ne donnait pas. Et pas vu ce qu’elle donnait.

                      • #68737 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Très juste Tony sur le personnage de prêtre qui rappelle Pialat.
                        Et sur le discours du prof. C’est bien vu, effectivement Antonia qui vient d’avorter lui dit revenant de son anesthésie toi tu n’aurais pas applaudi.

                      • #68740 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        « La seule radicalité qui vaille,pour lui,est celle qui protège la vie,les idées nationalistes sont mortifères et aucun être humain ne doit être assassiné pour des raisons symboliques. »
                        Oui. C’est dit ainsi, simplement, par l’ancien militant devenu prof d’histoire-géo. Et ça discute avec le cheminement qu’Abtonia qui elle a senti tout de suite ce mensonge des idées.

                      • #68748 Répondre
                        Tony
                        Invité

                        D’ailleurs la scène du parloir où elle lui annonce sa rupture est vraiment très belle,une belle déclaration d’amour,elle le quitte parce qu’elle ne veut pas qu’il renonce à quoi que ce soit pour elle,si ça c’est pas de l’amour!

                      • #68759 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Y a t il une dimension chrétienne dans le personnage d’Antonia ? Sa bonté, sa cruauté du fait qu’elle ne transige pas avec ses choix, son amour apaisé pour tous ceux qu’elle a croisés, son rôle de passante calme à travers conflits politiques, amitiés et faits divers, son regard.
                        Me fait qu’elle soit narrée post-mortem par Simon donne en tout cas une dimension de destin a son vécu. Lui qui a su la voir. Lui qui l’aimait. Qui sait / peut la raconter.

                      • #68775 Répondre
                        Tony
                        Invité

                        En tout cas elle a un rapport presque mystique avec la photographie,mais j’attends les éclairages de la GO pour bien comprendre de quoi il s’agit,son voyage au kosovo est intéressant aussi sans que l’on sache vraiment ce que cela a pu produire en elle, à ce moment là on est toujours à distance sans jamais être en mesure de percer son opacité, c’est très mystérieux.

                      • #68780 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Simon dit ce qu’il s’est passé en elle là bas. Et on la voit détruire ses photos car elle réalise que la supercherie politique y est aussi. C’est fort qu’Antonia parte, se brouille avec ses parents épreuve le terrain puis décidé de détruire ses négatifs et revienne sans honte, sans ne devoir rien à personne là où d’autres se seraient justifié, ou auraient dit aux parents vous aviez raison hors ce n’est pas le cas, elle vit pour elle. Elle semble avoir gagné de la distance et du calme.
                        C’est pourquoi mystique je ne dirais pas ça
                        Elle recherche la simplicité des photos de son enfance chargée de la mort des êtres photographiés donc de mélancolie. Mais elle n’hésite pas lorsqu’il faut abandonner le rapport de quête de vérité à la photo. Pour ne faire que de la photo pour particuliers.
                        Simon dit que toutes ses photos que ce soit celles de ses amis ou du journal avaient l’emprunte de ce quelque chose de particulier qu’elle y avait mis. Pourtant elle son rapport à la photo, ce qu’elle y met comme intentions et désirs ‘a cessé d’évoluer. Et ça ne se voit pas au final. Par contre quelque chose de pas contrôlable par elle s’y distingue. Visible par les autres.

                      • #68782 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        J’ai noté que très souvent elle se tient derrière les sujets photographiés politiques qui lui tournent le dos. Et c’est nous qui observons cette scène. Comme si de Peretti relevait à son tour par sa mise en scène le caractère de mise en scène / supercherie de l’acte de photographier qui entre dans la mise en scène, le jeu, des situations politiques. En joue un rôle qui conforte le mensonge.

                      • #68783 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Il y a tout un travail de niveau de la mise en abyme que crée la mise en scène du reportage et des groupes politiques vs nous qui observons ces gens mettre en scène qui est intéressant à répertorier.

                      • #68785 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Son rapport à la photo N’a cessé d’évoluer.

                      • #68786 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Elle les détruit comme pour marquer son refus de participer à ses jeux de rôles meurtriers perdus d’avance pour les civils. Et les faibles politiques.

                      • #68787 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Elle a compris que ces photos faisaient le jeu de ces gens.

                      • #68753 Répondre
                        Charles
                        Invité

                        Non, je ne vois pas qu’elle apporte quoi que ce soit à la lutte, bien au contraire. J’ai simplement l’impression que Peretti est bien plus intéressé par les mecs, la lutte, qu’il a essayé de faire de la place à Antonia mais qu’il n’y est pas arrivé. Aucune des scènes où on la voit au travail, s’éloigner de cet entourage mortifère ne m’a intéressé.

                      • #68764 Répondre
                        Charles
                        Invité

                        Veux* pas qu’elle apporte

                    • #68635 Répondre
                      Kenyle
                      Invité

                      Vers le début, il y a cette scène ou la bande d’amis rentre d’une balade et déambule sur la route. Elle répète par l’image les signes de la scène du concert. Un peu de verdure pour la beauté de ce lieu, la jeunesse que grimpe un léger dénivelé, un cimetière en fond et Antonia qui tente de capturer l’instant avec son appareil photo. J’ai juste envie de retourner le voir.

                      • #68647 Répondre
                        Dune
                        Invité

                        Pareil je dois revoir. Trois mois que je digère l’avant première. Beaucoup de beauté et de vérité captée simplement (la ferveur consolidant le collectif dans le concert : simple et convaincant) mais des aspects me semblaient boiteux, notamment la voix off, dont de Peretti confiait qu’elle était l’objet de débat jusqu’à la fin du montage (sa présence et son incarnation par tel ou tel personnage).

                      • #68717 Répondre
                        Kenyle
                        Invité

                        « la ferveur consolidant le collectif dans le concert »
                        Tu fais bien de parler de collectif car j’ai dit qu’il y avait des cris de joie mais en réalité il y a aussi des cris qui ressemblent à de la martialité.
                        « notamment la voix off, dont de Peretti confiait qu’elle était l’objet de débat jusqu’à la fin du montage (sa présence et son incarnation par tel ou tel personnage). »
                        Est ce que tu sais ce qu’il a justifié à cela ? je suis curieux de le savoir.
                        D’ailleurs est ce que quelqu’un à lu le roman ? Est ce qu’il le recommande ?

                      • #68790 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Le roman est intéressant, comme tout ce qu’écrit Ferrari
                        IL est intéressant de le lire pour percevoir quelques opérations du film, mais le film se regarde très bien sans. Se regarde même sans doute mieux.

    • #68605 Répondre
      tristan
      Invité

      « Un nouveau genre s’invente, à ajouter à la somme des genres cinématograhiques : le film français sans Raphael Quenard. »

      On aimerait qu’un nouveau genre s’inventât, à ajouter à la somme des genres cinématograhiques : le film français créolisé sans Kad Merad.

      • #68609 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Ce créolisé négatif sonne savoureusement années 30
        Il est strictement de la même famille humorale et lexicale que le très fréquent « enjuivé » de ces temps là.

        • #68615 Répondre
          Emile Novis
          Invité

          De même que l’expression « islamo-gauchisme », et l’usage qui en est fait aujourd’hui, est de la même famille que l’expression « judéo-bolchévisme » des années 30. Cette expression, cantonnée aux groupuscules d’extrême droite pendant un temps, est devenue courante jusqu’à la macronie, et des journalistes peuvent désormais l’employer de manière très décomplexée. L’idée étant toujours la même : faire de la gauche et du communisme un agent de l’étranger, un ennemi de l’intérieur à abattre., C’est absolument vital pour la droite, qui veut séduire les classes populaires sans satisfaire les aspirations sociales de celles-ci – il leur faut donc disqualifier la gauche qui pourrait parler à ces aspirations sociales. Je crois que les gens qui utilisent ces expressions, souvent, ne se rendent pas compte de ce qu’ils disent et de la filiation politique dans laquelle ils s’inscrivent… Il sont les véhicules d’une idéologie dont ils ne soupçonnent pas la violence.
          .
          Il y aurait en effet beaucoup à dire sur ces parallèles lexicaux entre ces deux époques. On trouverait une famille d’expressions troublantes.

          • #68621 Répondre
            Charles
            Invité

            Je suis d’accord avec cette analyse du terme islamo-gauchisme, qu’on a beaucoup lue à gauche. Mais alors, circulez il n’y a rien à voir? Il n’y rien d’autre à dire, aucune auto-critique à faire?

            • #68624 Répondre
              françois bégaudeau
              Invité

              je ne comprends pas, Charles. Une critique de quoi?

              • #68634 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                Du rapport de la gauche avec l’islamisme.

                • #68638 Répondre
                  Dune
                  Invité

                  Et du rapport des bolcheviks au judaïsme ? Bien sûr qu’il ne faut pas circuler si l’autocritique sur ces sujets, malheureusement déconsidérés par des raccourcis réactionnaires, s’imposent à toi comme importants.

                  Ps : le rapport différencié et fluctuant des gauches en France aux musulmans (ou désignés tels) serait peut être un sujet intéressant. Mais ton terme est calibré pour autre chose qu’une analyse. Et c’est un fil cinéma – pour le coup c’est peut être le bon fil.

                  • #68641 Répondre
                    françois bégaudeau
                    Invité

                    J suis d’accord : il y a un sujet. Disons qu’il y aurait quelques points CLAIRS à énoncer.
                    Cependant que la logique partisane et les ambitions professionnelles afférentes (sièges, mandats) ont tout intérêt, elles, à entretenir la confusion, à faire durer le flou.
                    Ainsi nous pourrions commencer par redire que nous refusons et exécrons tout projet politique d’une religion. Nous l’éxecrons dans l’Eglise, nous l’exécrons dans l’islam, de même que nous exécrons les visées impériales de l’évangélisme protestant.
                    Ensuite nous rappellerons que, par exemple, le Hamas porte une idéologie fasciste.
                    Ce sera un bon début.

                    • #68644 Répondre
                      Charles
                      Invité

                      Ainsi nous pourrions commencer par redire que nous refusons et exécrons tout projet politique d’une religion. Nous l’éxecrons dans l’Eglise, nous l’exécrons dans l’islam, de même que nous exécrons les visées impériales de l’évangélisme protestant.
                      Ensuite nous rappellerons que, par exemple, le Hamas porte une idéologie fasciste.
                      Ce sera un bon début.

                      Voilà. Pas comme Butler, pas comme Andreas Malm. Pas comme une partie du NPA.

                      • #68646 Répondre
                        Charles
                        Invité

                        Merde, je me suis emmêlé les pinceaux dans les balises de citation.

                    • #68670 Répondre
                      Emile Novis
                      Invité

                      @FB et Charles
                      Si, sur cette question, l’autocritique de la gauche signifie cela, je suis parfaitement d’accord avec vous deux.

                  • #68642 Répondre
                    Charles
                    Invité

                    Mon terme?
                    On peut faire semblant de ne pas comprendre ou de dire tout et son contraire comme tu le fais dans ton message, c’est commode.

                    • #68643 Répondre
                      Charles
                      Invité

                      Message précédent adressé à Dune.

          • #68623 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            Et de jour en jour le bloc se formait, se consolidait, se solidifiait.
            Barnier et Bardella formaient un gouvernement, cependant que dans des hopitaux psychiatriques on croisait des insoumis hagards répétant qu’ils avaient gagné l’élection

            • #68636 Répondre
              lamartine
              Invité

              tellement juste !

              • #68640 Répondre
                cornemuse
                Invité

                tout les insoumis ne sont pas a ce point naif, parlez de coup de force c’est avant tout une stratégie politique ( et électoral pour 2027) pour faire d’autant plus détester macron (quitte a mentir) et surtout essayer de décrédibiliser le discours du rn qui essaye de se montrer comme une forme d’opposition a macron

                • #68645 Répondre
                  françois bégaudeau
                  Invité

                  Pas une stratégie politique, une stratégie électorale. C’est à dire un calcul de carrière(s) et de croissance de la boite.
                  Cette stratégie reposant, comme toute manoeuvre électorale, sur un mensonge ou un mensonge à soi – au titre de quoi je la refuse. Je méprise toute politique qui ne prend pas pour base la clairvoyance et la clarté
                  Les insoumis sont, depuis deux mois, méprisables.

                  • #68648 Répondre
                    cornemuse
                    Invité

                    je ne dis pas le contraire, mais affirmer qu’ils croient réellement a leurs victoire est faux. (contrairement a leurs électorats qui semblent pour certains y croire)

                  • #68649 Répondre
                    lamartine
                    Invité

                    Ruffin fait peut-être parti des plus grands carriéristes.

                    • #68653 Répondre
                      cornemuse
                      Invité

                      manès nadel est pas loin derrière

                    • #68654 Répondre
                      françois bégaudeau
                      Invité

                      Je ne me lancerai pas avec toi dans une distribution de points entre Ruffin et les insoumis.
                      Les comptables ce sont eux, pas moi. Les fabricants de sièges ce sont eux.
                      Et si le mensonge des insoumis n’est pas un mensonge à soi mais un mensonge, eh bien ca en fait des bonimenteurs et non des imbéciles. Des marchands. Je ne sais pas si c’est beaucoup plus reluisant que la bêtise.

                      • #68655 Répondre
                        lamartine
                        Invité

                        il ne s’agit pas de distribuer des points. Mais on peut tout de même critiquer Ruffin aka Gérard Majax

                      • #68664 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Oui, on peut. D’ailleurs ca se fait beaucoup
                        ON peut aussi ne pas
                        On peut NE PAS accorder la moindre attention à toute cette merde.

                      • #68668 Répondre
                        Charles
                        Invité

                        On se souvient en tout cas avec émotion de ceux qui sous prétexte de front républicain prétendaient en juillet que le bloc bourgeois n’existait pas, que les alliances objectives avec l’extrême-droite étaient une vue de l’esprit.

                      • #68669 Répondre
                        lamartine
                        Invité

                        Je te rejoins entièrement

                  • #68672 Répondre
                    Pujol
                    Invité

                    Francois, pourquoi dis tu que les insoumis sont méprisables ? Depuis 2 mois?

                    • #68673 Répondre
                      essaisfragiles
                      Invité

                      Derrière le jeux et les pratiques électoralistes, les logiques partisanes, chez les Insoumis comme chez les autres, qu’est-ce qui fait changer les pratiques, la vie et la pensée des gens ? En quoi les Insoumis sont-ils utiles ?
                      Juste à exister comme parti, à se reproduire, à se développer, à grandir comme parti. La lutte est ailleurs.

                      • #68681 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        Je ne serais pas si brutal. @essaisfragiles Disons que le problème dont on parle est justement un problème parce que les insoumis sont aussi une fraction importante des lutteurs, une chambre d’écho de la lutte. Je trouve logique qu’ils revendiquent un morceau du pouvoir au vu des élections, mais c’est en effet une pure réaction d’appareil, et le zèle forcé qu’ils mettent à le proclamer me fait un peu de peine (car oui, l’évidence est que la France est à droite, très à droite, et pas à gauche, certainement pas)

                      • #68683 Répondre
                        lamartine
                        Invité

                        Depuis 2 mois?
                        Depuis les élections.

                      • #68687 Répondre
                        Emile Novis
                        Invité

                        @ I.G.Y
                        Mais je trouve quand même LFI d’une naïveté confondante, ou d’une duplicité très douteuse (tout dépend de leur degré de conscience dans cette affaire). Croire que se désister au profit de Macron dans un « front républicain » absurde pourrait leur donner la moindre parcelle de pouvoir en retour, c’est ne rien comprendre à la question de savoir qui est vraiment Macron et la bourgeoisie désormais incarnée par Macron. L’ennemi de Macron, c’est la gauche et uniquement la gauche critique du capital. Ce point est absolument non-négociable pour lui. Avec tout le reste, Macron s’autorise à négocier et à faire ce qu’il veut, d’autant plus qu’il se tape royalement des résultats d’un scrutin. Il n’était pas compliqué de voir, depuis des années, les courroies de transmission entre macronistes et RN.
                        .
                        Soit les insoumis sont complètement paumés et ne comprennent rien à l’adversaire qu’ils ont en face d’eux, soit ils font du cinéma et ils deviennent franchement épuisants à mes yeux. Dans les deux cas, je crois qu’il y a un gros problème : un parti politique, quel qu’il soit, rend sourd et aveugle.

                      • #68688 Répondre
                        cornemuse
                        Invité

                        tout ce que fait la fi maintenant est en prévision de 2027

                      • #68689 Répondre
                        Emile Novis
                        Invité

                        @cornemuse
                        Oui, et c’est bien le problème : une guerre de position électorale dans laquelle la réalité sociale et politique du moment ne compte pas.

                      • #68690 Répondre
                        lamartine
                        Invité

                        Si on prend le cas de Ruffin, le mec nous bassine depuis des années à parler pour la pauvre femme de ménage en portant un maillot de foot
                        A-t’il changé ? Si vite ? Je ne crois pas. Tout était déjà en place.
                        A mes yeux ces gens LÀ n’ont aucun de crédit.

                      • #68691 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        « Croire que se désister au profit de Macron dans un « front républicain » absurde pourrait leur donner la moindre parcelle de pouvoir en retour… »
                        .
                        @ Emile Novis
                        Je crois que ce n’était pas leur intention. Leur posture, du coup, était plus moraliste qu’électoraliste. Il ne faut pas confondre cette logique avec celle qui a conduit les députés RN à ne pas voter pour leurs candidats lors des élections au bureau de l’AN : là, c’est une pratique électoraliste.
                        Mais c’était aussi leur intention. Je veux dire à plus long terme. Sachant qu’ils n’avaient aucune chance d’arriver au pouvoir en 2024, ils préparent 2027, laisseront élire une assemblée nationale RN si d’aventure il y avait de nouvelles élections législatives en 2025, pour avoir les coudées franches en 2027. Tout cela paraît calculé. Rien ne rélève uniquement de la simple répulsion morale.

                      • #68693 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        @Emile naïveté sans doute (notamment de certains militants qui ont la « tête dans le guidon », probablement, ce que je peux comprendre). Mais c’est encore une fois une conséquence ni plus ni moins de l’être-parti de la FI, je ne suis pas sûr que le vocable « naïveté » ou « duplicité » soit le premier à devoir s’appliquer ici. C’est l’institution qui cherche à persévérer dans son être : voir un groupement politique vainqueur d’une élection et ne pas tenter d’obtenir une part du pouvoir serait presque absurde.

                        S’il peut y avoir faute politique, naïveté etc…, c’est plutôt dans le zèle et l’emphase qu’ils y mettent. Ce que tu appelles cinéma. Et cela, oui, est un peu triste.

                        Je n’ai pas non plus l’intention d’y passer 15 ans, comme vous. Avoir le ressenti interne de militants pourrait être intéressant, sans quoi le reste des discussions risquerait de sombrer dans les pures conjectures, avec la fiabilité d’un le bulletin météo à 40 jours.

                      • #68730 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Je crois qu’hélas les militants ne sont pas en état d’avoir quelque recul que ce soit.
                        Les troupes sont mobilisées pour relayer sur les réseaux (c’est leur terrain) les éléments de langage des chefs.
                        Troupes du reste tout à fait promptes, j’en ai de nombreux témoignages, à harceler en bande quiconque aura dérogé à la ligne, ou se sera aiguillé autrement, ou aura déjeuné avec le frère du voisin du plombier de Clémentine Autain.

                      • #68735 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        C’est un genre de témoignage qui m’intéresserait aussi. J’aimerais croire que ce genre de comportement n’est pas le fait de la majorité des militants du mouvement. J’aimerais le croire mais en soi, je n’en ai pas la moindre idée…

                      • #68791 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        On ose espérer que la majorité des militants n’est pas si harceleuse
                        Mais je suis certain que la majorité des militants passe l’essentiel de sa vie militante sur Internet, à sauter à la gorge de n’importe quel commentaire de forum qui ne convient pas.
                        Triste vie, tristes sires.

                      • #68792 Répondre
                        cornemuse
                        Invité

                        Cela me fait penser aux commentaires sur Twitter après le décès d’un gendarme, que Jean Monnaie avait évoqué dans un autre fil de discussion. Les militants qui se livrent à du cyberharcèlement sont sans doute également très jeunes.

    • #68704 Répondre
      De Roller
      Invité

      Bonjour, j’ai vu passé sur les autres pages que certains ici ont pu mettre la main sur A Los ojos de Franco, c’est le seul film du cinéaste qu’il me manque, si vous l’avez gardé dans un coin de votre pc je suis preneur, s’il vous plait
      guillaumeandre.petit@icloud.com

    • #68742 Répondre
      Delphine
      Invité

      @Carpentier et d’autres sitistes qui auraient vu le film indien « Girls will be girls ». L’action est un peu lente. Elle s’accélère un peu, avec un micro-suspense, vers la fin, quand Mira, l’adolescente, est poursuivie par des élèves garçons, dans son école, parce qu’ils veulent se venger, la tenant responsable de leur exclusion. On se demande ce qu’il va lui arriver. L’originalité du scénario du film repose sur l’ambiguïté de la mère, qui se montre inquisitrice dans la relation amoureuse de sa fille avec un adolescent. Elle prétexte la surveiller, parce que l’important, c’est les études, elle ne doit pas se laisser distraire. Mais elle est trop proche du petit ami de sa fille, le petit ami rentrant dans le jeu de la mère, ce qui crée une étrange complicité entre les deux. Quant à la fille, malgré son jeune âge, elle a du mal à supporter sa mère, qui intervient trop dans sa vie. Mère et fille ne se rapprochent qu’à la toute dernière scène du film, alors que la fille s’est montrée distante pendant la majorité du film. Le film est également intéressant du point de vue du fonctionnement de l’école, où les filles sont bridées : longueur des jupes imposée, relations avec les garçons étroitement surveillées (une autre époque pour nos sociétés).

      • #68795 Répondre
        Carpentier
        Invité

        Bonjour Delphine,
        Tu as fait vite pour le voir, dis donc 👍
        J’ai pensé à t’en parler au vu de la discussion que nous avions à propos de la relation fils/mère dans Le lien
        Au moins, dans ce Girls will be girls, ça crie peu.
        Et le père? tu le mets hors jeu dans tes lignes en retour parce qu’il est le plus souvent hors champ? 🙂

        • #68796 Répondre
          Delphine
          Invité

          Bonjour Carpentier,
          Il se trouve que le film passait hier dans ma ville. Je n’avais pas entendu parler de ce film, mais le cinéma de ma ville l’a mis à l’affiche dans la catégorie « Pépite » (ce sont les « petits » films (hors blockbusters)). Effectivement, il y a moins de cris. L’action est plutôt lente. Peut-être est-ce lié au cinéma indien (beaucoup de films asiatiques sont assez calmes et lents). J’ai effectivement mis de côté le père, qui apparaît peu physiquement. Mais il a peut-être finalement un rôle plus que secondaire, ne serait-ce que financièrement (la mère ne semble pas travailler). D’ailleurs, on sent que la mère est un peu sous la coupe de son mari, même si on comprend qu’ils se sont amusés dans leur jeunesse, si on tient compte des normes sociales strictes. Le lien entre le père et la mère contribue d’ailleurs peut-être à la relation ambigue entre la mère et le petit ami de la fille. On comprend que la mère a eu des aventures de jeunesse, mais elle s’est mariée jeune et veut peut-être rattraper quelque chose.

          • #68807 Répondre
            Carpentier
            Invité

            Voilà, en effet.
            Ma question au sujet du père m’est venue en te lisant dans …. . Elle prétexte la surveiller, parce que l’important, c’est les études, elle ne doit pas se laisser distraire. / …
            Le père travaille (à l’extérieur ) paye les études de Mira/Maya (?) et cet aspect financier est une chape de plomb pour toutes les familles/élèves, comme on le dit bien dans les séquences des 3 gars qui photographient le dessous des jupes qui montent et descendent les escaliers et sont excluent temporairement (Maya, la préfète a partagé l’info.)
            La mère a donc clairement la/les responsabilités de (l’éducation au sens large de sa fillle), elle le rappelle bien quand Maya la chahute trop et tente de négocier.
            Ce film est d’une sororité concrète qui m’a cueillie, Delphine, en vrai.
            Et la scène finale d’huile onguent dans les cheveux qui montre – et ça dit tout – la compréhension/proximité soudaine des deux femmes (Maya en est une à ce moment là, pour toutes les 2 ) est, pour moi, magnifique.
            Ça m’a laissée, ça aussi, bien remuée.

            • #68808 Répondre
              Carpentier
              Invité

              * excluS

            • #68810 Répondre
              Delphine
              Invité

              Oui, la scène finale est pleine de tendresse, que l’on ne soupçonnait peut-être pas tout au long du film, où la fille semble plutôt en avoir marre de sa mère, surtout après le coup qu’elle lui a fait avec son petit ami. Par contre, le film, dans son ensemble, m’a peut-être moins touchée que toi, en partie à cause de la lenteur de l’action. Peut-être aussi qu’un film montrant une plus grande complicité entre mère et fille m’aurait plus parlé. Mais je ne regrette pas de l’avoir vu, merci pour la suggestion Carpentier. Et, accessoirement, j’ai bien aimé la maison (on est un peu dans un milieu aisé aussi, loin des bidonvilles indiens et de la misère que l’on peut voir dans certains films).

              • #68811 Répondre
                Carpentier
                Invité

                Complètement, en Inde il y a une hiérarchie sociale féroce, je ne trouve pas le noms des castes dont on entend parfois parler.
                Et tout miser sur son enfant pour maintenir un niveau de vie donne du poids aux parcours circonscrits, balisés et reproduits générations après générations.
                Le personnage d’Isri est pas inintéressant avec son apparence et sa posture douce et à l’écoute, il est un peu comme l’élément féministe qui permet la sororité.
                Quant à l’élément de bascule, dans la confiance que lui donnait volontiers Maya, la clef qu’elle dit chercher et trouver en chacune, cela colore d’un coup le personnage d’une malice genrée intriguante.
                Après cette parenthèse, j’ai vu, hier, à l’ancienne.
                On sait à peu près pourquoi on se déplace et on en a pour son ticket.
                La première séquence, panoramique et musicale (du piano) est aussi délicieuse que le reste est rigolard.

                • #68812 Répondre
                  Carpentier
                  Invité

                  clef qu’*il dit
                  je parle d’Isri mais tu te remémoreras sans doute facilement cette séquence

    • #68802 Répondre
      De Roller
      Invité

      Bonjour,
      Je me permets une nouvelle demande, quelqu’un aurait sous la main « Il faut fabriquer ses cadeaux » de Cyril Schaublin ?

      • #68821 Répondre
        Hervé Urbani
        Invité

        Je me joins à la demande.
        J’ai d’abord cru que c’était une blague, ce court-métrage dont je n’avais jamais entendu parler et qui ne figure pas dans sa filmo sur Wikipedia.
        S’il n’est pas trouvable en VOSTF, je suis preneur de Gotta Fabricate Your Own Gifts en VOSTA.

    • #68838 Répondre
      Leny
      Invité

      Salut à tous

      J’ai récemment essayé de trouver la suite de mektoub my love : canto uno –> mektoub my love- intermezzo. Je n’arrive pas à trouver le film nul part. après une recherche, j’ai vu qu’il n’y avait eu qu’une seule projection à Canne… Sans aucune sortie en salle. J’imagine que c’est le fait des scandales autour de kechiche, mais j’avou que mektoub my love est mon film préféré et j’adorerais trouver cette intermezzo. est-ce que quelqu’un a des pistes (ou carrément un lien) à me donner, ou alors le film est totalement introuvable ? merci

      • #68839 Répondre
        cornemuse
        Invité

        je crois me souvenir qu’une actrice avait demandé a kechiche de ne pas sortir le film suite a une scène très longue la concernant qui avait fait scandale, le film n’est jamais sortit tu ne peux normalement pas le voir

        • #68841 Répondre
          cornemuse
          Invité

          il avait annoncer en 2022 sortir le film sous un nouveau montage ou la scène durerait moins longtemps mais depuis aucune nouvelle

      • #68840 Répondre
        toni Erdmann
        Invité

        J’ai l’impression d’accueillir un nouveau prisonnier souhaitant planifier une évasion alors qu’aucune issue n’est envisageable.
        Le film ne sortira sûrement jamais malheureusement.
        En revanche, Canto Due est en route, et des projections ont déjà eu lieu pour des professionnels. Peut-être davantage d’espoir pour celui-ci.

      • #68845 Répondre
        Seldoon
        Invité

        Pour suivre toutes les actus, scoops et autres exclusivités de ce film : https://x.com/intermezzoooo

        • #68851 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          ne pas confondre Intermezzo, qui est donc un intermède entre Mektoub 1 et Mektoub 2, lequel est en montage et sortira peut-être un jour, mais peut-être postérieurement à l’effondrement écologique

          • #68885 Répondre
            K. comme mon Code
            Invité

            À ce stade, j’attends uniquement le documentaire sur ce tournage.

      • #68875 Répondre
        Monami
        Invité

        Leny vient ici reouvrir une blessure dont on a mis du temps à se remettre

    • #68898 Répondre
      Mathieu
      Invité

      Les amis, le lindonisme théorisé par François sera bientôt de retour, et si j’en crois le pitch de son prochain film, à un degré de puissance rarement atteint. Ça s’appelle Jouer avec le feu et ça a valu à Vinz’ le prix du meilleur acteur à Venise.
      Voyez plutôt: « Pierre élève seul ses deux fils. Louis, le cadet, réussit ses études et avance facilement dans la vie. Fus, l’aîné, part à la dérive. Fasciné par la violence et les rapports de force, il se rapproche de groupes d’extrême-droite, à l’opposé des valeurs de son père. Pierre assiste impuissant à l’emprise de ces fréquentations sur son fils. Peu à peu, l’amour cède place à l’incompréhension… »
      N’entendez-vous pas déjà les grandes scènes de sermon, les grandes leçons de morale donné à ce fils à la dérive par ce brave pater familias raisonnable, mesuré, centriste? N’avez-vous pas hâte?

      • #68905 Répondre
        Charles
        Invité

        Vu le prix d’interprétation de Lindon à Venise, je m’attends à des sommets.

        • #68908 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          On a hâte.
          Le RN devient majoritaire et le cinéma français, centrocentrique, persiste à écrire des films où l’extreme droite est une dérive, une déviance, une névrose, une crise d’ado.
          On rêve d’un film où un personnage de père d’extreme-droite sain d’esprit tacherait de sauver son fils tenté par le centrisme.

    • #68902 Répondre
      Ostros
      Invité

      Est-ce qu’avec A son image De Peretti ne fait pas un pas de côté par rapport à une vie violente ? Grâce au personnage d’Antonia qui lui permet de prendre (comme pour elle) de la distance avec les actions du groupe militant radical.
      En mettant cette fois en avant une réflexion autour de la notion de vérité en politique (et journalistique).

      • #68909 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        de vérité pas seulement en politique

        • #69328 Répondre
          Ostros
          Invité

          J’avais écrit un texte sur la vérité que le forum a absorbé. Je vais retenter.

          • #69330 Répondre
            Ostros
            Invité

            De la vérité dans l’art ? Antonia cherche à élucider le réel via ses photos, elle est toujours déçue de ce qu’elle fait. Elle cherche a reproduire la naïveté cruelle des photos de son enfance, c’est à dire le geste simple, sans contrôle. Elle n’y parvient pas selon elle. Pourtant ses photos disent quelque chose que seul Simon sait voir. Ou que chacun décèle car c’est l’apport du spectateur dans la relation à l’objet qui en fait un objet artistique.
            Tout un jeu de spectateurs / mises en scène à plusieurs niveau est mis en place pour nous donner à penser ce rapport à la vérité.
            .
            De la vérité de nos idées donc de nos affects ? On a une discussion entre les différents rapports des personnages à leurs désirs tout le long du film. Désirs qui les font agir mais pas dans le même but. Les désirs comme des vérités sur soi qui nous définissent radicalement, soumettent à leur obéir (Pascal). Les désirs ne sont pas pris comme des vérités mais des zones de flou à sonder (Antonia). Antonia écoute ses envies et besoins, elle met fin à sa relation avec Pascal, elle part, etc mais elle remet toujours en question ses idées. Certes elle est têtue mais elle ne prend pas ce qui la traverse comme une vérité sur elle-même. Elle est sûre qu’elle doit partir sans savoir pourquoi. Elle cherche quelque chose sans que ce quelque chose soit délimité, circonscrit. Ses désirs sont une source de doute et alors c’est le doute (sur ce qu’elle voit, sur ce qui l’agit) qui participe à la faire agir. Agir consiste souvent chez elle en des déplacements géographiques, dans un autre pays ou dans l’espace d’un lieu clos avec son appareil photo.
            Antonia par son rapport à ses affects, se doute qui la fait agir, chercher, désirer, se tient sans la vie comme une artiste. Elle aurait été une super écrivaine
            .
            Plus je pense à Antonia plus je vois le Kamel des deux premiers films de RAZ. Ce personnage passant qui traverse et observe diverses situations avec le même calme. Ça confirme mon intuition première d’un aspect christique d’Antonia. Elle a quelque chose du saint. Elle passe.

            • #69348 Répondre
              Tony
              Invité

              Beau personnage en effet,ce qui est frappant aussi c’est cette sorte de force intérieure qu’elle a,par exemple elle ne craint pas d’être ostracisée après avoir rompu avec son amoureux alors qu’il est en prison,de même elle ne renonce pas à son projet de départ au kosovo malgré les pleurs de ses parents,elle ne se laisse pas enfumer non plus par le patron du journal,elle est entreprenante avec Simon,elle n’hésite pas non plus à avorter,en fait,comme le dirait Lacan,elle ne cède jamais rien sur son désir.

              • #69354 Répondre
                Ostros
                Invité

                Oui, c’est un personnage déterminé et doux. J’adore son calme devant le coup de gueule de la copine, puis le même calme devant ses excuses plus tard.

            • #69349 Répondre
              stephanie
              Invité

              une question me hante depuis la lecture de Ferrari et le film , comment interpréter son geste (elle ferme les yeux) avant le grand saut?

              • #69353 Répondre
                Ostros
                Invité

                Pour moi elle s’endort au volant.
                Pour moi le mystère se situe dans : qu’a-t-elle fait toute cette nuit-là ?
                Elle est censée assister à un mariage, ou à un événement pré mariage, qu’elle annule. Pour des raisons professionnelles. Elle se lève tôt le lendemain. Pourtant on la voit sortir d’un hôtel avec un cocktail à la main, eméchée comme si elle n’avait pas dormi de la nuit. Avec qui était elle ? Était ce la chambre où elle s’est écroulée après avoir appelé sa mère pour annuler sa venue à l’événement.
                Dans la rue le matin suivant, ou celui d’avant elle salue un homme en uniforme.
                Toute cette période reste très obscure. On saisit juste qu’elle travaille beaucoup, est très fatiguée. Elle s’endort dans l’aube qui point.

                • #69357 Répondre
                  K. comme mon Code
                  Invité

                  Lu/vu cette première scène comme une marque de son détachement/indépendance.

                • #69360 Répondre
                  stephanie
                  Invité

                  oui, ou elle s’essaie avec la mort, comme le jeu des enfants, je ferme les yeux et pourquoi pas. La mort rode tout au long du film, du livre comme quelque chose d’inévitable , du quotidien.
                  J’ai bien envie de revoir le film,. merci Ostros pour l’éclairage 🙂 .

                  • #69483 Répondre
                    Ostros
                    Invité

                    Moi aussi nos conversations me donnent envie de m’y rebaigner.

                • #69368 Répondre
                  Kenyle
                  Invité

                  Le film nous montre très bien tous les déterminismes affectifs d’antonia car on y reste longement (le groupe d’amis de son enfance, sa famille, la corse durant cette période bien précise de la monté du nationalisme, sa passion : la photographie qu’elle questionnera une bonne partie du film).
                  Le souvenir que j’ai : ouverture du film : Durant cette scène on la voit longuement discuter au téléphone pour dire qu’elle ne viendra pas. Puis lente fermeture du rideau puis noir total. (comme si elle venait de couper les ponts avec ses affections que j’ai mentionné juste avant)
                  Puis elle fait des photos de marié…….. Le mariage : une mise en scène de l’amour. Mise en scène qu’elle critiquera plus un peu plus tôt dans le film. Comme si à ce stade là elle avait abandonné sa recherche. Car elle a comprit la limitation du domaine de la photographie : elle a un angle de vu très précis et elle fige.
                  Puis on la voit diner en tête à tête avec l’homme en uniforme dont tu parles ostros. J’ai cru reconnaitre un soldat quelle a croisé en yougoslavie. Ce qui nous interroge sur l’attirance d’antonia pour ces hommes avec qui elle semble pourtant en désaccord idéologique (affect pur ?).
                  Puis elle rentre de soirée un peu ivre, se cognant contre la porte. Elle semble heureuse puis s’assoie sur la banquette et son aspect change.
                  Puis mort en voiture.
                  J’y voit un suicide. Comme si elle sa détachait de tout (d’ailleurs elle quitte la route, le plan est magnifique car le dénivelé nous offre une vue sur la mer). Le dernier plan qu’on voit d’elle a un coté mystique avec ce soleil rasant si proche de son visage.

                  • #69482 Répondre
                    Ostros
                    Invité

                    Intéressant ces points d’interprétation sur où elle serait arrivée dans sa relation à la photographie. Et concernant ce mec qui serait le dernier à l’avoir vue vivante.
                    Peut-être que le livre donne ces infos, faudrait fouiner.

                    • #69495 Répondre
                      Kenyle
                      Invité

                      Je crois que, durant la séquence de yougoslavie, la voix off dit qu’elle voit un homme le soir. (me souviens plus du nom). Mais c’est surement le mec qu’elle prend en photo de dos et qui est dans la voiture avec antonia et l’autre journaliste.
                      L’accident est probable aussi. Car on la voit fermer les yeux longuement dans sa voiture dans la séquence avant sa mort du début du film.
                      Dans sa sorti de route je crois qu’elle garde son axe droit et avant le grand saut elle dévie un poil, très leger.
                      Mais lors du dialogue en classe, les enfants demandent à Cimon s’il a perdu des proches lui aussi. Cut avant la réponse. Plan suivant : Cimon est seul et il regarde par la fenêtre. Et je crois qu’après on voit Antonia en voiture qui roule mais qui n’a pas l’air fatigué. (je suis plus trop sur de l’enchainement).

                      • #69496 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        C’est marrant mais une interprétation immédiate m’est venue quant à cet homme en uniforme (qu’elle semble connaître effectivement), en rapport au fait que leur entrevue se sittue juste avant le possible suicide. A-t-elle tout déballé à un proche qui travaille dans la gendarmerie ? Se suicide-t-elle après avoir révélé des détails sur l’organisation ? Je ne sais pas si cette hypothèse tient car je n’ai plus en mémoire la fin du film avant le « rebouclage » temporel où l’on retourne à la voiture d’Antonia.

                        D’autre part, il me semble tout de même qu’elle annule un déjeuner important avec sa mère pour déjeuner avec ce type, ça n’est pas anodin (je crois me souvenir qu’il s’agit bien d’un déjeuner avec sa mère, pas d’un dîner. Or le mariage où elle photographie est le soir, donc il ne me semble pas qu’elle annule un repas avec sa mère à cause du mariage). Mais il faudrait revoir, car les jours passent et les enchaînements scénaristiques se floutent.

                        Tout ça pour dire que c’est l’hypothèse du quasi suicide ou suicide qui tenait la corde pour moi, mais je ne sais pas.

                      • #69497 Répondre
                        Kenyle
                        Invité

                        Ah intéressent mais il me semble que l’uniforme du gars est vert. Est ce que la gendarmerie avait un uniforme vert en corse à l’époque ? De mon vivants j’ai toujours eu le souvenir de voir les gendarmes en bleu. En général le vert c’est plus l’armée de terre.
                        Je crois que c’est l’acteur des misérables : Alexis Manenti, qu’on voit à Belgrade et au diner.
                        Je sais plus ce qu’elle dit exactement dans le dialogue avec sa mère durant l’ouverture du film. Me souviens juste qu’elle dit ne pourra pas venir car elle doit voir quelqu’un et la mère l’engueule car elle avait tout préparé ext ext

                      • #69500 Répondre
                        Juliette B
                        Invité

                        Elle ment à sa mère en prétextant une séance photo pour justifier sa défection. Elle a rendez-vous avec Dragan, amant clandestin.
                        Elle apparaît cernée par la guerre que se font les hommes (qu’elle aime). Elle est épuisée.
                        J’aime beaucoup la rudesse froide de la scène de guerre, ces soldats qu’elle photographie de loin dans le camp pendant qu’ils parlent en fumant une clope. Photo volée et pas volée à la fois, ils ne l’envoient pas chier, la tolèrent mais à distance. Puis le groupe de journalistes est exfiltré et l’on entend les balles au loin en se disant – en tout cas moi je me le suis dit – que c’était peut-être l’exécution sommaire des personnes arrêtées arrivées peu auparavant, qui semblaient des civils.

                      • #69502 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        Effectivement, d’après une recherche Google il semble que le livre tranche la question. Mon hypothèse tombe.

                      • #69503 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        -le type avec qui elle a rv est un serbe entretemps engagé dans la légion étrangère. personnage assez développé dans le livre, pas du tout dans le film (et c’est tant mieux parce que dans le livre, qui cumule trop de sujets, ce personnage est un peu raté)
                        -A. ment et ne ment pas à sa mère : elle a vraiment des photos de mariage à faire
                        -si le livre ouvre la possibilité qu’A se soit suicidé, le film ferme cette possibilité en soulignant bien qu’elle s’est bourrée la gueule la veille et n’a pas dormi, et donc s’assoupit au volant.

                      • #69506 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        Ce que j’appelais « quasi suicide », c’est cette ambigüité/zone grise entre « je suis fatigué parce que bourrée » et « au fond j’en ai assez de vivre ». Deux fatigues qui s’additionnent.

                        Il me semble tout de même que le film laisse planer là dessus une forme de doute. Du moins c’est l’impression que j’ai. L’ambiance générale du film et du détachement d’Antonia le suggère. Un détachement de la vie.

                      • #69572 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        disons alors que je préfère l’hypothèse du non-suicide

                      • #69577 Répondre
                        K. comme mon Code
                        Invité

                        Oui. Il y a des limites à l’interprétation, assez d’éléments s’accordent sur l’accident. Et il n’y a pas de fatigue de vivre qui se dégage des scènes précédentes ; ça, c’est plus subjectif, mais c’est la douceur triviale de ces séquences qui m’émeut.

            • #69352 Répondre
              Ostros
              Invité

              Elle se tient Dans la vie comme une artiste*

    • #69258 Répondre
      Cyril
      Invité

      Je me fais l’intégrale Soderbergh et je prends mon pied mais Ocean’s eleven, son plus connu, je l’ai trouvé vraiment pas terrible, trop de concessions au mainstream, le rôle de Julia Roberts, tellement régressif après Erin Brockovich. La seule idée que j’ai trouvé maligne c’est de ne pas nous dévoiler entièrement le plan du casse, ce qui fait que ce qu’on juge d’abord comme des imprévus se révèlent en fait des parties du plan (la crise cardiaque simulée du vieux).
      Et vous, vous le sauvez ce film ?

      • #69264 Répondre
        Seldoon
        Invité

        « La seule idée que j’ai trouvé maligne c’est de ne pas nous dévoiler entièrement le plan du casse, ce qui fait que ce qu’on juge d’abord comme des imprévus se révèlent en fait des parties du plan »
        C’est le modèle de la vieille série mission impossible. Donc pas non plus révolutionnaire. Mais c’est un modèle qui agace les consultants en scénario, et ça c’est toujours amusant.

        • #69272 Répondre
          MA
          Invité

          Je viens de voir la première partie de Che. Qu’en pensez-vous? Est-ce que la deuxième partie est dans la même veine?

          • #69499 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            Dans la même veine oui.
            Il faut voir les deux. Cette affaire est vraiment pensée comme un diptyque, au sens le plus fort, le plus pictural presque.

            • #69754 Répondre
              MA
              Invité

              Merci, je vais donc le regarder.

    • #69268 Répondre
      adamou
      Invité

      Bonjour à tous, j’avais découvert ce grand documentaire qu’est Roubaix, commissariat central, affaires courantes en début d’année au ciné-club de François et je me rends compte en essayant de le revoir que le film est tout bonnement introuvable en ligne. A tout hasard, est-ce qu’un sitiste aurait réussi à mettre la main dessus?

      • #69317 Répondre
        Cyril
        Invité

        Oui ça se trouve en torrent, sur Yggtorrent par exemple. Mais le site semble fermé aux nouveaux visiteurs. Je peux essayer de te le transférer si tu ne trouves pas d’alternative.

        • #69324 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          Je crois que le réal préfère que ce film ne tourne plus, par égard pour ses deux personnages principales

          • #69333 Répondre
            Zyrma
            Invité

            Je profite de cette question pour indiquer une rencontre avec Mosco Boucault le 6 décembre à 19h puis une projection à 21h de son film Des “terroristes” à la retraite, premier long métrage qu’il réalise après ses études à l’IDHEC au Centre Pompidou.

            https://agenda.bpi.fr/evenement/rencontre-avec-mosco-levi-boucault/

            ou alors les Wampas à Montreuil

            choix difficile

            • #69338 Répondre
              essaisfragiles
              Invité

              Tu parles du Centre Pompidou. Certains, certaines parisiennes ont déjà prévu d’aller voir des films de Wiseman ? Est-ce que c’est un événement à Paris ou est-ce que c’est relativement inaperçu ?

              • #69347 Répondre
                Zyrma
                Invité

                Je ne sais pas si c’est un événement à Paris mais à la séance d’ouverture il y avait énormément de reals de documentaires (certains qui vont présenter des séances, des ateliers Varan, etc.). Je crois que mes collègues en particulier Arnaud Hee (qui est passé à Microciné et France culture si je me trompe pas) est heureux d’avoir programmé ces films avant la fermeture (douloureuse)

                • #69373 Répondre
                  essaisfragiles
                  Invité

                  @ Zyrma
                  Merci pour les informations. Une séance composée de beaucoup de réalisateurs de docu, ça ne me dit rien de bon. Wiseman devrait être vu par tout le monde. Mais sans doute y avait-il aussi d’autres spectateurs dans la salle…
                  Il y avait un petit article dans le Le Monde du jour. Et évidemment, du fond de mon existence provinciale non-connectée (aucun réseau social), j’ignorais cette rétrospective Wiseman.
                  Tu parles de fermeture douloureuse de Beaubourg. Tu peux nous en dire plus ? Qu’est-ce qui passe mal ou s’est mal passé ?

                  • #69392 Répondre
                    Zyrma
                    Invité

                    c’était la séance d’ouverture de saison, complète et suivie d’un verre, je ne suis pas encore allée à d’autres séances mais je crois que hier soir c’était complet également.
                    le centre va fermer 6 ans pour être rénové, la Bpi est relogée dans un bâtiment très différent (forcément, mais qui héberge services du ministère de l’intérieur et école de commerce quoi) à Bercy villages pendant tout ce temps (pas de salles de projection), elle sera plus petite, toute la programmation de la Cinémathèque du documentaire à la Bpi sera « hors les murs » chez des partenaires notamment le Forum des images et le Centre Wallonie Bruxelles. Le temps du déménagement (6 mois), la Bpi sera fermée au public. Je ne sais pas trop comment c’est vécu du côté musée (après des mouvements de grève à Noël), mais pour nous la charge de travail depuis plusieurs mois a augmenté, il y a eu un turn over important, avec des chefs de service qui assurent parfois un intérim de collègue, il y a énormément de tensions. Il n’y a plus de médecin de prévention, etc. Et beaucoup d’incertitude et d’inquiétude sur l’organisation du travail dans le nouveau lieu. surtout en constatant celle des derniers mois.

            • #69342 Répondre
              adamou
              Invité

              Merci pour l’info!

          • #69343 Répondre
            adamou
            Invité

            Ah ok je pensais que c’était juste une histoire de mauvaise distribution. Merci quand même Cyril pour la proposition mais je vais donc les laisser tranquilles

    • #69359 Répondre
      I.G.Y
      Invité

      Je reprends ici la discussion sur le De Peretti, histoire de repartir de la gauche — je parle d’alignement html.

      J’ai des points d’accord à la fois avec Charles et avec Ostros. En préambule, j’ajouterais que ce film s’ajoute à la longue liste de ceux dont la bande annonce est un saccage. Du genre à susciter chez beaucoup le fameux ah-encore-un-film-français-chiant, aucun doute. Et paradoxalement il me semble que cette bande annonce dit quelque chose du film. De certains aspects du film.
      .
      Car s’il ‘y a bien un point qui m’a sauté aux yeux et aux oreilles, c’est que sa puissance opère dès qu’il n’y a pas de dialogues. Charles a pointé la chose, et c’est peu dire que je l’ai ressentie dans mon siège : la majeure partie des scènes où un vrai dialogue s’installe me semblent faiblardes, si ce n’est pire. J’en sauve notamment deux très bonnes — portées par l’acteur ? — où apparaît le père d’Antonia : je veux parler de la scène dans la cuisine où il fait les cent pas, et la scène où il engueule le fils dans la chambre. Écrivant cela, fait immédiatement retour mon sentiment sur la bande annonce. Car qu’y trouve-t-on? 90% de dialogues… qui pour moi sont le point faible du film, dans lequel on en trouve pourtant… assez peu : toute bande annonce est un saccage, mais ce film là s’en retrouve donc particulièrement saccagé.
      .
      Comment faire la jonction avec ce que j’ai vu de fort? Paradoxalement, cette voix-off qui m’a posé problème au début apparaît assez utile au film pour lui permettre de se déployer. Elle nous épargne de nombreux … dialogues explicatifs, qui à coup sûr l’auraient définitivement ruiné — ou bien il aurait fallu plonger radicalement du côté du Melville façon Samouraï, plonger dans le silence. Elle permet aussi au spectateur de suivre la narration et à De Peretti d’exploiter ce qu’il sait faire de mieux : le cadrage, la composition de plans (et son éternel pano), le montage, surtout le montage. Il m’a semblé que le film usait particulièrement bien des ellipses, et donc était brillamment monté — sur ces points je rejoins donc Ostros. Ceci est d’autant plus facilité par la voix-off. J’ai été très convaincu par tout cela, un vrai cinéaste de De Peretti, décidément.

      Je note aussi, ça n’a pas été mentionné je crois, une excellente gestion du son (musiques, sons d’ambiance). J’ai retrouvé notamment dans la scène où Pascal et consorts vont sortir les deux « colons » de leur maison ce genre de sons que Lynch-Badalamenti apprécient tant, ces sons caverneux tirant vers le grave et qui, dans leur faiblesse relative et leur indistinction, font bien mieux monter la sauce que 80% des musiques-à-suspense. Très beaux moments de chants religieux aussi. Et cætera.
      .
      Bref, un film qui m’a beaucoup intéressé. Si j’avais à trouver de l’inspiration pour en réaliser un — ce qui n’arrivera pas —, il serait dans la liste des « à revisionner ». Mais sur un plan affectif, je dois bien avouer ne pas pouvoir le placer dans les grands films : il manque pour moi soit de l’humour, soit un peu plus d’action, soit les deux (et il y a le problème des dialogues). Dans le genre « film récent un peu taiseux traitant de banditisme et dont l’histoire générale est pas hyper fendard », le Gang des Bois du Temple m’a paru bien au-dessus. Mais être en dessous d’un grand film, après tout… pas si grave.

      • #69361 Répondre
        I.G.Y
        Invité

        Une des plus belles scènes : ce magnifique plan séquence d’Antonia nageant, sortant de l’eau, avec la voix-off décrivant la mort atroce de Pascal. Ah quand même, c’est beau…

        Et @Charles pas tant choqué par la scène avec les élèves, pour le coup : dans le sens où c’est une situation très intimidante pour des jeunes comme ça. Je me mets à leur place et à leur âge, y’a pas de quoi papillonner dans une situation pareille.

        • #69366 Répondre
          Tony
          Invité

          Test

          • #69369 Répondre
            Tony
            Invité

            Je me demande si au sujet des dialogues il ne s’agit pas justement pour De Peretti de les minimiser pour éviter une redondance avec la voix off et créér une expérience qui serait davantage sensorielle,on est comme immergé dans une matière sonore, c’est très fort,je ne comprends pas bien les reproches qu’on peut lui faire, c’est assurément un des plus beaux films de ces dernières années.

            • #69371 Répondre
              I.G.Y
              Invité

              Je ne lui fais sûrement pas le reproche de les minimiser. Vu la manière dont sont écrits ou joués une bonne partie de ceux qui subsistent (je parle vraiment des conversation, ce qui exclut par exemple la belle scène dans le lit d’hôpital), il aurait même pu en enlever encore plus.

      • #69370 Répondre
        Kenyle
        Invité

        « Du genre à susciter chez beaucoup le fameux ah-encore-un-film-français-chiant, aucun doute. Et paradoxalement il me semble que cette bande annonce dit quelque chose du film. De certains aspects du film. »
        Je crois que ce que je regrette c’est la quantité trop grande de sermon dans le film qui ont tendance à me gêner de manière général. Mais c’est peut être ce que recherchait le réalisateur. Je me dis aussi que dans de telles circonstances, les gens se disent peut être ce dire ce genre de chose.
        « Car s’il ‘y a bien un point qui m’a sauté aux yeux et aux oreilles, c’est que sa puissance opère dès qu’il n’y a pas de dialogues. »
        Je suis bien d’accord avec ça et perrety est tres fort pour nous évoquer ou nous dire les choses par d’autres voies que le dialogues.
        Dans la séquence ou le groupe d’amis rentre d’une balade et antonia qui prend en photo, la gestuelle des corps est magnifique. Notamment un petit mouvement d’hésitation d’antonia.
        « Très beaux moments de chants religieux aussi. »
        Juste cette scène, Antonia qui rentre dans une église, contemple simplement sa beauté, les gestes d’un prêtre face à une icone avec les chants religieux en fond puis elle brule un cierge. On en saura pas plus, on peut juste se dire qu’elle a aimé cet instant c’est tout et je crois qu’elle prend des photos. J’ai adoré.
        « la bande annonce est un saccage. »
        oui

        • #69372 Répondre
          I.G.Y
          Invité

          « Notamment un petit mouvement d’hésitation d’antonia ».

          Vu aussi. Absolument d’accord

          • #69377 Répondre
            Ostros
            Invité

            Les critiques faites au film le sont sur la base soit d’attente de ressemblance avec un autre film du réal.
            Soit de la bande annonce.
            Au fait les sitistes qui n’ont pas aimé voulaient voir un film de banditisme et encore une fois n’ont pas vu le film.
            Les dialogues sont justes, je vois pas ce qui peut les faire passer pour plats.
            C’est ce que se disent ces jeunes à ces moments de leur vie. Ce qui les traverse au quotidien. Les dialogues de hommes et des femmes sont intéressants car ceux des hommes ne concernent pas les actions en cours (planification d’attaques etc) les rares fois où ils parlent c’est pour se dire que leur ami a raison de quitter l’organisation, sinon on arrive soit après le rdv, soit la musique couvre les mots, soit ils partent.
            On a plutôt plus les dialogues des femmes sur comment elle vivent d’être femme de militants, les confrontations d’Antonia à ses collègues et parents.
            Il se peut qu’on ait peu de dialogues sur les faits politiques car Antonia est détachée de ses choses là. Car sa quête est ailleurs.
            Le réal lui n’a pas mis cette organisation au coeur de son film, on gravite autour, on la chope par bouts. Même les extraits de journal tv sont comme lointains, comme répétitifs. On regarde passer cette violence avec recul. Cette manière de nous montrer tout ce qui concerne les actions politiques avec ce détachement (il faut aussi parler de l’humour. Par exemple, quand le père dit qu’en quelques heures il savait que son fils était à la réunion pour la photo).
            La voix off marque elle aussi ce détachement. Raconter c’est rendre palpable le futur antérieur. Lorsque la voix off raconte avec cette distance douce qu’Antonia a reconnu dans le hangar ses amis, il n’y a pas de dramatisation. Ca dit C’est ainsi que ça s’est passé et antonia le prend ainsi. Elle découvre et ne fait pas état de ce qu’elle découvre, elle l’accepte. Elle n’y rentre pas émotionnellement. Elle ne se dispute jamais avec personne. Son rapport à tout ça n’est pas viscéral.
            On peut lire ce détachement comme de la lassitude vis à vis de ces événements.
            La scène dans l’école vient coupé ce rythme par l’arrivée du présent.

            • #69378 Répondre
              Ostros
              Invité

              Si lassitude elle serait plus du côté de de Peretti.

              • #69380 Répondre
                Ostros
                Invité

                Et oui le travail sonore magnifique.
                La parcimonie dans les sons d’ambiance (chants d’oiseaux, présences des voitures etc)
                Et les chants qui prennent tout de suite, qui eux sont gorgés d’affects forts, de tristesse, de prières.
                Quand j’ai écrit « encore une fois », plus haut cest parce que cest moi qui me répète dans ce que j’avais dit à Charles encore plus haut.

                • #69382 Répondre
                  Ostros
                  Invité

                  Ou alors peut être qu’Antonia est épuisée car malgré son détachement apparent, elle a été / est touchée par tout ce qui s est passé pour elle et ses amis. Que tout ceci, tous ces morts la travaillent et qu’étant affectée elle se perd.

                  • #69389 Répondre
                    Charles
                    Invité

                    Tu n’as pas compris les réticences de certains sitistes, ce qui n’est pas grave mais alors il faut arrêter d’y revenir sans cesse. Je n’attendais pas du film qu’il refasse une vie violente, bien au contraire. Je vois qu’il veut faire un autre film, sur Antonia, mais que c’est autre film ne tient pas parce qu’il n’arrive pas à construire des scènes intéressantes autour de ce personnage et à lui donner une épaisseur (toutes les scènes où on la voit au travail, sauf peut-être la scène où elle photographie son amoureux, très symptomatique) et décident de revenir à ce qu’il avait déjà fait, à savoir filmer la lutte armée et ses apories. Il voulait filmer le contre-champ et se retrouve à refilmer le champ mais avec de moins bons acteurs (charisme inexistant de son amoureux) et des dialogues plus ampoulés voire embarrassants (notamment quand les meufs se rebellent, on est très loin de la scène incroyable des mères d’une vie violente) pour finir par expliquer que la lutte armée n’est pas une solution, ce qu’on avait déjà un peu compris. Après je sauve pas mal de scènes, celle avec les parents, où on retrouve un certain humour, celles entre les meufs en voiture, celle du concert. Éventuellement les premières apparitions du prêtre, avec les réticences évoquées que la crédibilité de Peretti (quand il s’assoit pour prier les mains jointes devant le corps…).

                    • #69397 Répondre
                      I.G.Y
                      Invité

                      Mes critiques ne se « basent » sûrement pas sur la bande annonce, je l’ai indiqué (cf. mon « écrivant cela… »). La bande annonce ne fait que retour comme symptôme d’un fort ressenti en séance.

                      Et oui Charles parmi les scènes dialoguées, en plus de celles avec les parents, celle de la voiture.

                      • #69403 Répondre
                        I.G.Y
                        Invité

                        C’est mettant à l’écrit mes réticences sur les dialogues que j’ai eu l’idée de revisionner la B.A et que je me suis dit « ah mais si bien sûr ». Elle fait symptôme de ce que je trouve faible et, par la négative, par ce qu’elle dissimule, on peut encore mieux apprécier là où le film est fort. Mais là je me répète.

                      • #69447 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Oui I.G.Y, mais commencer un commentaire sur un film en parlant de sa bande annonce et en ouvrant sur ce qui serait un symptôme des films français, c’est pas la meilleure manière selon moi, pour ce film là. C’est comme si je commençais à faire un retour sur l’essai de François en parlant de toute la com naze de la maison d’édition et de l’extrait zoomé qu’ils ont mis en ligne. C’est pour ça que ça me fait réagir. Le film ne mérite pas qu’on en parle pas, comme ça.

                      • #69450 Répondre
                        I.G.Y.
                        Invité

                        Il me semble que c’est le contraire. Pour une raison que j’ai dite dans mon texte : le film n’est pas simplement saccagé par la bande annonce comme l’est presque tout film, et a fortiori beaucoup de bons films. Il est extraordinairement saccagé, et ce extraordinairement peut faire office « d’entrée critique », pour utiliser un vocabulaire pompeux. Une pure manière de l’introduire, un angle d’introduction, puisque ça m’a frappé.

                        Autre exemple de film évidemment saccagé par sa bande annonce : Memory. Or je n’ai pas ressenti un écart aussi immense dans le cas de Memory, pas un écart digne d’intérêt et d’élucidation pour ma part (d’ailleurs je n’avais même pas songé comparer Memory à sa bande annonce). La raison étant sans doute que je trouve les scènes de dialogues et de conversations dans Memory… bien meilleures.

                        Le seul autre exemple où le mot « bande annonce » m’est venu, et c’était même en séance : Oppenheimer. Il m’a semblé (à mon grand regret) que la première partie du film était presque tournée comme une bande annonce. Ce n’est pas un compliment (et c’est donc l’inverse de A Son Image, qui est tout sauf tourné comme une bande annonce)

                      • #69451 Répondre
                        I.G.Y.
                        Invité

                        Par ailleurs je n’ai sûrement pas dit que la bande annonce du De Peretti « serait un symptôme des films français » (supposés chiants). Heureusement que non puisque si je l’avais dit, autant me fusiller tout de suite sans aucune pitié.
                        .
                        J’ai dit que cette bande annonce, que je trouve très mauvaise, était de nature à immanquablement susciter chez de nombreux spectateurs cette antienne du « film français chiant » (dont j’ai dit dans un autre post il y a quelques jours ce que j’en pensais, et on devinera assez largement ce que j’en pense), qui est largement un préjugé, et un préjugé particulièrement vivace. Cette bande annonce produit donc l’inverse de l’effet escompté, qui est de séduire un public large, dont potentiellement moultes personnes peu friandes de film d’auteur français et dont les préjugés archi classiques sur ce cinéma ressemblent à ceux que j’ai dits.

                        C’est à mon avis très raté, et c’est dommage pour la visibilité du film.

                      • #69452 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Il y a tellement à dire sur le film. Et je ne vois pas bien ce que peut apporter un développement sur sa bande annonce.
                        C’est pourquoi je trouvais que, en enlevant le paragraphe sur ce sujet annexe, la critique même du film était mince.

                      • #69455 Répondre
                        I.G.Y.
                        Invité

                        Il y a seulement 2*3=6 lignes sur la bande annonce. Dont 3 qui font partie de l’introduction. J’ai fait exprès de ne pas développer. Ça n’est qu’après que j’ai dû développer, il m’avait semblé que 2*3 lignes suffisaient (dans lesquelles sont condensées les 40 écrites ensuite, qui n’ont possiblement aucun intérêt, puisqu’elles sont contenues dans les 2*3 lignes originelles).

                        Je ne souhaitais pas écrire une critique de plus de 25-30 lignes, que personne n’aurait lue de toute manière. J’en ai en l’occurrence fait 24

                      • #69459 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Moi je l’aurais lue. Ça m’aide à creuser mon point de vue en plus.

                    • #69446 Répondre
                      Ostros
                      Invité

                      Je te remercie Charles d’avoir développé un peu plus ton avis sur le film, en exprimant les éléments que tu as appréciés.
                      J’ai bien lu tes réticences postées plus haut, mais c’est vrai que comme chaque fois que tu en parles tu mentionnes dans la foulée une comparaison avec une vie violente, je me dis « dis donc, il a été hanté par ce film durant toute la projection de l’autre ».
                      Regarde, peut-être sans t’en rendre compte, après avoir affirmé dans ton dernier post que tu n’attendais pas du film qu’il refasse une vie violente, tu places plus loin, entre parenthèses « quand les meufs se rebellent, on est très loin de la scène incroyable des mères d’une vie violente ». C’est parce que je lis encore ces petites références, bien que tu développes d’autres choses autour de cette référence, que je me dis que le film n’a pas été vu pour lui-même mais selon un autre. Mais j’ai compris tes points.

                      • #69458 Répondre
                        Tony
                        Invité

                        C’est vrai qu’on a pas l’impression d’avoir vu le même film que certains, j’ai tellement été captivé que lorsque le film s’est terminé je n’en revenais pas que ce soit déjà fini,si je repense un peu à l’expérience que j’ai vécu durant la projection je crois que là où c’est très fort c’est qu’on travaille sans arrêt en voyant le film,on s’interroge sans cesse sur ce qu’on est en train de voir, et on n’arrive jamais à anticiper sur ce qui va suivre, c’est très rare de vivre un truc pareil au cinéma,aujourd’hui,tant les films sont formatés, j’ai presque déjà envie de le revoir!
                        Je suis pressé d’entendre la GO pour élucider tout ça,je sens que ça va être une GO légendaire !

                      • #69460 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        J’étais en train d’écrire que François et son comparse allaient élucider ces points là, notamment les dialogues que certains trouvent faibles.
                        J’ai été très émue a divers moments d’une grande simplicité. Étonnée aussi par certains choix et comme tu dis toujours à être dans une réflexion avec le film.
                        J’aimerais mieux comprendre ces reproches faites au film de manquer d’incarnation, d’action ou d’humour.
                        Sur la base d’erreurs d’analyse que j’ai pu faire pour certains films, je ressens dans ces critiques des attentes de spectateurs qui auraient dues être tues pour pouvoir pleinement prendre le film tel qu’il est, se laisser emmener par lui. C’est ce qui se passe quand je reproche à un film d’être ceci au lieu de prendre ce « ceci » comme un élément volontaire de sa composition, qui doit être vu sans jugement.
                        Et si ce n’est pas ça la raison, je suis curieuse de la connaître. Si les sitistes qui n’ont pas aimé les dialogues peuvent développer au-delà de c’est plat.

                      • #69465 Répondre
                        I.G.Y.
                        Invité

                        Je veux bien essayer développer même si, sur un sujet pareil, le faire sans avoir le film presque sous les yeux ou à disposition est difficile. J’ai heureusement été d’une redoutable efficacité au travail aujourd’hui, seule chose qui me permet d’écrire autant tout en passant sous les radars…
                        .
                        Je le redis : j’ai tout à fait été ému par le film, et notamment par ses moments les plus simples. Exemple : sur son lit d’hôpital, Antonia n’échange qu’une parole avec son compagnon : « Tu n’aurais pas applaudi ». Ça n’est qu’une parole, pas une conversation. Et cette scène est d’une simplicité magnifique.

                        Lorsque des conversations s’installaient, j’ai assez régulièrement constaté en moi le besoin qu’elles cessent. J’ai comme Charles ressenti que la conversation entre les deux curés était sur-écrite et manquait de naturel. La mini-embrouille après l’arrivée de la bande armée autour du cercueil, pareil. La conversation de groupe à flanc de montagne (lorsqu’un membre annonce qu’il va quitter la lutte et fonder sa famille) m’apparaît assez artificielle dans son écriture et son jeu, la conversation manque de naturel, c’est sur-écrit et sous-joué. Il faudrait prendre phrase par phrase, je n’ai pas le film sous les yeux. Et je pourrais allonger la liste. Dans la capacité à montrer et faire interagir des personnages détruits, affaiblis, atteints, Memory faisait preuve de bien plus de naturel, alors même qu’il était de mémoire très dialogué (cette notion de naturel étant subjective, je suis malheureusement bien obligé de convoquer des exemples de comparaison pour me faire comprendre).

                        Je comprends la volonté de dédramatiser, d’é-nerver le film (j’ai écouté l’itw de De Peretti sur Microciné ce midi, il en parle) afin de placer le spectateur dans un état de stase, de méditation. Il me semble simplement que cette volonté est allée trop loin dans les scènes de dialogue. A choisir, j’aurais quasiment préféré qu’il radicalise ses options, jusqu’au bout, avec une quasi disparition des dialogues (j’ai parlé du Samouraï dans mon texte en guise de clin d’œil). La place à la méditation en eut été grandie. Et l’on se serait définitivement élevés à la manière de ces divins chants religieux.
                        .
                        La justesse de ce film est maximale là où la conversation est minimale, voilà mon résumé : et puisque le film en contient peu, je le trouve dans l’ensemble assez juste. Exemple : tout le début du film jusqu’à l’Église est un modèle du genre (je sauve même l’appel téléphonique d’Antonia avec sa mère, qui précède la très belle idée du volet électrique).

                        La manière dont il revient à Antonia dans sa voiture à la fin, la manière dont le son s’amenuise puis s’éteint, la manière dont il cut, c’est superbe. Et cætera.
                        .
                        Je pourrais aussi regretter quelques aspects étrangement non développés, mais c’est peut être volontaire dans le livre lui-même. Exemple : comment imaginer que la relation d’Antonia avec Simon passe aussi inaperçue dans le groupe et en particulier pour Pascal? Bon, après tout, on peut s’en foutre, et je m’en fous assez largement. Mais on peut le noter.

                      • #69481 Répondre
                        Ostros
                        Invité

                        Merci I.G.Y !
                        J’y vois plus clair dans ton appréhension du film. Cest intéressant, je vais y réfléchir voir si ces dialogues qui sonnent comme trop écrits comme celui entre les deux hommes d’église ne rentrerait pas dans le jeu du vrai dans le faux distiller partout par de Peretti réalisateur (avec son autre pendant le faux dans le vrai. C’est mail dit, ce serait plutôt la vérité dans l’artificialité, le mensonge du réel… Je tourne autour sans réussir à choper la bonne manière de dire). Et si tous les acteurs étaient des pros, et sui pourrait donner ce jeu particulier. Antonia on sait que non, premier film. De Peretti, pas trop acteur que je sache. Pascal oui je crois. Mais les autres ?
                        A cogiter.

                      • #69992 Répondre
                        Guéguette
                        Invité

                        Ba, c’est des phrases simples de gens simples qui se retrouvent dans des situations un peu extraordinaires. Ça sonne très réaliste pour moi.

    • #69385 Répondre
      Pujol
      Invité

      Antonia se cherche aussi lorsqu’elle photographie Pascal. J’ai trouvé cette scène magnifique et osée, pas un mot et le morceau des Beru. entièrement diffusé ( je crois?). La douceur de ces gestes , la lumière tout est beau , une déclaration d’amour silencieuse au travail .

      • #69387 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        J’aime beaucoup cette scène aussi.

        • #69395 Répondre
          Seldoon
          Invité

          J’aime bien cette scène mais je la trouve symptomatique du niveau global des scènes d’À son image, y compris ces jolies scènes complètement a-narratives dont le film regorge : très vite on voit ce que la scène va être, et finalement dans son déroulé elle n’apportera pas grand chose de plus que ce que le spectateur avait imaginé. Dans le cas de cette scène en particulier, ça n’aide pas que pas une fois dans tout le film on croit vraiment qu’Antonia prend une photo. Mais c’est vrai aussi de scènes sans photos, comme la bande de pote qui chante à la fête du village : le cadre est sympa, mais ça manque d’intensité, de surprise, d’incarnation, de petits détails du réel (du présent dirait De Peretti) qui font que ces scènes là sont captivantes dans les précédents. Je pense que le film, très ample, avec tous ces décors et personnages, s’étalant sur des années, a manqué du temps de préparation nécessaire à la méthode De Peretti.

          • #69457 Répondre
            K. comme mon Code
            Invité

            Très belle scène un peu ratée. Très beau film un peu raté. (D’ailleurs, en sortant de la séance, je me suis retrouvé à côté des acteurs du film, dont celui qui joue le frère d’Antonia qui disait n’avoir pas encore été payé. Et j’ai lu une interview de De Peretti où s’exprimait sa frustration de désirer des films de cette ampleur.)

            • #69490 Répondre
              Arbre frère
              Invité

              Au contraire la scène du concert m’a passionné : c’est un moment déjà-souvenir, comme on en vit parfois. La bande de copains dans sa belle jeunesse, entassés dans la foule, l’allégresse d’être ensemble, de l’alcool, celle de chanter à l’unisson, celle de s’entendre répondre ASSASSINU ! quand on hurle un Statu francese. Enfin : les coups de feu, l’absence de réaction aux coups de feu, la connivence silencieuse de ne pas réagir aux coups de feu.

              C’est une scène de joie. Joie primordiale. « C’est la meilleure soirée de ma vie » dira l’un d’entre eux. In vino veritas ? Dernier moment de vérité avant d’aller jouer aux adultes.

              Beaucoup aimé aussi la scène avec le morceau des Beru. En fait à plusieurs reprises dans le film, Antonia prend en photo ses amis, les hommes notamment, et on peut voir cette subtile modification de la posture de celui qui se sait être photographié, qui continue de discuter/jouer/cuisiner, en tâchant le plus possible de ne pas avoir l’air de le savoir. Le résultat c’est du réel – 1, ce vrai-faux qui remplit nos albums photos et les livres d’histoire.
              Je ne crois pas que le geste de De Peretti soit de déplorer ce constat. C’est précisément cet élan, lui sincère et émouvant, cette tentative vaine de faire rentrer la vie dans les images, qui l’intéresse et qu’il nous offre précieusement. Plus-value du cinéma.

              Beaucoup aimé la scène avec le morceau des Beru. Elle est bizarre cette scène. À quoi avons nous affaire ? Une séance photo improvisée ? Un Pascal trop absorbé dans un échange crucial pour remarquer qu’on le photographie ? Un homme épris de sa propre importance qui pose ? On ne tranchera pas. La conversation téléphonique se poursuit, Antonia repositionne le bras de son modèle qui se laisse faire. C’est une danse qui s’invente à mesure. Ça vous rappelle quelque chose ?
              Et cette chanson ! Le sens et la puissance se déploient à travers la simple énumération de peuples en lutte – évidemment que ces jeunes on voulu en être – jusqu’au final Rantanplan. Plus-value du punk

    • #69580 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Je recommande le documentaire de Mati Diop, Dahomey, à propos de la restitution au Bénin des oeuvres d’art pillées par la France. Court – 1h – mais original et évocateur. On y retrouve les réflexions décoloniales de Verges sauf qu’ici elles sont portées pour partie par des étudiants béninois lors d’un débat public sur la portée et le sens de cette restitution – on parle de 26 oeuvres sur plus de 7000. Les étudiants ne sont pas d’accord entre eux, certains trouvent que cette restitution a minima est une insulte, d’autres que c’est un début et enfin certains remettent en question le statut d’oeuvres d’art de ces objets cultuels et la notion occidentale de musée. J’ai été content de voir cette question vivement discutée dans toute sa complexité par les principaux intéressés et non par des intellectuels en France. C’est le cœur du film, ce qui est le plus fort, même si j’aime aussi cette incarnation originale d’une des œuvres par une voix d’outre-tombe en off, très originale et qui fait écho à certains propos des étudiants (notamment concernant le vaudou). Petite réserve, je trouve que Diop abuse des légers ralentis, quand elle filme la rue béninoise, ce qui appuie un peu trop le propos.

      • #69589 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Je comptais bien le voir

        • #69914 Répondre
          Claude
          Invité

          Vu également, mais je ne serais pas aussi élogieux concernant cette séquence où les étudiants viennent, en quelque sorte, apposer sur le film toute la réflexion sous-jacente liée au rapatriement des œuvres (Mati Diop préfère ce terme à « restitution »). Certes, la discussion est riche et apporte de nombreux angles de réflexion sur les enjeux contemporains concernant le rapport des peuples colonisés à une histoire et à des œuvres qui leur ont été arrachées. Cependant, je m’interroge sur la nécessité de rendre cette réflexion aussi explicite.

          C’est un choix clair de la réalisatrice de donner la parole à ces jeunes universitaires, car c’est elle qui a organisé la table ronde et en a été la metteuse en scène sur place. Pourtant, je trouve que cette deuxième partie manque de profondeur par rapport à la première, qui parvient à capturer des moments du réel où le colonialisme imprègne encore les relations entre individus. Par exemple, la scène de la montée des statues sous les ordres de l’homme blanc est suffisamment éloquente sans qu’il soit nécessaire d’insister avec des mots.

          J’ai eu la chance de voir le film en présence de Mati Diop, qui qualifie son œuvre de « manifeste politique ». Pourtant, je trouve que sa réflexion a du mal à dépasser une approche très institutionnelle des œuvres d’art, y compris en ce qui concerne la question de leur rapatriement. Le fait que la seule réflexion des Béninois dans le film émane de personnes travaillant au sein d’institutions comme les musées ou les universités m’interroge.

          • #69918 Répondre
            Charles
            Invité

            Je trouve ces échanges intéressants car ils sont riches, passionnés voire conflictuels et qu’ils viennent des Béninois et pas d’intellectuels occidentaux. Même s’il s’agit d’étudiants, ils ne s’expriment pas dans une langue d’universitaire, jargonnante et figée. C’est un débat très vivant et j’aime quand le cinéma arrive à saisir une pensée, une réflexion en mouvement.

      • #69881 Répondre
        Dr Xavier
        Invité

        Merci Charles, je compte bien le voir aussi alors (je suis content de lire ton message parce que j’avais vu la bande annonce et ça m’avait pas du tout donné envie, oui sais bien qu’il ne faut pas préjuger d’un film à partir de sa bande annonce mais celle-ci me paraît vraiment ratée).

    • #69717 Répondre
      Cyril
      Invité

      Un Microciné sur les Marvel est annoncé avec François en décembre.
      J’imagine qu’il ne portera sur les 1,5 milliard de films Marvel qui nous abreuvent depuis l’invention du cinématographe, alors… lesquels faudra-t-il voir pour apprécier au mieux ce moment ?

      • #69720 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        On donnera la liste bientot

        • #69921 Répondre
          Louise
          Invité

          De même, j’ai le souvenir d’un entretien prévu avec Rayon décalé sur le thème du handicap au cinéma. Si jamais l’entretien est maintenu, je veux bien connaître la liste de films qui y seront évoqués. Merci !

          • #69931 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            On enregistre le 23
            Parmi les films : Hors normes, Freaks, Un truc en plus, La Famille Bélier, Memory of sounds, The greatest show, The lamb, Arguments, Yves, L’énergie positive des dieux.
            Et d’autres.

            • #70167 Répondre
              Mathieu
              Invité

              Très bonne idée d’émission, merci François, merci Peggy! S’il vous plait n’hésitez pas à revenir sur une fâcheuse tendance du cinéma français mainstream à faire des personnages d’handicapés des grands bourgeois pour effacer leur handicap face au monde social (Tout le monde debout, Intouchables, Un homme à la hauteur et d’autres que j’oublie…) voire à les faire évoluer en vase-clos, comme récemment le très nul Un p’tit truc en plus, et donc encore une fois à ne pas les éprouver face au monde social.
              On en arrive alors à ce paradoxe de faire des films sur le handicap sans le handicap. Le handicap comme signe uniquement, comme on a déjà pu le dire ici à propos du féminisme.
              Avec en outre une très énervante propension à l’infantilisation.
              Me tarde d’écouter ça!

              • #70169 Répondre
                PeggySlam
                Invité

                Tu en as déjà beaucoup trop dit sur notre discussion car c’est exactement de tout ça qu’on va parler. Parce que oui faut cesser de faire l’hypocrisie à notre égard. Va falloir juste que je gère mes émotions car dans ce genre de réaction débat je peux vite partir en cacahuètes comme j’aime bien dire. Mais sinon tu as tout compris dans ce que nous allons parler dans ce débat. Merci à tous pour votre regard à l’émission. J’ai aussi tellement hâte.

                • #70258 Répondre
                  adamou
                  Invité

                  Hâte aussi de vous écouter là dessus. J’ai découvert l’énergie positive des dieux récemment et ai trouvé le docu passionnant, plaisir de voir un groupe au travail et que le handicap produise une œuvre artistique (leur musique) singulière et puissante. Le film n’est pas non plus dans l’hyper enthousiasme toujours un peu suspect comme on le retrouve dans un ptit truc en plus. Il est juste, comme un bon docu (notamment en montrant que les différents membres du groupe n’ont pas les mêmes capacités, et que parfois bah c’est pas bon).

                  • #70274 Répondre
                    PeggySlam
                    Invité

                    François me l’a fait découvrir et il est sur la liste. Beaucoup à dire surtout que j’ai fais de la scène également

                  • #70276 Répondre
                    Carpentier
                    Invité

                    C’est effectivement intéressant ce.s dire.s sur/avec le handicap.
                    Ça me rappelle parfois le truc du bon gros rigolo >< la grosse sympa
                    – on a eu Carlos, impresario (Vartan) et chanteur (Big bisous) qui, dans mon enfance, clichetonnait bien ça.
                    La grosse, plusieurs stand-uppeuses et comiques l’ont incarné (Zouk) et l’incarnent aujourd’hui.
                    Côté ciné, quand je lis ici les difficultés récurrentes à financer certains films, imaginer un.e réal. démarcher pour un film avec des assos par exemple, où les ‘ à côté des normes ‘ seraient mal- aimables refuseraient/réagiraient vivement dès qu’une institution ou des dits-valides se préoccuperaient d’eux, c’est pas 6 mais 10/15 ans que ça pourrait prendre, non?
                    Dans la vraie vie, on vit avec ces situations – et le film d’Artus m’avait surtout renvoyée à une super meuf de mon entourage pro – enseignante référente d’une douzaine d’enfants accueillis en primaire dans une classe d’unité d’intégration (sigle Ulis ) et en ça, un p’tit truc en plus m’avait, dès ses débuts en salle, emmenée.
                    Ce qui ne m’empêche pas de partager vos courts échanges à propos du handicap au ciné, ici.

                    • #70278 Répondre
                      PeggySlam
                      Invité

                      Carpentier je comprends ce que tu dis et te rejoins pas mal. Moi même je n’ai pas réussi à financier un film documentaire sur le slam de poésie. Alors que pourtant j’ai toujours les rush et il y a des choses belles choses à montrer mais je n’ai ni le matériel ni le talent pour le faire seule. Faire un film c’est un vrai métier et je m’en aperçois aujourd’hui.

                      Après ce que nous dirons sur ce genre de film c’est surtout la manière dont le scénario est mené. Et ça y a à dire. Ça aurait pu être une belle idée de certains films s’ils n’étaient pas aussi mal écrit et surtout de montrer à chaque fois que l’humain doit se servir de la misère de l’autre pour se sentir vivant voir meilleur finalement. C’est ce qui me répugne dans ce genre de discours et j’avais oublié à quel point Le Huitième Jour était aussi dans la même lignée. Mais on va parler de tout ça calmement car je sais que c’est le genre de débat qui peut vite se retourner contre moi/nous. et parce que ce qui m’embête le plus et de ça aussi j’en parlerai c’est ce que ce sont des gens anti valides qui critiquent ces films alors que moi je ne le suis pas. Et ça c’est quelque chose que je dirai.

                      • #70282 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        le 8e jour, oui, aussi, Peggyslam,
                        c’est la précédente communauté-sitiste de FB qui m’avait amenée à le voir.
                        Et ‘ cours, Forest, cours’ ? la réplique devenue culte qu’on peut parfois entendre employer ‘ pour rire ‘ de qqn.e ou charrier son comportement.
                        Pas assez du restant de vie pour penser et dire à propos mais précieux et complétement approprié de s’y astreindre [ sans parler des élans de vivre ensemble devant ‘ nos ‘ para-athlètes ]

                  • #70281 Répondre
                    Carpentier
                    Invité

                    Techniquement, le scénario d’Artus – au début du moins – met le groupe des personnes handicapées qui partent en séjour de vacances, en colo, en lieu et place d’une situation que traversent/rencontrent ses deux persos en cavale (les 2 braqueurs, père&fils).
                    Les handicapé.es (personnes en situation de handicaps, oui, oui, je sais) y sont objectivé.es, des objets quasi, pour ainsi dire.
                    Il pourraient se cacher dans un magasin ) figurants-clients) dans une gare (figurants-voyageurs ) et là, c’est dans un groupe d’handicapé.es (ou d’Handi comme disent d’autres cools) qui est dans un bus.
                    Est-ce une familiarité physique ou un simple concours de circonstances? Peut-être plutôt le fait que, jusque là, le père braqueur voit son fils comme un zozo, un teubé et qu’il pense qu’en lui ajoutant un bob, son air con se fondra dans le groupe (ce père est un connard, avec des beaux gloups de clichés à l’ancienne, benh oui, on sait)
                    Cliché faciès que le personnage embarqué à Ibiza peinera et n’essaie même pas, je crois, de contrebalancer.
                    Sauf que, relativement vite dans le montage (à moins d’1/3 du film? ) le perso joué par Artus se fait ramener à son réel et qu’il aurait intérêt à arrêter de prendre le groupe pour des idiots, des zozos, des teubés car si leur planque perdure c’est parc’que le groupe – ou au moins 2 dans le groupe – le veut bien.
                    Bon, après, la réconciliation/reconnaissance/transmission père/fils, prétexte financier xxl, c’est un autre pavé – peu intéressant, sauf quand, en effet, on l’analyse, là encore, avec un oeil critique notamment comme vaseline à fric pour que le film existe.
                    Je ne sais rien de l’idée (de départ?) d’Artus, en revanche, celle d’adapter au cinéma les vignettes de son perso d’Handi (oui, je suis cool) qu’il publie/publiait sur Instagram, je crois. depuis quelque temps.
                    – Pour les autres films cités ce matin, à partir desquels le rayon décalé dira, j’ai vu Intouchables (on s’en doute et on sait) et Freaks.
                    Le.s traitement.s des handicaps au ciné m’aimantent, il est vrai, moins que le.s jeu.x des acteurs au travail.
                    Entendre dire et analyser pour penser m’intéresse en revanche encore un peu, si, si.

                    • #70285 Répondre
                      Carpentier
                      Invité

                      je me relis et ajoute à … le père braqueur voit son fils comme un zozo, un teubé et qu’il pense qu’en lui ajoutant un bob, son air con se fondra dans le groupe / …
                      Ce perso du père voit son fils comme un incapable, au sens littéral, c à d en totale incapacité, selon lui, de faire quoique ce soit de sa vie.
                      Un peu comme Mélanie avec moi.
                      😂

                    • #70286 Répondre
                      PeggySlam
                      Invité

                      Belle analyse Carpentier ! Personnellement j’ai arrêté la première fois le film surtout quand l’autre découpe la fleur en croix gamné et qui fait de l’humour insupportable sur Sarkozy. Pourquoi encore un politique de droite voir d’extrême droite ? Le genre de scénario qui me répugne. Tellement facile. Tout à fait juste aussi pour la faciès handicapé beaucoup trop utilisé dans certains films. Enfin y a tellement à dire. Par contre moi je suis restée sur le terme handicapé car à chaque fois que j’entends En situation du handicap je trouve ça pire. Après je suis plus trop dans des groupes de mouvements politiques donc je connais pas les dernières expressions à la mode mais ça,ça serait un autre débat. Forrest Gump j’y ai pensé mais ce film est accusé pas par mal de gens comme film révisionnistr et ça j’ai pas assez de connaissances politiques historiques de cette époque pour le confirmer.

                      • #70287 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        Forrest, oui, pardon.
                        J’objectivise le prénom du perso, benh bravo, Carpentier.
                        J’ignorais aussi à propos de révisionnisme.
                        Dans tous les cas, je tenais à te dire, avant de partir au boulot – faut encore que je me prépare- te dire que j’ai adressé une requête au comité international olympique, PS: l’entrée du slam parmi les disciplines.

                      • #70292 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Rhooo toi tu as refais ma journée ^^

                      • #70294 Répondre
                        Crpentier
                        Invité

                        du métro, station Pigalle, pour toi: 😘

                      • #70295 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        oublié un ‘ a ‘ à Carpentier en m’identifiant pour le post 😅
                        cours Carpentier, cours (but it’s bien me, te fie pas à la petite icône carrée)

                • #70272 Répondre
                  Carpentier
                  Invité

                  Bjr PS,
                  Je comprends que tu as vu le film d’Artus.
                  J’espère quand même que son visionnage n’a pas eu lieu que sous les cacahuètes.
                  Votre future émission est une bonne nouvelle.

                  • #70275 Répondre
                    PeggySlam
                    Invité

                    Merci beaucoup !

                    • #70283 Répondre
                      Carpentier
                      Invité

                      bon jeudi à toi.

                      • #70396 Répondre
                        Pout
                        Invité

                        Je tiens à ajouter un film qui n’a pas encore de date de sortie en France, probablement début 2025, qui a obtenu un prix à la semaine de la critique : SIMON DE LA MONTANA. À mon avis, voilà un film très intéressant sur la question du handicap.

            • #70263 Répondre
              Louise
              Invité

              A l’époque de la sortie de la Famille Bélier, j’ai le souvenir que les quelques Sourds que je côtoyais n’avaient pas apprécié la façon dont ils étaient dépeints dans le film. D’autant plus que c’étaient des Entendants (François Damien et Karine Viard) qui signaient (au sens de parler la langue des signes) mal qui jouaient des rôles de Sourds. Il me semble que c’était une Coda (child of a deaf adult) qui avait pourtant écrit ou participé au scénario mais le film utilisait les parents uniquement comme un ressort comique…
              A peu près à la même époque, un film bien plus intéressant et intéressé aux Sourds est sorti: J’avancerai vers toi avec les yeux d’un sourd, que je recommande donc à ceux qui voudraient voir les Sourds un peu plus sérieusement.

              La réalisatrice, Laetitia Carton, a par ailleurs fait un film documentaire autobiographique sur la maladie de Huntington dans sa famille qui m’a beaucoup émue.

              • #70264 Répondre
                Louise
                Invité

                Le docu-autobiographique sur Huntington = la Pieuvre

      • #69903 Répondre
        Alexandre
        Invité

        Une fois qu’on en a vu deux ou trois on a vu les 30, c’est ça l’avantage.

    • #69941 Répondre
      I.G.Y
      Invité

      Pour info, le dernier épisode du podcast d’E. Burdeau sur le De Peretti est sorti

    • #70152 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      L’unanimité critique autour de ma vie ma gueule et par ricochet de son œuvre est stupéfiant. Serait-il possible de partager ici l’analyse par François parue dans Transfuge du précédent, Belle et Belle, et de sa réception critique ?

      • #70154 Répondre
        Tony
        Invité

        Il est déjà sur le site,dans la rubrique cinéma bourgeois avec Mouret et Bercot.

        • #70155 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Merci!

          • #70157 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            Sophie Fillères a toujours bénéficié d’une sympathie de la part d’une presse qui lui était strictement homogène
            Il se trouve qu’en plus ce film ci est posthume
            Prions donc pour elle et laissons les autres à leur bêtise.

            • #70160 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              J’ai relu l’analyse de Belle et Belle. Grand texte.
              J’adore la GO mais les critiques de Transfuge c’était d’une dentelle inégalée. Privilège de l’écrit sans doute.
              Après le Peretti, c’est le Bouillier c’est ça?

    • #70250 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      Enfin vu Hit man de Linklater (sur Canal plus), comédie de l’année. Vif, rythmé, malin avec une alchimie de dingue entre les deux acteurs principaux, très drôle que demande le peuple ?

      • #70252 Répondre
        Mathieu
        Invité

        Salut Charles, je n’ai pas encore vu Hit Man, je compte le faire dans la semaine, mais sur Canal ce soir je viens de regarder The Instigators, petite comédie sympa avec Damon et Affleck qui a des qualités similaires. Je le conseillerai en tant que film du dimanche soir, quoi.

      • #70265 Répondre
        diegomaradona
        Invité

        « comédie de l’année »
        Il t’en faut peu

        • #70266 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Trouve-moi une meilleure comédie sortie cette année.

          • #70280 Répondre
            Eden Lazaridis
            Invité

            Trap de Shyamalan, et je ne le dis pas au second degré.

            • #70291 Répondre
              monami
              Invité

              Poor things ?

              • #70298 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                Je ne qualifierais pas exactement Poor things de comédie, plutôt de conte philosophique. Et si Hit man est moins dense, il est en revanche plus réussi.

            • #70297 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              Pas vu Trap.

              • #70364 Répondre
                Eden Lazaridis
                Invité

                Trap possède un niveau d’absurdité scénaristique digne d’un sketch des Nuls.

                • #70372 Répondre
                  PeggySlam
                  Invité

                  J’ai cru à une blague ce film ou alors Shyamalan deviendrait il un imposteur ? Hmmm oui assassinée moi ^^

                  • #70470 Répondre
                    Eden Lazaridis
                    Invité

                    En parlant de film drôle j’ai revu La Vie Aquatique hier, ce film est à se pisser dessus. Je me suis surpris à rire à gorge déployée toutes les deux minutes.
                    Wes Anderson a une grosse puissance comique.

          • #70329 Répondre
            diegomaradona
            Invité

            @charles
            « Trouve-moi une meilleure comédie sortie cette année. »
            The fall guy obtient une meilleure note sur IMDB

            • #70330 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              Merci pour le rire Diego.

              • #70331 Répondre
                diegomaradona
                Invité

                Libre à toi de mépriser et de ridiculiser ceux qui ont préféré ce film à Hit man

                • #70333 Répondre
                  Charles
                  Invité

                  Et tu as vu les deux films sinon?

                  • #70336 Répondre
                    Tony
                    Invité

                    @Diego Ce qui fait rire dans ton post c’est la note IMDb,pas étonnant venant de toi,tu y trouves peut-être un instrument de mesure fiable et objectif, l’évaluation d’un film est heureusement un peu plus compliquée.

                    • #70370 Répondre
                      diegomaradona
                      Invité

                      @tony
                       » l’évaluation d’un film est heureusement un peu plus compliquée. »
                      Pas du tout. Toute évaluation esthétique est toujours subjective et arbitraire. Il ne saurait y avoir de critère objectif. Les notes sur IMDB sont une façon ni plus ni moins légitime d’évaluer les films. Par ailleurs, ces notes ne font que traduire, pour chaque film, les ressentis de ceux qui l’ont vu et évalué, elles sont donc tout a fait valables comme critère d’évaluation. L’ affirmation de charles, en déclarant ce film meilleure comédie de l’année, est donc fausse puisque factuellement elle est au minimum contredite par ces notes.
                      Libre à toi de mépriser ces notes, mais ton mépris n’est factuellement fondé que sur ta croyance que ces notes ne sont pas pertinentes. La réalité est un peu plus complexe que les fausses idées simplistes que tu as.

                      • #70375 Répondre
                        Tony
                        Invité

                        Les notes d’imdb ne représentent que la communauté des utilisateurs d’imdb,de qui est-elle composée?de quelle nature est cette note,sur quels critères esthétiques est-elle basée?

                      • #70376 Répondre
                        diegomaradona
                        Invité

                        @tony
                        « Les notes d’imdb ne représentent que la communauté des utilisateurs d’imdb »
                        Dans ta grande rigueur intellectuelle à t’interroger sur la question de la représentativité des évaluateurs de films, on te voit moins enclin à relever que Charles ne représente que Charles. Ce qui suffit à montrer la partialité qui t’habite et l’honnêteté intellectuelle avec laquelle tu mènes cette discussion.

                      • #70416 Répondre
                        Monami
                        Invité

                        Est ce que tu te rends compte de ton ridicule des fois ou pas du tout ?

                      • #70471 Répondre
                        diegomaradona
                        Invité

                        Peut-on savoir ce qu’il y a de ridicule ? ou est-ce juste de la diffamation gratuite?

                      • #70611 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Dans l’ici-bas que Diego méconnait, les gens se parlent. Ils ont, se parlant, des petites poussées d’excès. Par exemple quand ils sortent d’un film qu’ils, ont aimé, ils disent : « c’est la comédie de l’année ». Autour d’eux, les gens savent que :
                        -ce verdict à mouture objective n’engage que celui qui l’énonce. Ils entendent « à mon avis c’est la comédie de l’année » / « c’est la comédie que j’ai préféré cette année ».
                        -que celui qui l’énonce ne pense qu’à moitié que c’est la « comédie de l’année ». Du reste il a vu 8 des 498 comédies produites cette année.
                        Mais voilà tout le monde se comprend, tout le monde relativise.
                        C’est FAÇON DE PARLER. C’est la façon de parler des humains
                        Seul le cyborg qui passe par là ne la comprend. Il ne comprend pas les humains, ne l’étant pas lui même. Lui lors de son bref passage sur terre, lorsqu’il a vu Hit mam, il a ensuite entré les données dans son ordinateur interne pour avoir un jugement objectif. Il a été établi que ce n’était pas la comédie de l’année mais la 12ème meilleure comédie de l’année. Il courut donc le faire savoir aux humains, se désolant encore de leur inconséquence.
                        Ainsi nait un certain comique , produit par le mécanique Diego plaqué sur des vivants. Autour de Diego tout le monde rit – ce qu’il ne comprend pas, n’étant pas équipé de cette faculté humaine.

                      • #70614 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Le parfait exemple sur le film Un p’tit truc en plus François …

                      • #70673 Répondre
                        cornemuse
                        Invité

                        @peggyslam « Le parfait exemple sur le film Un p’tit truc en plus François … »
                        je ne comprend pas, peut tu développer ?

                      • #70674 Répondre
                        cornemuse
                        Invité

                        (je sais que vous allez parler du film dans une futur émission mais je ne comprend pas ou est l’exemple et le rapport avec la conversation sur diego)

                      • #70683 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Il a fait 10 millions d’entrées et pour beaucoup c’est leur film de l’année. Ça fait peine à entendre depuis que j’ai vu. Toujours à sortir de l’humour de droite voir d’extrême droite. J’en ai un peu marre. Mais en même temps on aurait pu aussi sortir tous les clichés possibles si c’était un film sur l’écologie. Bref comme dit à François en privé finalement les films à notre égard français n’ont pas beaucoup évolué depuis Le Huitième Jour qui avait aussi fait beaucoup d’entrées il me semble. Mais quand je le revois aujourd’hui avec mon regard plus critique et politique c’est juste horrible. Je vais devoir gérer mes émotions durant ce débat ^^

                      • #70686 Répondre
                        Mathieu
                        Invité

                        Salut Peggy,
                        Qu’appelles-tu l’humour de droite voire d’extrême droite à propos d’Un petit truc en plus? C’est la blague de l’éolienne en pâte à sel qui ressemble à une croix gammée par exemple, dont tu as parlé dans un précédent post?
                        C’est intéressant parce que je sens que nos critiques sur le film pourraient être complètement opposées, car cette blague est bien une des 3-4 petites fois où j’ai ri devant le film. Et d’ailleurs cet acteur qui imite Sarkozy (2eme rire) est pour moi le seul véhicule un peu comique, quand il dit par exemple au chauffeur que, malheureusement pour lui, le seul référent connu dans son travail est Emile Louis (3eme rire). Avec Artus qui cherche comment imiter puis imite le parlé d’un handicapé mental, également (4eme rire). Mais je sais que cette imitation peut choquer dans le champ du handicap.
                        Personnellement, au contraire le film m’a souvent consterné par son côté irréaliste (Artus cambrioleur), déjà vu (relation père-fils naze), et surtout ultra gnangnan et gentillet (la fin au secours!)
                        Mais je garderai bien mes questions et remarques pour demain sinon; si tout va bien je devrais pouvoir le regarder en direct. Ce sera à quelle heure? Y aura t-il un temps de questions-réponses?

                      • #70687 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Il y a un de ça en effet. Mais on en dira plus demain sinon vous n’aurez plus d’intérêt à regarder le débat (rire). Ah et petite précision ce n’est pas un live (pour l’instant je le sens pas tout à fait encore avec ce genre de format) mais un enregistrement. Et si pas de problème technique la vidéo sera mis en ligne en début de soirée. Mais croyez moi j’ai de l’humour et je l’exprimerai durant le débat, je pense que François ira plus franco aussi dans les effets négatifs. Mais voilà je ne peux en dire plus et préfère me préparer pour demain. En tout cas merci à tous pour votre intérêt à tous pour le débat

                      • #70681 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        en ce qui me concerne, le procès du chien est ma comédie sociale préférée de l’année qui, cette année, n’a donc que 9 mois.
                        Laetitia Dosch, quels talents.

                      • #70945 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        Ma scène préférée du Le procès du chien est sans doute, même pas honte, celle avec le perso joué par Dosch qui prend l’ascenseur en même temps qu’un gamin de 10-11 ans dont on comprend dans un second temps qu’il est son petit voisin:
                        – échange de regards appuyés des 2 –
                        ‘ pourquoi tu t’habilles comme un vieux geek? ‘ dit-elle, ( il a un tee shirt Astroboy – cru reconnaître).
                        L’échange est frontal donc drôle, et le gamin – à propos duquel on apprendra que Avril l’avocate (L.Dosch) craint fortement qu’il soit battu – joue l’amoureux transi et/ou l’enfant qui aimerait l’avoir pour mère/(tutrice) d’autant plus qu’il se réfugie souvent sur le balcon voisin de celui d’Avril puis carrément chez elle.
                        Non, la meilleure scène c’est les 2 dans le même lit :
                        ‘ veux-tu devenir ma femme ?
                        – je suis trop vieille pour toi
                        – ça se voit presque pas
                        – mais je vais encore vieillir et tu me quitteras pour une plus jeune
                        – oui, épargnons-nous ça, bonne nuit.’
                        Et l’enfant de tourner le dos à Avril sa voisine pour s’endormir tranquille.
                        Les dialogues sont drôles et plutôt réussis.
                        Et oui, dans mes scènes pref, ia pas le chien.
                        Et alors? il est hors évaluation: juste un Amour celui-là.

                      • #70671 Répondre
                        lamartine
                        Invité

                        Par moment DM, on dirait que c’est François.
                        Un peu le même caractère. L’attaque facile.

                      • #70675 Répondre
                        diegomaradona
                        Invité

                        « celui qui l’énonce ne pense qu’à moitié que c’est la « comédie de l’année »
                        Si Charles avait été clair dès le départ en précisant qu’il était inconséquent et ne pensait pas vraiment ce qu’il disait cela aurait été plus simple. D’autant plus qu’en insistant avec son « Trouve-moi une meilleure comédie sortie cette année. », tout portait à croire qu’il était sérieux et pensait vraiment ce qu’il disait. Mais manifestement François nous apprend qu’il n’en était rien et que charles, en simple humain, ne trouvait pas vraiment que ce film était la meilleur comédie de l’année tout en affirmant le contraire. Sacré charles.

                      • #70678 Répondre
                        anne laure
                        Invité

                        Sacré François.

                      • #70679 Répondre
                        diegomaradona
                        Invité

                        les deux font la paire

                      • #70680 Répondre
                        anne laure
                        Invité

                        Sacré toi.

                  • #70373 Répondre
                    diegomaradona
                    Invité

                    oui

      • #70389 Répondre
        Mathieu
        Invité

        Alors j’ai pas trouvé que c’était une pure comédie, plus une comédie romantique, et plus romantique que comédie. En fait j’ai peu ri. Mais j’avoue que j’ai trouvé l’idée de départ originale et plutôt bien exécutée jusqu’à un certain point. J’ai quand même tiqué quand Gary provoque l’ex-mari plutôt que d’accepter l’argent et de le faire arrêter sur le champ ensuite. Et j’ai également trouvé la fin un peu fastoche: la façon dont le couple se débarrasse du corps du flic ripou est ellipsée, c’est dommage, et je trouve également ce couple un peu trop beau pour être vrai. Ça fait vraiment couple de cinéma hollywoodien quoi. Tout est un peu lisse.
        J’ai beaucoup de mal avec Glenn Powell en général mais je dois avouer que je l’ai trouvé plutôt bon (même si j’aurais préféré dans le style un Ryan Gosling, très bonne star comique quand il veut), il m’a souvent fait sourire, les différentes personnalités et costumes qu’il endosse sont plutôt drôles, avec une outrance et une fausseté permises par la comédie, le film est effectivement très dynamique, bien rythmé, j’ai été accroché, j’attendais les rebondissements, dans quel engrenage allait le mener son mensonge et comment il allait s’en sortir. C’est assez prenant, je ne me suis pas ennuyé. Même si dernière critique: je trouve que le film ne tire pas assez la question passionnante de la provocation à l’infraction que commet à chaque fois Gary, par ses déguisements entre autres, pour s’adapter à la personne piégée. Quand un avocat lui pose la question, il répond de manière autoritaire mais ce n’est pas très convaincant pour moi.
        Pas vu The Fall Guy mais je vais, j’avais bien aimé Bullet Train.
        Dans le style petite comédie d’action américaine sympa, je recommande aussi The Nice Guys avec un très bon duo Crowe-Gosling. C’est le film qui m’a révélé Gosling comme excellent acteur comique.

        • #70402 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Gosling est bon dans l’auto-parodie (Barbie) ou quand il joue le pleutre malhabile (Nice guys) mais il est moins intéressant dans la comédie romantique où il surjoue le cool. Powell est bon car il arrive à être relativement crédible tant en prof ennuyeux qu’en beau gosse sympa, dans la limite du genre évidemment. Et il a une décontraction dans le jeu que n’a pas Gosling – celui-ci a un excellent tempo comique mais il surinvestit aussi ses rôles, ce qui ne fonctionnerait pas dans le cinéma de Linklater.
          Pour en revenir au film, effectivement il s’agit de deux acteurs hollywoodiens, mais il y a un véritable plaisir à voir tout simplement des gens beaux bien jouer, avec des répliques intelligentes. Beaucoup ont parlé de comédie sexy à propos de ce film et c’est vraiment ça. Leur complicité marche vraiment à l’écran et j’adore la scène du double dialogue quand Gary doit faire avouer à Madison qu’elle a tué son mari et qu’il essaie alors de la mettre hors de cause. C’est un truc qu’on voit d’ailleurs peu dans la comédie romantique, un couple qui fait quelque chose ensemble, ici se débrouiller pour convaincre les flics qui les écoutent qu’ils sont innocents du meurtre. Cette scène permet littéralement aux personnages de jouer ensemble et par la même occasion de se dire des choses sur leur couple, c’est vraiment bien écrit et d’un rythme impeccable. J’aime aussi que ce ne soit pas qu’une comédie romantique mais aussi une comédie policière et noire – l’histoire d’amour est quelque chose qui arrive aux personnages, ils ne la cherchent pas désespérément.
          Je suis d’accord avec toi sur la décision un peu curieuse de Gary qui préfère provoquer le mari plutôt que de le faire arrêter, on n’est pas loin du coup de force scénaristique. On peut sauver ça en se disant que c’est Ron qui prend le dessus, qu’il se sent alors intouchable.
          Je pense qu’à la fin Linklater ellipse la disparition du cadavre car pour lui ce n’est pas exactement un problème moral que le couple tue le flic pourri et qu’il ne veut donc pas s’appesantir sur cet aspect un peu dégueu qui pourrait faire trop ressortir l’aspect sordide de l’affaire. Mais je trouve que les plans sur la tête sous le sac en plastique du flic en train de s’asphyxier sont suffisamment éloquents pour ménager cette ambiguïté et appuyer cette noirceur que le film n’assume pas de façon consciente.

          • #70435 Répondre
            Mathieu
            Invité

            Ah oui oui cette scène est vraiment pas mal, ils s’en sortent bien, c’est une super idée. Même si même si…je trouve que Ron/Gary démarre trop en trombe et que l’actrice minaude un peu pendant la scène – et pendant tout le film en fait – tout splendide soit-elle.
            Oui c’est ce que je me suis dit aussi, il perd un peu le contrôle et Ron prend le dessus mais petit forçage quand même; parce que si l’ex-mari est arrêté à ce moment-là, le film est fini.
            Après je pinaille, le film se laisse mater et est plutôt très divertissant.
            Je vais regarder plus de Linklater, je n’ai vu aucun Before, je pense que je vais aimer cette idée de rencontre et de rendez-vous en temps réel.
            Je crois qu’ici on a plutôt dit grand bien d’Everybody wants some également
            Et j’aime bien le pitch de Last Flag Flying mais je crois bien que François l’avait descendu dans une table ronde Transfuge en mode les dialogues sont nuls et faut se coltiner Bryan Cranston qui cabotine pendant 2h.
            Ce dont je ne doute pas que ce soit difficilement supportable

    • #70253 Répondre
      Mathieu
      Invité

      Sinon je suis le seul à être un peu hypé par le nouveau film de Perret et Ruffin? Ils ont mis Sarah Saldmann au Smic pendant deux mois en la faisant bosser dans des métiers ouvriers. Je trouve le teaser plutôt prometteur.

    • #70254 Répondre
      Mathieu
      Invité

      Sinon je suis le seul à être un peu hypé par le nouveau film de Perret et Ruffin? Ils ont mis Sarah Saldmann au Smic pendant deux mois en la faisant bosser dans des métiers ouvriers. Je trouve le teaser plutôt prometteur.

      • #70256 Répondre
        lamartine
        Invité

        Pas vu, mais vu les précédents. Ce qui m’amène à dire qu’on a l’impression de toujours voir le même film de communication.

        • #70259 Répondre
          Mathieu
          Invité

          Le teaser me laisse surtout espérer un documentaire comique, ce qui serait le bon bout par lequel prendre l’affaire pour moi. Et qui romprait un peu avec la solennité parfois plombante de Ruffin.
          Le petit regard-caméra façon The Office à la fin du teaser est savoureux

          • #70260 Répondre
            lamartine
            Invité

            *de voir Toujours.
            Je vais regarder. Merci. Je savais pas qu’il en avait encore pondu un.
            Avec les précédents, j’ai parfois passé des moments agréables. Mais on peut pas appeler ça du ciné ou du doc. Je trouve que le format est comme la solennité de Ruffin, particulièrement plombant.

            • #70267 Répondre
              françois bégaudeau
              Invité

              J’ai l’impression que, Ruffin ferait il un chef d’oeuvre, ce qui certes n’arrivera pas, tu ne l’aimerais pas
              Sans partialité aucune.

              • #70308 Répondre
                K. comme mon Code
                Invité

                Inutile de soupçonner d’impartialité tous ceux qualifiant les filmographies médiocres de médiocres en invoquant des films virtuels dont on sait l’existence improbable.

                • #70338 Répondre
                  lamartine
                  Invité

                  Pas mieux

                  • #70353 Répondre
                    françois bégaudeau
                    Invité

                    Soupçonner de partialité.
                    Mais d’accord. Ce verdict cinéma est délivré sans aucun rapport avec l’actuelle disposition générale des Insoumis vis à vis du traitre
                    Moi je m’en fous, je n’aime ni les dernières sorties de Ruffin, ni ses films, ni les Insoumis
                    Je suis vierge comme la Suisse

                    • #70374 Répondre
                      lamartine
                      Invité

                      Ah voilà. On sait à présent où tu te situes.
                      Même si le commentaire -plus haut- de DM me fait rire, il vient achever mon ralliement. Notamment sur l’art.
                      Pépite d’Or

      • #70284 Répondre
        Mao
        Invité

        A la base, ils avaient demandé à Sarah Knafo de passer 3 mois dans un centre de rétention administrative mais elle était pas dispo.

        • #70288 Répondre
          Carpentier
          Invité

          Johanna Silva était en lice aussi, il me semble

        • #70618 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          rire

    • #70255 Répondre
      Mathieu
      Invité

      Désolé pour le doublon

    • #70296 Répondre
      Eden Lazaridis
      Invité

      J’écoute l’entretien sur Zabriskie Point, et je confirme François, tu as une très belle voix, très modulable (comme par exemple dans la chanson Fantôme). Elle a aussi l’avantage de ne pas être nasillarde, comme les Ashford, Corgan, Liam Gallagher. Non vraiment, une bonne voix !

      • #70354 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Hélas hélas le café les cigarettes et le déclin du FCNantes l’ont quelque peu abimée

        • #70437 Répondre
          ..Graindorge
          Invité

          « et le déclin de FCNantes… j’adore😄

      • #70429 Répondre
        Eden Lazaridis
        Invité

        *Ashcroft pardon je fais systématiquement cette erreur.

    • #70380 Répondre
      K. comme mon Code
      Invité

      C’est Anora la meilleure comédie de l’année. (J’ai préféré ses deux précédents films, cela dit.)

      • #70384 Répondre
        Charles
        Invité

        Pas encore vu!

    • #70669 Répondre
      I.G.Y
      Invité

      On n’a pas encore évoqué ici Les Graines du Figuier Sauvage. Je crois avoir rarement vécu une telle expérience de scission entre mon opinion sur le sujet d’un film, ou plutôt sa « thèse », — le soutien à la révolte iranienne —, et mon opinion sur le film. Décalage renforcé par mon incapacité totale à applaudir à la fin de la séance au contraire des trois quarts d’une salle bien remplie. C’est ce qui me pousse à en parler — on sent le type à deux doigts de s’allonger sur un divan.

      J’aimerais avoir le ressenti de ceux qui peut-être ici connaissent le cinéma iranien — je n’ai vu que deux ou trois superbes Kiarostami, mais c’est une autre génération. François expédie le Figuier Sauvage en trois mots à la fin de la dernière GO. Je me suis dit qu’il exagérait peut-être. J’ai donc voulu voir.
      .
      Le film repose quasi intégralement sur son scénario, lui-même fondé presque en totalité sur des dialogues explicatifs et lourds. Ces derniers m’ont plombé, détruit. Cet échec est-il dû au caractère clandestin du film, à la menace concrète du régime sur le tournage et son réalisateur? Cette question est née et s’est nourrie de mon ennui. Or si l’on sen tient aux dialogues, cette hypothèse tient peu: le film est au contraire politiquement frontal dans son propos, la critique du régime n’est pas sous-entendue — et je ne le blâme pas pour cela, loin s’en faut. Mais ces pressions politiques sont-elles la raison pour laquelle même les dialogues sont aussi peu concrets? La raison pour laquelle aucune scène ne montre concrètement le père en situation dans son travail, aux prises avec le régime? Aucune scène de discussion de couloir, de machine à café, aucune scène de débats avec des collègues (les quelques moments avec son unique ami-collègue sont très pauvres)? Ceylan filme cinq ou six personnes qui débattent de leur travail dans une salle des profs en plan fixe pendant 5 minutes dans Les Herbes Sèches. Cinq personnes et une salle, c’est un dispositif accessible à un tournage clandestin. La preuve : le dispositif majoritaire du film, c’est 4 personnes dans un appartement. La scène de « débat » avec le père lors du repas de famille à quatre dans l’appartement est difficile à regarder.

      J’ai souvenir d’un dialogue entre la mère et une amie dans la voiture, où est évoquée une distinction entre un individu qui serait « enlevé par les forces spéciales » et « enlevé par des forces en civil » — « ah, si c’est par des forces en civil, on ne les reverra pas de si tôt ». Voilà un détail intéressant. Il y a si peu de choses de cet ordre dans le film. Pas convaincu du tout, pour ma part, que cela soit dû aux petits moyens et aux pressions politiques. La charge contre le régime et son caractère patriarcal est déjà très rude (cf. la toute fin du film!).
      .
      Puisqu’il s’agit d’un long métrage qui repose sur sa narration, j’ai été très gêné par ses faiblesses régulières. Les pseudo doutes du père quant au Régime évoqués au début ? Peu exploités, oubliés presque aussitôt, rétrospectivement assez artificiels. Peu concrétisés par des scènes de sa vie réelle hors du foyer, comme évoqué plus haut.

      Au cours de la scène finale, lorsque les trois personnages féminins s’échappent, cette « séparation en trois groupes de un » comme dirait Bigard, semble aberrante et purement fabriquée — d’autant que l’une des trois possède une arme. Et j’en passe, j’en passe…
      .
      Si je devais sauver à tout prix quelques points, je trouve assez forte la scène où la mère retire les billes de chevrotine du visage tuméfié de Sadaf. L’idée (certes mal amenée) d’un père qui reproduit littéralement un système carcéral à petite échelle dans la maison de campagne est intéressante. Puisque rien n’est montré du régime, puisqu’un tournage plus ambitieux est matériellement empêché (grandes scènes avec des figurants dans la rue, grands tournage dans un tribunal, etc…), recréons le régime au sein même du foyer. Ça me plait. Autre bonne idée : la fille qui apprend à charger l’arme de son père sur YouTube.

      Le fait que le père soit bel et bien tué à la fin est à mettre au crédit du film — d’autant que la raison n’est pas, pour une fois, péniblement explicitée par des dialogues mais purement suggérée dans le plan (la question de la bague au doigt du geôlier et au doigt du père). Deux possibilités : soit elle pense carrément que son père est le geôlier, soit elle pense a minima que le geôlier est en lien professionnel et politique avec lui. Cette deuxième possibilité minimale est même une certitude. La première, qui reste une hypothèse, serait la plus forte. Je ne crois pas que le film tranche ce qu’elle a interprété.
      .
      Montrer des images réelles de la répression est un autre point positif, mais le contraste avec la facture générale du film en sort renforcé. A ce sujet, m’a frappé le fait déjà connu que nombre de ces images (mais pas toutes, j’exclus bien sûr les autodafés de voiles) seraient parfaitement substituables par celles de la répression, disons… des gilets jaunes en France. Je me suis dit : quelle proportion de ceux qui applaudissent en fin de séance saisit cela? Une autre question s’en suit : quel est le spectateur cible de ce film? L’occidental diplômé et déjà convaincu de l’ignominie du régime? Ce long métrage est présenté comme un évènement, et jouit d’une certaine unanimité : est-il un évènement en Iran? Comment est-il reçu là bas par les insurgés? Questions ouvertes, qui s’éloignent du film, mais dont les réponses m’intéresseraient.
      .
      Cependant, ces points positifs, je ne les intellectualise qu’a posteriori. L’expérience concrète de la séance fut douloureuse, du début à la fin. J’espère au moins que ce film aura une efficacité politique réelle. C’est tout ce que je souhaite aux iraniens.

      • #70670 Répondre
        Carpentier
        Invité

        passé un moment, hier, devant Tatami.

        • #70710 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          Je précise que je n’ai pas vu le Figuier sauvage. J’ai juste vu Un homme intègre la semaine dernière pour me chauffer sur le Figuier. Dès les premiers plans j’ai compris : ce monsieur ne fait pas de plans. Ce monsieur a plein de trucs à dire, des trucs absolument irréprochables sur l’absurdie où il vit. Un message juste et qui contentera tout le monde, et qui, cumulé à sa persécution, assurera au Figuier le type d’adhésion qu’il cherche.
          Finalement peut etre que voir ce film est superflu : qu’il existe me semble sa seule qualité.

          • #70721 Répondre
            I.G.Y.
            Invité

            Eh bien tu as eu du pif. Ou des yeux.

            J’aurai essayé. Un essai de 2h46 non transformé, 5 points.

    • #70677 Répondre
      Tony
      Invité

      Analyse assez intéressante de La prisonnière de Bordeaux,peut-on espérer l’analyse de François et comprendre enfin ce qu’a voulu faire Patricia Mazuy?

      La Prisonnière de Bordeaux, Patricia Mazuy

      • #70724 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Texte très analytique, et non texte critique.
        En analyse on peut tout dire.

        • #70725 Répondre
          françois bégaudeau
          Invité

          Je ne sais pas bien ce qu’a voulu dire Mazuy et elle non plus.

          • #70727 Répondre
            essaisfragiles
            Invité

            est-ce grave ?
            j’ai tendance à peu m’intéresser à l’intention des artistes, je dois même dire que je m’en fous

            • #70728 Répondre
              Carpentier
              Invité

              En revanche, il me semble qu’on nous a fait miroiter quelque chose*, pour quand le film serait moribond.
              L’est-il? Sans le lui souhaiter, notre patience me semble avoir suffisamment enduré une sage mise à l’épreuve.
              * comprendre les compromis quasi-incontournables pour qu’on trouve ce film en salles.

              • #70731 Répondre
                françois bégaudeau
                Invité

                L’ intention a mauvaise presse en art, ok. Mais on ne peut pas la solder.
                Ecrivant, vous pouvez avoir quelque chose comme une intention
                La première intention du premier scénariste était : faire droit aux femmes de détenus. L’intention de Mazuy, reprenant le chantier, a été de dé-politiser le film. Le dé-socialiser. Et de le faire glisser vers le « thriller ».
                Des intentions il y en a . On pourrait dire : des idées directrices. Et c’est pas mal d’en avoir. Et c’est très dommageable quand on les perd de vue. Comme il est arrivé là. Mazuy s’est perdue. C’est souvent que des cinéastes se perdent, hébétés par la cacophonie autour d’eux (le producteur dit ci, le distributeur dit ça, l’actrice principale dit ci, etc)
                J’ai vu ce scénario se décomposer à petit feu. Ce n’est pas la première fois que je suis témoin d’une telle dévastation.

                • #70736 Répondre
                  Seldoon
                  Invité

                  Cacophonie en général doublée d’un complexe jeu de rapports de forces. On oublie souvent que l’existence de bons films réalisés malgré une économie confortable tient du miracle.

                • #70742 Répondre
                  essaisfragiles
                  Invité

                  Oui, il y a une différence entre le point de vue du scénariste ou réalisateur et le point de vue du spectateur. En tant que l’un et pas l’autre, j’ai affaire à une oeuvre finie, en tout cas livrée tel quelle au regard et à l’appréciation des spectateurs. S’il y a intention, je ne peux la découvrir qu’après-coup, et à l’aune de la seule oeuvre réalisée (pour les oeuvres anciennes la plupart des réalisateurs sont morts). D’où mon idée d’un possible, et fructueux, décalage entre la vision du film et l’intention de départ du réalisateur : il n’y jamais une seule intention, mais plusieurs, et je privilégie toujours celles de l’oeuvre sur celles du réalisateur.
                  Plus fondamentalement, on touche à un point sur la critique qui me paraît essentiel : développer une critique interne de l’oeuvre, en ne cherchant pas à la référer à des éléments qui lui seraient extérieurs. Si Mazuy a fait un thriller, est-ce un bon thriller ou un film raté ? Est-il raté en raison de ce qu’il montre (une différence de classe vidée de son sens) ou de sa réalisation ? Etc. Quand il n’y a pas de cadrage, pas de plans, ça se voit tout de suite.

                  • #70748 Répondre
                    Carpentier
                    Invité

                    Si je contacte qqn pour écrire/co-écrire le scénario d’un film (ou si je demande/m’appuie sur un scénario dèjà existant) dans quelle mesure estimerai-je être fidèle/devoir étte fidèle à celui-ci?
                    Le générique signe les noms et prénom de cette/ces personnes.s donc comment suis-je engagé.e, en tant que réal., vis à vis d’un scénario?

                    • #70749 Répondre
                      Tristan
                      Invité

                      T’as l’intention de te lancer dans l’écriture ?

                      • #70783 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        C’était un ‘ je ‘ de situation, une façon de poser une question car le cinéma, jusqu’à aujourd’hui. reste une façon d’être (de n’être que) spectatrice.
                        Aucun désir, jusque là, d’essayer quoi que ce soit dans ce domaine, non.
                        Tu cherches un.e scénariste, toi?

                      • #70785 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        .. Le générique signe les noms et prénom de cette/ces personnes.s donc comment suis-je engagé.e, en tant que réal., vis à vis d’un scénario? / …
                        une façon de dire autrement ce qu’écrit Charles â peine plus bas

                • #70753 Répondre
                  Charles
                  Invité

                  Ce qui doit être très pénible c’est de lire des critiques mitigées pointant la faiblesse du scénario quand son nom est au générique et qu’on a été impuissant devant sa décomposition.

                  • #70755 Répondre
                    essaisfragiles
                    Invité

                    Oui et l’agacement est tout à fait compréhensible.

                    • #70773 Répondre
                      françois bégaudeau
                      Invité

                      Surtout agacé à la lecture ou audition des propos de Mazuy sur ce que fut sa collaboration avec moi. Elle en dit peu mais trop. Ou trop peu.
                      Ce en quoi a consisté mon travail, outre d’écrire tous les dialogues qu’elle a allègrement démembrés, c’est d’élaborer un récit qui se tienne, notamment sur l’intrigue « policière ». A la version finale de moi le récit se tenait, tout le monde en était content, Mazuy la première. Et il y avait quelques scènes d’action plutot pas mal. Durant l’année qui suit ce récit a été foutu en l’air, ce qui donne un scénario absurde -outre que très mal joué (les trois acteurs masculins du film sont catastrophiques)

                      • #70781 Répondre
                        Charles
                        Invité

                        Tu penses que l’échec du précédent film de Mazuy – qui semble l’avoir beaucoup surprise – a joué dans l’appréhension de celui-ci ?

                      • #70786 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Je ne sais pas.
                        Je vois qu’elle a un capital sympathie auprès de la critique, que rien ne semble devoir entamer
                        Tant mieux pour elle.

                      • #70882 Répondre
                        essaisfragiles
                        Invité

                        Je comprends mieux tes raisons.
                        L’important n’est donc pas qu’elle ait fait un autre film mais un mauvais film, et qu’elle en témoigne mal.

            • #70729 Répondre
              tristan
              Invité

              Non, c’est pas de grave.

        • #70756 Répondre
          I.G.Y.
          Invité

          Pour en revenir au texte posté par Tony, quand tu écris « non critique », tu veux dire par là qu’il ne s’intéresse pas à ce que produit la forme du film ? Il est effectivement peu question de forme, surtout des relations entre les personnages.
          En tout cas ce texte se veut proche du film, ou du moins de ce qu’il « raconte » (ce qui n’est qu’une petite partie de ce que tu appelles « être proche du film », je crois). Trop descriptif de la narration et pas assez des « plans »?

          Tu voudrais aussi dire par là qu’il ne creuse pas ce que le film fait au spectateur, ou en l’occurrence à l’auteur du texte lui-même?

          Si tu as produit un texte qui résume ta vision de la critique ciné, je suis preneur (j’ai déjà lu plusieurs de tes entretiens ici et là sur la question mais je n’ai pas souvenir d’un texte prenant le sujet de front, d’un bloc. Et je suis loin d’avoir tout lu.)

          • #70757 Répondre
            essaisfragiles
            Invité

            @ I.G.Y
            Belle question à la fin.
            Pour ce qui me concerne, je dirais qu’un texte critique, c’est une oeuvre à côté de l’oeuvre, tout contre.
            Non pas une analyse objective (académique, universitaire) des thèmes ou de la forme, mais une autre forme qui rentre en résonnance avec les thèmes ou la forme de l’oeuvre.
            Une analyse objective, son point de départ c’est ce qu’elle veut en dire, son discours, ses idées à elle sur l’oeuvre.
            Une critique, son point de départ, c’est le choix d’une forme ajustée à ce qui a été fait.

            • #70766 Répondre
              I.G.Y.
              Invité

              Ce histoire d' »œuvre à côté de l’œuvre » me plaît bien. Je l’ai lue ou entendue ici et là, et je perçois ce qu’elle a de puissant, y compris de ce que tu en dis. C’est aussi une ligne de crête qui, dans la pratique de l’écriture, paraît très difficile à tenir : le risque de faire une autre œuvre qui s’éloigne totalement de la première, qui n’est plus « tout contre ».

              J’ai toujours cette sensation (conviction) qu’une plume qui fait œuvre ne peut que s’éloigner d’une écriture précise et fidèle à l’objet, puisque la précision est la tâche même de l’analytique au sens fort, soit presque tout sauf l’art. L’analytique pure et parfaite d’un film consistant à le projeter (négligeons les questions d’étalonnages chromatiques de l’outil de projection etc…), on voit à quel point elle peut, sans supplément, se tenir loin du geste critique.

              Cette manière d’être analytique et artistique à la foi est, à ce que j’en comprends, le miracle visé par la critique. Tenir cette tension-contradiction par les deux bouts, exploiter sa dialectique, c’est le Graal. D’une difficulté sans nom…

              • #70775 Répondre
                françois bégaudeau
                Invité

                « Cette manière d’être analytique et artistique à la foi est, à ce que j’en comprends, le miracle visé par la critique. »
                oui!

          • #70774 Répondre
            françois bégaudeau
            Invité

            Non. Analytique, et non critique, en ce qu’il explique le film mais ne le regarde pas, et à la fin ne l’évalue pas.
            Travail universitaire et non pas critique.
            IL est impossible de parler de ce film sans évoquer par exemple la confusion de son intrigue, ainsi que la médiocrité de l’interprétation masculine. Et que dire des deux moments où s’expriment des femmes de détenues? Etc.

            • #70779 Répondre
              I.G.Y
              Invité

              Ah oui, j’ai en effet manqué la composante de l' »évaluation ». Merci pour ces précisions

    • #70689 Répondre
      Cyril
      Invité

      Je suis allé voir Les Barbares, comédie centre-gauche typique de l’hypocrisie centriste, c’est-à-dire : un film qui invite à la tolérance à l’égard des réfugiés arabo-musulmans mais pour garder une « bonne ambiance » les réfugiés sont des bourgeois (médecin, architecte, graphic designer), on ne montre pas un seul signe de pratique religieuse, les femmes ne sont pas voilées.
      Le film a une gestion de la tension, du malaise, très prudente. Les scènes ne durent pas, on ne reste pas trop longtemps en gros plan sur un visage. Une attention est portée à ne pas nuire au confort du spectateur. Ces personnes immigrées sont tellement comme le spectateur centre-gauche qu’il peut FACILEMENT se flatter d’être, contrairement au petit blanc raciste, tolérant, accueillant, anti-raciste.

      • #70711 Répondre
        françois bégaudeau
        Invité

        Frappé par les accents très bourgeois de Delpy sur les plateaux où elle a fait la promo.
        Elle habite aux Etats-Unis et donc revient vingt ans après, comme si Jospin était encore premier ministre.. Il faudrait lui dire que vingt ans ont passé.

        • #70719 Répondre
          cornemuse
          Invité

          dans son interview sur france inter, elle m’a eu, le moment ou elle utilise le terme bohème pour décrire Los Angeles de façon sérieuse et non-ironique.

          • #70720 Répondre
            cornemuse
            Invité

            si le film est aussi drôle je précommande ma place dès aujourd’hui

            • #70751 Répondre
              monami
              Invité

              comment vous faites pour regarder ça ? J’ai essayé l’interview sur france inter, j’ai tenu 1 minute. Soit jusqu’à la question : « dans quelle langue vous rêvez ? »

              • #70754 Répondre
                cornemuse
                Invité

                je « hate watch » comme on dit aujourd’hui

                • #70771 Répondre
                  Eden Lazaridis
                  Invité

                  Justine Delpy a tout pour devenir un fétiche sexuel de l’extrême droite. Elle a tout pour leur plaire : c’est une femme, elle vit à LA, elle prône l’immigration en france. Un cocktail bien fruité. En plus avec Salamé en face, hmm, miam, c’est sucré, c’est tasty. Ils vont pouvoir se faire plaisir.

                  • #70788 Répondre
                    cornemuse
                    Invité

                    et puis vu ce qui se dit dans l’interview france inter, ils ont matière a faire.

                    • #70790 Répondre
                      cornemuse
                      Invité

                      elle joue apparemment dans son film « une prof de gauche donneuse de leçons », ça promet beaucoup sur la vision qu’elle a de la gauche.
                      Je vais le télécharger pour voir, mais à ce que j’ai compris de l’interview sont rapport a la politique n’existe qu’a travers des débats type : bfmtv émission spécial [calé un sujet polémique ou favori de droite du moment]. par exemple : ukraine , immigration, gauche chiante et petite bourgeoise, prolo qui vote rn.
                      a voir si le film est drôle au moins.

                      • #70809 Répondre
                        lamartine
                        Invité

                        On peut déjà le trouver en téléchargement ? Tu peux dire où stp ?

                      • #70856 Répondre
                        cornemuse
                        Invité

                        j’ai cherché, j’ai pas trouver, j’imagine qu’il faut attendre quelque semaine encore.

              • #70808 Répondre
                Kenyle
                Invité

                « dans quelle langue vous rêvez ? »
                moi je rêve en elfique et vous ?

        • #70782 Répondre
          Cyril
          Invité

          Ce qui est marrant c’est que ce centre-gauche qui lutte targue de renaître, de revenir de son trip macroniste, tient à marquer sa singularité avec le macronisme comme on peut le voir dans quelques gags du film. Mais on se souvient, nous.

    • #70836 Répondre
      Kenyle
      Invité
      • #70884 Répondre
        Seldoon
        Invité

        Belle défense du film qui avec les quelques posts enthousiastes lus ici m’ont donné envie de le revoir – et de réécouter les Bérus. Je maintiens mes critiques tout en étant beaucoup plus au clair avec ce que fabriquait De Peretti. C’est un film qui cherche et surtout un film « au futur antérieur ». D’où une forme respectivement plus variée et plus flottante que dans les précédents. Flottement qui m’avais plu, dont j’ai senti qu’il aurait pu m’émouvoir et sur lequel je n’arrivais pas à mettre les mots ; je cherchais autour de la notion de mélancolie.

        • #70944 Répondre
          I.G.Y
          Invité

          J’aime beaucoup ce petit arrêt sur la scène où Antonia sort de l’eau, soleil couchant. Il me renforce dans l’idée que c’est une grande scène, ma préférée sans doute. Merci pour l’épisode.

    • #70848 Répondre
      lison
      Invité

      J’ai vu Dahomey et j’ai trouvé ça assez superficiel et plutôt raté .
      Ça va trop vite et en même temps on s’ennuie. La voix de l’œuvre, électronique, qui ressemble aux voix trafiquées qu’on utilise aux infos pour une personne témoin d’un truc qui ne veut pas qu’on la reconnaisse, c’est affreux, et tellement affreux qu’on entend même plus ce qu’elle a à nous dire. Et puis les œuvres restituées qu’on ne voit pas… c’est vraiment un choix curieux.
      Ce que j’ai aimé mais qui va beaucoup trop vite : la préparation des œuvres en France pour leur transport, le soin mis pour les protéger et les placer dans les grandes caisses en bois puis leur déballage au Bénin, le débat entre étudiants ( avec des avis assez divers sur la restitution et notamment sur à qui profite t-elle ?), débat qui aurait pu devenir intéressant en prenant beaucoup plus de temps, et puis une situation : à l’arrivée au Bénin, les caisses sont transportées par des hommes noirs , guidé par un homme blanc aux mains libres …

    • #70855 Répondre
      Kenyle
      Invité
      • #70862 Répondre
        PeggySlam
        Invité

        Merci beaucoup pour le partage 🙂

        • #70874 Répondre
          Carpentier
          Invité

          Bonjour PS, c’est ton 2e podcast avec un des membres de la gêne occasionnée, c’est bien ça?
          Comme vous vous le dîtes à la toute fin, on nous/vous en espère aussi plein d’autres.
          Comme dans un concert, donnerais-tu (de nouveau?) la setlist des films cités ou que vous développez, stp?
          Car, si j’ai bien mis The Lamb de Johansson sur ma liste ‘ à voir à tout prix ‘ j’ai mal retenu le titre du film avec ‘ des dieux ‘ par exemple (je crois que c’est celui dont vous parlez en dernier.)
          Vers la lumière, Yves (?)
          Si je ne me trompe pas, Intouchables est pasé à la trappe, il s’en remettra, lui aussi.
          Je vous ré-écouterai car je l’ai fait, pour une première écoute, lors d’une inhabituelle insomnie peu de temps après sa mise en ligne.
          Trouvé très doux et beau, en tout cas, tes mots pour l’auteur du Notre joie.
          Bonne journée et, oui, merci à Kenyle.

          • #70876 Répondre
            Carpentier
            Invité

            *passé* à la trappe et à Trappes 😁

            • #70880 Répondre
              PeggySlam
              Invité

              Merci beaucoup Carpentier (j’ai pas oublié le i cette fois ^^). Voici la liste des films :

              – La Famille Bélier de Éric Lartigau ;
              – Un petit truc en plus de Arthus ;
              – Le huitième jour de Jaco Van Dormael
              – Intouchables Et Hors norme d’Olivier Nakache, Éric Toledano ;
              – Freak de Tod Browning ;
              – Sound Of Metal de Darius Marder ;
              – Gilbert Grape de Lasse Hallström;
              – Lamb de Valdimar Jóhannsson ;
              – The Greatest Showman de Michael Gracey ;
              – L’énergie positive des dieux de Laetitia Møller ;
              – Et les films de Olivier Zabat Arguments et Yves ;

              J’ai beaucoup aimé cet échange également et pourtant j’avais peur au départ de partir dans tous les sens. Et comme on est resté sur le cinéma c’était juste parfait même si j’avais envie de plus gueuler sur certains choses qui vont mal se passer pour nous dans l’avenir mais des fois faut savoir mettre sa colère de côté et rester sur l’essentiel, le cinéma ici c’était le plus important.

              D’autres oui sont prévus. Notamment pour son livre Comme Une Mule et j’espère qu’un jour pouvoir faire un versus sur le monde punk car tous les deux nous avons fais de la scène et j’aimerais beaucoup en parler avec lui.

              Merci en tout cas à tous pour votre regard, partage et bienveillance. Ça fait du bien dans ce monde de brute !

              • #70885 Répondre
                Carpentier
                Invité

                ok, Peggy, merci.
                Mon métro pour le boulot déconne pas mal ce matin et ton gentil post adoucit considérablement mes moeurs.
                Me placer par ailleurs dans la lignée d’un John ^^ me fait toujours sourire (it’s ok)
                Je m’organise au plus vite pour voir certains films dont François et toi avaient parlé.
                Bon mardi,
                John Carpenter

                • #70888 Répondre
                  PeggySlam
                  Invité

                  Merci à toi aussi.
                  Et au plaisir d’avoir de tes retours sur les films ☺️

                  • #70900 Répondre
                    lamartine
                    Invité

                    Peggy, tu es fascinante, merci. J’ai écouté un temps, et continuerai plus tard.
                    A propos de Hors Normes, je peux t’assurer que Stephane Benhamou est réellement semblable au personnage de Cassel. J’ai eu l’occasion de le rencontrer pour travailler avec, et je pense en effet qu’il recherche entre autre des larbins, une femme. Sur la pratique professionnelle du silence des justes, ils font appel à des rebeus et des renois, car ce sont les seuls qui peuvent aller crapahuter sur le terrain de l’autisme pour 3 francs 6 sous. Ils recherchent des mecs qu’ont peur de rien et que l’on pourra pressuriser comme il se doit. Tantôt educ, tantôt chauffeur ou psychomoteur…

              • #70891 Répondre
                essaisfragiles
                Invité

                Il y a Freaks mais pas Elephant man dans la liste, PeggySlam.
                Est-ce une volonté de ne pas assimiler handicap et monstruosité ? Est-ce un simple oubli, ou l’un de vous deux a-t-il décidé de faire l’impasse sur le film de Lynch ?

                • #70897 Répondre
                  françois bégaudeau
                  Invité

                  J’y avais pensé, mais le programme était déjà copieux.

                  • #70899 Répondre
                    PeggySlam
                    Invité

                    Pareil j’y avais pensé. Et un ami cinéphile m’a fait rappelé que l’handicapé nazi existe déjà chez kubrik dans le film Dr Flamour ^^

                    • #70961 Répondre
                      françois bégaudeau
                      Invité

                      ah oui c’est vrai
                      il nous reste donc à inventer l’handicapé macronien – il faut ruisseler son fauteuil

              • #70901 Répondre
                Mathieu
                Invité

                Merci Peggy merci François pour cette discussion!
                Malgré tout le mal que je pense d’Un petit truc en plus, j’ai trouvé que Stanislas Carmont y était le meilleur atout et que c’est à lui que le film aurait dû donner plus de place; et grâce à vous je découvre en regardant la bande-annonce que L’énergie positive des dieux le compte parmi ses personnages, où il évolue donc au naturel en tant que lui-même. Et sans doute pas si éloigné de sa persona d’Un p’tit truc en plus d’ailleurs, ce qui expliquerait pourquoi il y est si bon et naturel.
                Je m’en vais regarder ce docu cette semaine.
                Sur l’eugénisme et le handicap, dont vous parlez à la fin, je conseillerais le film Bienvenue à Gattaca d’Andrew Niccol si vous ne connaissez pas.
                Sur les Freaks, il y a un beau et cruel segment d’un film à sketch des frères Coen sur Netflix où Liam Neeson, en vagabond à carioles, s’associe avec un homme-tronc qui conte des poèmes, dans de petits spectacles itinérants, pour gagner leur vie, avant de s’en débarrasser quand il réalise qu’une poule savante peut lui faire gagner plus sans avoir à partager le magot en deux.
                Sur les Freaks toujours, je me demandais Peggy, quel était ton sentiment sur la filmographie des frères Farrelly, qui dans les années fin 90 début 2000, on fait place à des freaks, dans des comédies burlesques et gentiment moqueuses. Je pense à L’amour extra-large, Mary à tous prix, Fous d’Irène, ou le très beau Deux en un. Il y a ici un lien entre le burlesque et le corps handicapé qui mériterait réflexion, même si on est dans les coordonnées du mainstream. Aviez-vous pensé à inclure du Farrelly et à tirer ce fil du burlesque dans la discussion ou pas du tout? Je comprendrais que non, ce n’est pas vraiment du handicap, mais c’est pour savoir.
                Merci en tout cas de cette discussion encore une fois!

                • #70903 Répondre
                  PeggySlam
                  Invité

                  Salut Mathieu merci infiniment pour ton retour. Et je vais essayer de répondre à toutes tes questions.

                  Bienvenue à Gattaca je ne l’avais pas vu dans ce sens, du coup tu me donne envie de le revoir.
                  Je pense que c’est de Stanislas que nous parlions dans le débat (c’est juste que je suis nulle pour retenir les prénoms des personnages dans les films).
                  J’irai voir ce sketch des frères Cohen. Je les aime bien en plus comme réalisateurs. Ils ne sont pas tendre avec les gens qu’ils traitent mais pour justement démontrer la cruauté de l’humain.

                  Et les frères Farrelly, je ne me suis pas encore penché sur leurs œuvres. Et pourquoi pas. Et pour le burlesque, j’ai préféré prendre des oeuvres plus populaires.

                  Le documentaire que pour ma part je vais rattrapper c’est Golo et Ritchie. L’histoire de deux potes qui partent pour un voyage en tandem. L’un d’eux est autiste. J’ai envie de voir comment ils ont su gérer ce projet de folie et ait envie de me rappeler moi quand je voyageais. C’était des moments de galère mais surtout de joie. Tiens je pourrais peut être en faire une vidéo un jour.

                  En tout cas merci Mathieu et je pense qu’il y a encore beaucoup de films que j’ai pas vus et qui sont a découvrir. Vive le cinéma !

                  • #70907 Répondre
                    Mathieu
                    Invité

                    Ah oui Golo et Ritchie, je l’ai vu passé, il m’a intrigué, j’irai sans doute
                    Et je viens de m’abonner à Tenk qui propose Arguments et de l’énergie positive des dieux, quelle régalade!

                    • #70908 Répondre
                      PeggySlam
                      Invité

                      Excellent et bonnes découvertes ! 🙂

                      • #70966 Répondre
                        Mathieu
                        Invité

                        Vu donc L’énergie positive des dieux et certes il n’y a pas vraiment de ratés dans la création musicale mais on sent quand même pas mal de tensions. Tout ne coule pas de source: quand parfois Stanislas rechigne, ne se concentre pas, ou veut aller en randonnée, on sent que l’organisateur-guitariste en a un peu marre. Il lui dit Bon Stanislas, concentre-toi tu as loupé des blancs, ou bien Si tu veux aller randonner, vas randonner j’ai pas envie de te forcer. Et les sessions de répétitions sont souvent interrompues ou raccourcies pour gérer les crises. Les musiciens valides sont quand même des monuments de douceur et de patience. Je trouve quand même effectivement que le leader-guitariste prend trop de place, c’est vrai que j’aurais bien aimé voir peut-être uniquement les autistes, mais aussi peut-être les autres valides: le batteur un peu rondouillard a l’air super aussi, l’autre guitariste chevelu également, tous des bonnes têtes.
                        J’aurais aussi aimé plus de scène sur les sessions d’écriture car j’ai été étonné de voir comment Stan écrit, sans difficulté, quasiment en écriture automatique, en très gros avec très peu de mots par feuille, il dit ce qui lui vient à l’esprit sur sa Citroën C5 qui lui rappelle son père et en avant. On ne voit qu’une partie du texte mais ça a l’air pas mal en plus. Il ne réfléchit pas, il est sans filtre, pas le temps de niaiser, d’avoir des complexes ou le syndrome de la page blanche. On retrouve là la vérité des autistes dont parle François dans l’échange. D’ailleurs la scène avec la journaliste qui veut faire refaire la prise à un autre personnage qui n’en vont pas l’intérêt est effectivement savoureuse.
                        Mais je crois que ma scène préférée reste Stanislas déplorant, en loge, que les autres groupes présents ne soient pas américains pour lui dire Hey Stanislas I’m glad to meet you. Et deux secondes après, un autre personnage, celui qui est fan de Stallone et Chuck Norris, déboule pour dire que le bus 118 roule jusqu’à très tard cette nuit. Bon courage à une comédie de fiction pour imaginer des trucs aussi drôles et improbables.

                • #70971 Répondre
                  Carpentier
                  Invité

                  salut,
                  lire tes lignes m’a filé envie d’entendre S.Carmont, pas cherché longtemps mais déjà, dans cette courte interview

                  j’aime son ‘ ça me remplit d’émotions ‘ à la question de Calvi sur le succès du film.
                  Son ‘ j’regardais pas beaucoup ‘ en réponse au ‘ vous regardiez à la télé et là c’est vous qui serez à Cannes, ça vous fait quoi?’ me ravit aussi et son explication généreuse du travail qu’il lui a fallu pour parvenir à imiter Sarko (qui clashe en douceur la question bête du ‘ ça vous est venu comment? ‘ ( genre en m’levant un matin, premiers trucs qui m’sort: une phrase avec l’intro du Sarko! ‘ ) cette explication patiente, elle est juste à sa place.
                  Enfin, gageons que Calvi, en le questionnant sur la star qu’il rêve de rencontrer, imaginait bien du monde sauf Mister Bean.
                  (on pardonne à Stan son ‘ une aventure humaine ‘ ? mouais, on pardonne mais qu’on ne l’y reprenne pas.)

              • #70920 Répondre
                Mao
                Invité

                Je vais regarder avec bcp d’intérêt comme avec les deux épisodes précédents. Sur le handicap, il y a un film en particulier sur lequel j’aurai bcp aimé vous entendre, « Oasis » de Lee Chang Dong. Vous l’avez vu ?

                • #70924 Répondre
                  PeggySlam
                  Invité

                  Non du tout. Du coup je me le note. Merci beaucoup pour le film et ton regard au débat

                  • #70958 Répondre
                    françois bégaudeau
                    Invité

                    J’aime beaucoup ce film, mais je n’y ai pas pensé à temps.

              • #70943 Répondre
                I.G.Y
                Invité

                Merci pour cette discussion très intéressante, et pour cette énième contribution à ma liste de films à voir.

                • #70946 Répondre
                  PeggySlam
                  Invité

                  Merci à toi I.G.Y pour ton regard et ta bienveillance. J’aime les commentaires qui me citent d’autres films à voir (comme ici).

                  @François t’avais raison pour les acteurs. Ils sont bien des nains et quelqu’un m’a même précisé dans un commentaire que dans la vraie vie ils sont frères et soeurs. Donc bien vu !

                  • #70947 Répondre
                    Jeanne
                    Invité

                    Merci Peggy.
                    Et je crois que c’est bien « Freaks » avec un s. (Mais c’est sans grande importance).
                    Comme film sur le handicap il y a aussi La leçon de piano.

                    • #70948 Répondre
                      PeggySlam
                      Invité

                      Ok, merci pour la rectification et je note pour le film 🙂

                      • #70949 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        et Le goût des merveilles avec Efira et Lavernhe: bons souvenirs,

                      • #70950 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Je note ! Merci !
                        Ya a tellement de films sur le sujet. C’est fou !

                      • #70963 Répondre
                        Cedric
                        Invité

                        Vu aussi ce we sur arte replay Don’t worry he won’t get far on foot, de Gus van Sant mais tellement pas son meilleur film et encore un rôle à performance pour Joaquin Phoenix.

                      • #70968 Répondre
                        MA
                        Invité

                        Il y avait aussi My left foot de Sheridan.

                      • #70975 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Celui-ci je note je connais pas MA. Merci

                      • #70973 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Celui-ci je l’ai en DVD et oui très chouette même s’il est classique dans sa forme 😉

                      • #70965 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        + Blindly, with Gamblin/Wilson 😁 (ça c’est pour FB)
                        Sans oublier Bon baisers de Russie, Opération tonnerre, on ne vit que deux fois, au service secret de sa majesté, les diamants sont éternels, rien que pour vos yeux, jamais plus jamais, 007 Spectre, mourir peut attendre
                        ils sont partout, putain, vous êtes partout, putain, Peggyyyyyyyyyyyyyy, i’s’passe quoi, dis-moi?

                      • #70974 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Euh t’es sûr là Carpentier ? ^^

                      • #70978 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        😎

                      • #70999 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        le perso Blofeld, chef du Spectre dans James Bond est pas qu’inintéressant total, après, Peggy
                        et qu’il résiste, réchappe à la mort, survit en nuisible xxl en fauteuil pourrait charrier quoi?

                      • #71001 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        C’est vrai que je l’avais oublié lui.
                        Faudrait que je revois le film

                      • #71003 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        les film.S, avec son chat tu sais 😉
                        – tu me rappelles, par ailleurs, de passer commande pour le Comme une mule (merci.)

                      • #70979 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        à l’aveugle de X.Palud, si on déteste pas voir des vieux beaux, ça tient l’écran (un soir de pluie, quand on vient de se faire chahuter et qu’on se dit qu’on va tous mourir)
                        oui, oui,

                      • #70982 Répondre
                        PeggySlam
                        Invité

                        Ça c’est d’une évidence qu’on va tous mourir. Et un philosophe a dit dans une émission de télé « que c’est la raison pour laquelle que l’homme créait pour continuer à rêver. » Je trouve ça tellement beau et vrai

                      • #70959 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        Pas un film français, pas UGC

                      • #70960 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        (Le gout des merveilles)

                      • #71481 Répondre
                        Carpentier
                        Invité

                        en attendant le prochain Guiraudie avec Frot, je sors du Auteuil, Le fil, qui m’a bien roulé dans la farine.
                        Je le recommande (oui oui, le matou est culotté, pas honte) on peut toutefois attendre sa diffusion sur plateforme si on veut le visionner dans une autre langue que le français.

                      • #71502 Répondre
                        françois bégaudeau
                        Invité

                        On a évidemment hâte
                        Auteuil grand cinéaste

      • #70902 Répondre
        Kenyle
        Invité

        Ouais merci à vous deux pour l’émission. J’étais un peu largué car je n’ai vu que Freaks et Intouchable mais ça me fait une liste de film à voir pour ma période d’hivernage.

        • #70909 Répondre
          PeggySlam
          Invité

          Merci à toi pour ton regard 🙂

          • #70986 Répondre
            Eden Lazaridis
            Invité

            Super émission oui bravo à vous deux ! Par contre Peggy pourquoi ne pas mettre François dans le titre et en photo sur la vignette de la vidéo ? Ça donnerait plus de visibilité à la vidéo non ? Est-ce pour ne pas céder aux sirènes du star system ? Pour ne utiliser pas Francesco Di Begodo comme un produit d’appel ?

            • #70987 Répondre
              Eden Lazaridis
              Invité

              *pour ne pas utiliser

          • #70988 Répondre
            graindorge
            Invité

            Peggy
            Merci et bravo pour cette discussion avec François J’ai liké et souscrit.
            Je n’ai pas vu passé ces 2 heures et presque 26 minutes. Je me suis noté des choses.
            Ici, en vrac, quelques bricoles
            Tu dis « On veut plus de l’accessibilité que de la visibilité »
            FB : « les films de Tolédano et Nakache sont des machines de guerre. » « Le nouveau gouvernement n’a pas de Secrétariat d’État à l’Handicap »
            C’est pas des agneaux pour l’homme ces monstres là.
            Nous sommes peut-être des handicapés pour les oiseaux « ils volent, nous pas ; on se débrouille : on fait aut’chose, invente des ascenseurs.. » Avec humour, François souligne la puissance des univers différents et j’aime bien cet humour pour dire ben que oui, ne pas savoir voler est peut-être vu comme un handicap par les oiseaux. So ouat ?
            Et que diraient les oiseaux sur ces gros oiseaux qui caguent des crottes de 500 kilos qui explosent sur des petits oiseaux sans ailes ? Hors-sujet. Pardon.
            Arguments, aucune appétence à aller le voir ce documentaire Angoissant pour moi.
            L’énergie positive des Dieux, oui, ça, ça me plaira bien. Ce n’est pas Stanislas Carmont dont FB recherchait le nom ? Ce gars qui a refusé de redire ce qu’il avait déjà dit « l’autiste à un rapport à la vérité d’une intensité absolue »
            D’ailleurs, Stanislas Carmont est dans un groupe, Astéréotypie.
            Moi aussi j’ai aimé Lamb, il y en a des choses à dire encore sur ce film…Merci aussi Peggy d’avoir raconté un peu ton parcours scolaire
            Y aura-il un nº 2 ? Peut-être pas avec autant de films et documentaires, juste 3 ou 4 dont Oasis, My left foot et d’autres. Eh oui, on me donne et j’en veux encore !
            Sale gosse trop gâtée je suis ! C’est d’vot’ faute !
            P.s : adoré ton swit-shirt avec le dessin de ton effigie je crois, non ? T’es une pro !

            • #70993 Répondre
              PeggySlam
              Invité

              C’est très gentil à toi pour ce beau retour. Le film Arguments oui est assez difficile si tu es un peu fragile effectivement. Et pour l’acteur je pense que oui c’est de lui que nous parlions. J’ai beaucoup aimé l’humour de François qui m’a permis de gérer mes émotions car juste avant de le faire j’avais une rage. pousser plus de colère. Surtout sur la dernière image de Macron qui saute et le public qui insulte les paralympiques. J’ai failli ouvrir le débat avec cette vidéo. Mais François à su directe amener le débat sur le cinéma et j’ai pu voir qu’on pouvait avoir le même ressenti sur les films. Et je suis heureuse de connaître quelqu’un qui a vu Lamb car c’est un film peu connu.

              Je ne pense pas en faire une deuxième. Mais qui sait peut être un autre jour je changerai d’avis.

              Même pas pour mon t-shirt. Rire. Petite anecdote. En vrai j’avais un t-shirt Naruto juste avant mais je l’ai changé parce que je me disais ça faisait pas très sérieux d’avoir un t-shirt de Naruto pour ce débat ^^

              Merci encore à tous pour votre enthousiasme. De très belles choses sont à prévoir. Merci en tout cas !!!

    • #70875 Répondre
      ..Graindorge
      Invité

      Double merci Kenyle pour les partages de la G.O et du Rayon décalé. On va ouvrir ces beaux cadeaux tout à l’heure

    • #70955 Répondre
      Cyril
      Invité

      J’ai pris des places pour une avant-première de The Substance de Coralie Fargeat. Vous connaissez cette réalisatrice ? Elle a fait Revenge que je n’ai pas vu.

      • #70956 Répondre
        Mathieu
        Invité

        J’avais vu Revenge, m’étais bien amusé devant. Un genre de Titane moins présomptueux, plus simple et plus réussi. Une bonne série B qui s’assumait comme telle quoi. Avec The Substance, on semble être passé à un autre stade, plus légitime: Cannes, des têtes d’affiches, plus de moyens, plus de sérieux – alors que Revenge avait un côté comique parfois dans son énormité. Mais donc je me méfie précisément du syndrome Titane, mauvaise série B boostée en Palme d’or pour des raisons autres que cinématographiques: 1 parce que c’était du genre et que le genre est dans une époque de légitimation 2 parce qu’il y avait une femme forte dedans et que ça faisait bien de promouvoir un féminisme d’affichage

        • #70957 Répondre
          Mathieu
          Invité

          Mais je reste quand même curieux

    • #70964 Répondre
      Carpentier
      Invité

      + Blindly, with Gamblin/Wilson 😁 (ça c’est pour FB)
      Sans oublier Bon baisers de Russie, Opération tonnerre, on ne vit que deux fois, au service secret de sa majesté, les diamants sont éternels, rien que pour vos yeux, jamais plus jamais, 007 Spectre, mourir peut attendre
      ils sont partout, putain, vous êtes partout, putain, Peggyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

    • #70972 Répondre
      Charles
      Invité

      J’ai vu Rebel Ridge de Saulnier (auteur des très bons Blue Ruin et Green room) sur Netflix, c’est vraiment pas mal, je recommande. Les premières 45 minutes sont parfaites de tension minimale, puis le film s’embarque dans du scénario et gagne en richesse ce qu’il perd en efficacité rugueuse. C’est une actualisation très intéressante des films d’action des années 80 type Rambo, qui évite le bourrin et la caricature en se branchant sur le contemporain. Le film est assez glaçant dans sa description cauchemardesque de l’emprise techno-judiciaire sur les individus, surtout les plus précaires. Saulnier est vraiment assez précis, dans le cadre relatif d’un film d’action j’entends, dans l’explication des rouages administratifs et juridiques qui permettent à la police de se comporter comme une mafia. Peut-être qu’il l’est trop, qu’il passe trop de temps à expliquer cela, au détriment d’une sécheresse un peu perdue en cours de route (grande qualité des précédents). On sent qu’il veut vraiment éviter l’actioner facile et décérébré – très peu de gunfights, très peu de morts. Pas entièrement satisfaisant mais à voir.

      • #70976 Répondre
        Carpentier
        Invité

        Green Room, chef d’oeuvre.
        Mes mots sont pesés, comme on sait.

      • #70977 Répondre
        Toni Erdmann
        Invité

        Ça m’a beaucoup fait penser aux films de Craig Zahler. Un héros et un méchant que tout oppose sociologiquement, mais qui partagent les valeurs d’une masculinité violente, ce qui fait qu’ils ont une estime réciproque et s’envoient des punchlines où tout est implicite et passif-agressif (du Mann mais en mieux). Mais surtout c’est du Zahler tout craché dans la manière qu’ont les personnages de tout prévoir pour arriver à leurs fins. Le personnage principal est calme et sait toujours qui prendre en otage pour parvenir à s’échapper tout en veillant à ce qu’un tel ou un tel ne puisse faire dévier son plan. Il donne des consignes un peu comme un metteur en scène, et doit résoudre la difficile équation des intérêts antagonistes au sein d’une scène.
        Pour apprécier le film, il faut quand même faire abstraction de la ridicule scène du vélo et du bus.

        • #70984 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Je suis d’accord pour la scène du bus, pas vraiment la meilleure.
          Pour le rapprochement avec Zahler, je ne suis pas tout à fait d’accord. Chez Zahler il y a un goût pour la violence gore, les armes et la castagne qu’on ne retrouve pas du tout ici. Le film et son héros sont davantage dans une sorte de rétention, de violence qui ne déborde pas. Alors que chez Zahler tout le monde serait mort à la fin. Saulnier a un côté liberal (au sens américain du terme) assez marqué tandis que Zahler sent le trumpisme red neck ( on ne caste pas innocemment Vaughn et Gibson).

          • #71081 Répondre
            Seldoon
            Invité

            Le lien avec Zahler serait plutôt le calme maintenant jusqu’au coeur de l’action.

            • #71086 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              Oui, ce sont deux cinéastes qui privilégient la clarté de la mise en scène à la frénésie, au montage cut, qui prennent leur temps de poser les enjeux. T’as vu le film? T’as aimé?

              • #71088 Répondre
                Charles
                Invité

                le* temps

      • #71011 Répondre
        Leo Landru
        Invité

        Même problème qu’avec Green Room. Une idée de départ très accrocheuse, un rythme prenant, puis un developpement longuet et une résolution laborieuse. Ici le scénario est poussif, bourré de deus ex machinas risibles, de virilisme involontairement comique (« ils le prenaient pour un ringard, ils ignoraient que ce ringard était un super combattant »). On attend que ça pète, ça pète, les gentils gagnent et les méchants perdent. C’est Rambo cool : il est sympa, il est sociable, les filles prennent son parti, les flics ne sont pas tous des salauds, happy end. La comparaison n’est pas du tout à l’avantage de Rebel Ridge : là où la puissance de Rambo le condamne, celle de Terry le sauve en permanence face à des flics vraiment pas doués.
        J’ai aimé certaines scènes popcorn, les moments de désescalade très ringards mais amusants avec Don Johnson, la tartufferie avec la drogue, les moments idiots et attendus où le héros masque ses capacités martiales, mais après chaque pas en avant vers le chaos se produisait un pas en arrière vers la réconciliation. Hormis la sous-intrigue insipide du cousin en prison, l’intrigue est inconséquente. Green Room avait au moins le charmant mérite de tuer la plupart de ses personnages.
        Après si on le prend comme un pur film de genre, oui on passe un bon moment, comme devant un petit polar pas futé mais joli.

        • #71014 Répondre
          Tony
          Invité

          J’ai tenu 50 minutes, c’est grotesque et hors sol, encore un nanard Netflix,oui la comparaison avec Rambo est pas mal, là où avec Stallone on voit le prolo taiseux qui sent mauvais,ici on a un Rambo black bien rasé,non violent,bien propre et poli.

        • #71020 Répondre
          Charles
          Invité

          Je trouve ça étonnant de condamner à ce point le film en prenant Rambo pour référence et en soulignant qu’il est à la fois bas du front et pas assez bourrin. Rebel ridge me parait beaucoup plus subtil, moins caricatural. Dans Rambo, le méchant flic (qui a une tête méchant, évidemment) ne transige pas, il voue une haine aveugle à Rambo et parait toujours dépassé par les événements. Ici, le shérif est beaucoup plus malin, veut contenir la situation et fait preuve de bien plus de roublardise. Les quelques punchlines du film sont bien plus sobres que celles de Rambo (« ce que vous appelez l’enfer, il appelle ça chez lui », ça reste un must en matière de nanarderie). Le héros est ici plus lisse que Rambo, au risque d’une certaine fadeur il est vrai, mais c’est aussi tout le propos : c’est un type sans histoire que la police malmène en pensant qu’il sera trop faible pour se défendre, avec un préjugé racial assez évident. Ce qui diffère aussi de Rambo et fait son sel c’est qu’on n’est plus dans le western avec la petite ville qui rejette l’étranger, le vagabond d’une façon atavique. Ici on raquette les minorités ou les précaires grâce aux raffinements de la loi et la complicité des tribunaux. Les policiers ne se comportent pas que comme des bourrins mais sont au contraire assez précautionneux dans l’observance des règles justifiant leur corruption. C’est le coeur du film et c’est dommage de passer totalement à côté.

          • #71078 Répondre
            Leo Landru
            Invité

            Bon le site ne veut pas de ma réponse. Vite fait je dirais prétexte plutôt que propos et western plutôt que drame. Les images que Saulnier voulait nous transmettre sont les joutes à la Eastwood entre Don Johnson et Aaron Pierre, en aucun cas les magouilles ne l’intéressent. Il y a un film manqué, une série B qui a visé trop haut, qui a manqué de mordant.

            • #71080 Répondre
              Charles
              Invité

              Ces joutes occupent pourtant peu de temps du film et peu de dialogues, contrairement à la corruption généralisée qui irrigue tous les actes des policiers et qui sont l’objet principal des dialogues entre les deux héros.

              • #71091 Répondre
                Leo Landru
                Invité

                Je peine à poster ma réponse initiale qui dépasse les deux lignes et s’attache à explorer les facilités scénaristiques cousues de fil blanc. Sur une nouvelle page peut-être que ça prendrait mais pas sûr que le film en vaille la peine. Je maintiens que la corruption n’est qu’un prétexte pour donner une légitimité à ce duel – un declencheur.

    • #71026 Répondre
      I.G.Y
      Invité

      Pas encore sûr de pouvoir dire quoi que ce soit à propos de ce Megalopolis, mais je serais intéressé par des avis. Besoin de digérer. J’ai cet étrange sentiment de n’avoir jamais rien vu de tel. Une « fable », dit le sous-titre, mais surtout une immense farce idéaliste à la fois hyper-sérieuse et auto-sabordée (la dérision est la seule chose qui sauve le film de l’absolument irregardable, et je ne vois pas comment mieux s’en sortir que ne le fait Adam Driver).

      Coppola a-t-il devancé Sora au cinéma ? Cette esthétique n’est pas issue du « 3D-fond-vert » habituel. Si quelqu’un a déjà vu un film aussi radical en la matière, je voudrais vraiment savoir ce que j’ai loupé.

      Le mot « nanar » me vient aussi, un nanar d’un genre nouveau, peut être unique, peut être le premier d’une longue série, je ne sais pas.

      • #71027 Répondre
        PeggySlam
        Invité

        J’y vais samedi. Je partagerai mon avis sans doute après. Cependant en lisant l’article des Cahiers de cinéma j’ai eu cette impression d’un semi remake de Metropolis. Un pote me l’a plus ou moins confirmer. Mais je préfère faire mon humble avis même si j’y vais à reculant car ça a l’air très propagandiste comme film. Mais j’espère bien me tromper …

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